废线路板资源化回收技术研究与展望

废线路板(WPCBs)是电子垃圾的重要组成部分,具有数量大、潜在价值高、环境危害大的特点,废旧线路板资源化回收具有十分重要的环保、经济和社会效益。首先对WPCBs资源化回收的潜力和产业化前景进行了分析,总结分析了目前WPCBs资源化回收再利用技术的现状及各种技术方法的优缺点,并对WPCBs资源化研究的发展提出建议。     

废印刷线路板资源化研究进展

从废印刷线路板(WPCBs)层间热固性树脂的角度出发,将WPCBs资源化处理技术归纳为热固性树脂直接回收法、热固性树脂分解法和热固性树脂溶胀法,并对现有资源化技术进行总结,同时对将来研究方向进行了展望,为WPCBs资源化产业化发展提供参考。     

现代化工分离技术在环境保护中的应用

介绍了高效导向筛板、新型高效填料、超临界流体萃取等现代化工分离技术及其在清洁生产和废物处理方面的应用。     

含铬废水的回收利用技术

含铬工业废水对环境的危害严重,同时又具有较高的回收利用价值.从铬回收利用的角度出发,分析了微电解工艺、电化学组合工艺、清洁生产工艺等几种可行的含铬废水回收处理技术方案,以实现有害废物的无害化和资源化.     

超临界流体抽提工艺及其在环保方面的应用

六十年代后,超临界流体抽提技术及应用引起世界各国广泛的重视。从1970年至今已在化工、石油化工、食品、医药、香料等工业中发表了几百件专利,其中有从天然物中分离特定成份的,也有应用于石油和煤的处理技术的。在化学工业中,超临界流体抽提技术主要用于碳氢化合物的分离、有机合成原料的精制、有机溶剂水溶液的脱水、共沸物的分离等。     

废旧冰箱塑料回收再生利用技术研究

目前我国的废旧冰箱已进入了一个报废高峰期,且大量废旧冰箱塑料的处理问题已成为当今地球环境保护的热点问题,而我国又是一个人均资源占有量很低的国家,因此,对废旧冰箱塑料进行回收与再生利用则具有极其重要的意义.介绍了废旧冰箱塑料的物理再生利用、化学再生利用、生物降解、能源回收利用的技术和方法.     

太阳能晶硅片切割废液资源化回收处理工艺研究

采用纯物理法，通过固液分离、脱色、精滤、真空蒸馏、指标调节等工艺技术，对太阳能晶硅片切割废液进行资源化回收处理，切割废液回收得到的产品各项性能指标满足使用要求，可以再次作为太阳能晶硅片切割液使用，实现切割废液资源化循环利用，以及社会、环境和经济效益的有机统一和协调发展。     

日本废旧手机配件处理技术对我国的启示

在调查研究中、日两国废旧手机配件处理技术的基础上,找出我国在废旧手机配件处理技术方面存在的问题,并总结日本经验,结合我国国情,提出应在废旧手机配件回收体系、处理企业、处理技术、法律体系、宣传力度等方面予以改善和提高,以期促进我国废旧手机回收利用计划持续、健康地发展壮大。     

我国废弃电器电子产品回收模式和处理处置技术

我国废弃电器电子产品的回收模式历经个体经营者收集模式、"以旧换新+政策补贴"回收模式、依托互联网技术的新型回收模式等3个阶段。回收集中后的废弃电器电子产品必须经过运输仓储、拆解分类、资源化利用、再生材料生产等环节或工序才能够实现资源化利用和增值。资源化利用环节是处理处置的关键和核心环节,主要工艺和技术有破碎分选等机械物理法工艺、火法冶金工艺、湿法冶金工艺和其他先进工艺。对我国废弃电器电子产品回收模式的变迁、多级破碎-多级分选工艺、火法冶金技术、湿法冶金技术和湿法破碎-水利摇床分离技术进行综合评述。     

超超临界机组酸洗废水零排放处理工艺研究及应用

锅炉酸洗废水具有排放量大、污染物浓度高和处理难度极大的特点。为实现酸洗废水处理后复用，不外排，分析了河源电厂2×600 MW超超临界机组酸洗废水成份，进行了小型模拟处理试验，探索了降低废水中金属离子含量、COD和浊度的方法。根据试验结果，采用稀释、pH调整、曝气、絮凝、沉淀及机械过滤的方法对锅炉酸洗废水进行处理，处理后的清水作为脱硫系统的工艺补充水。脱硫系统排出的废水采用蒸发结晶工艺进行处理，处理后的冷凝水作为冷却塔补充水回收利用，最终实现零排放，可为火电厂酸洗废水的处理利用提供参考。     

Recycling of organic materials and solder from waste printed circuit boards by vacuum pyrolysis-centrifugation coupling technology

Here, we focused on the recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) using vacuum pyrolysis-centrifugation coupling technology (VPCT) aiming to obtain valuable feedstock and resolve environmental pollution. The two types of WPCBs were pyrolysed at 600°C for 30 min under vacuum condition. During the pyrolysis process, the solder of WPCBs was separated and recovered when the temperature range was 400-600°C, and the rotating drum was rotated at 1000 rpm for 10 min. The type-A of WPCBs pyrolysed to form an average of 67.91 wt.% residue, 27.84 wt.% oil, and 4.25 wt.% gas; and pyrolysis of the type-B of WPCBs led to an average mass balance of 72.22 wt.% residue, 21.57 wt.% oil, and 6.21 wt.% gas. The GC-MS and FT-IR analyses showed that the two pyrolysis oils consisted mainly of phenols and substituted phenols. The pyrolysis oil can be used for fuel or chemical feedstock for further processing. The recovered solder can be recycled directly and it can also be a good resource of lead and tin for refining. The pyrolysis residues contained various metals, glass fibers and other inorganic materials, which could be recovered after further treatment. The pyrolysis gases consisted mainly of CO, CO(2), CH(4), and H(2), which could be collected and recycled.     

Treatment of waste printed circuit board by green solvent using ionic liquid

Recycling of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is an important subject not only for the protection of environment but also for the recovery of valuable materials. A feasibility study was conducted to dissolve bromine epoxy resins of WPCBs using ionic liquid (IL) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimizadolium tetrafluoroborate [EMIM(+)][BF(4)(-)] (nonaqueous green solvent) for recovering copper foils and glass fibers. Experimental results indicated that the initial delamination had seen from the cross-section of the WPCBs by mean of metallographic microscope and digital camera when WPCBs were heated in [EMIM(+)][BF(4)(-)] at 240°C for a duration of 30min. When temperature was increased to 260°C for a duration of 10min, the bromine epoxy resins of WPCBs were throughout dissolved into [EMIM(+)][BF(4)(-)] and the separations of copper foils and glass fibers from WPCBs were completed. This clean and non-polluting technology offers a new way to recycle valuable materials from WPCBs and prevent the environmental pollution of WPCBs effectively.     

Recovery of materials from waste printed circuit boards by vacuum pyrolysis and vacuum centrifugal separation

In this research, a two-step process consisting of vacuum pyrolysis and vacuum centrifugal separation was employed to treat waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). Firstly, WPCBs were pyrolysed under vacuum condition at 600 °C for 30 min in a lab-scale reactor. Then, the obtained pyrolysis residue was heated under vacuum until the solder was melted, and then the molten solder was separated from the pyrolysis residue by the centrifugal force. The results of vacuum pyrolysis showed that the type-A of WPCBs (the base plates of which was made from cellulose paper reinforced phenolic resin) pyrolysed to form an average of 67.97 wt.% residue, 27.73 wt.% oil, and 4.30 wt.% gas; and pyrolysis of the type-B of WPCBs (the base plates of which was made from glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin) led to an average mass balance of 72.20 wt.% residue, 21.45 wt.% oil, and 6.35 wt.% gas. The results of vacuum centrifugal separation showed that the separation of solder was complete when the pyrolysis residue was heated at 400 °C, and the rotating drum was rotated at 1200 rpm for 10 min. The pyrolysis oil and gas can be used as fuel or chemical feedstock after treatment. The pyrolysis residue after solder separation contained various metals, glass fibers and other inorganic materials, which could be recycled for further processing. The recovered solder can be reused directly and it can also be a good resource of lead and tin for refining.     

The separation of waste printed circuit board by dissolving bromine epoxy resin using organic solvent

Separation of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) has been a bottleneck in WPCBs resource processing. In this study, the separation of WPCBs was performed using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. Various parameters, which included solid to liquid ratio, temperature, WPCB sizes, and time, were studied to understand the separation of WPCBs by dissolving bromine epoxy resin using DMSO. Experimental results showed that the concentration of dissolving the bromine epoxy resin increased with increasing various parameters. The optimum condition of complete separation of WPCBs was solid to liquid ratio of 1:7 and WPCB sizes of 16 mm² at 145 °C for 60 min. The used DMSO was vapored under the decompression, which obtained the regenerated DMSO and dissolved bromine epoxy resin. This clean and non-polluting technology offers a new way to separate valuable materials from WPCBs and prevent the environmental pollution of waste printed circuit boards effectively.     

国内外环境友好有机化工技术进展

介绍了国内外环境友好有机化工技术进展－－原子经济反应、环境保护催化剂、超临界流体技术、以无毒无害及可再生资源为原料的新工艺,指出环境友好化学的发展不仅将对环境保护而且对我国化学工业的可持续发展产生重大影响。     

Formation of recycled plastics from depolymerized monomers derived from waste fiber-reinforced plastics

To develop a new method for the chemical recycling of plastics, we examined the formation of recycled polymers from the recovered monomeric materials of solubilized waste fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under supercritical alcoholic conditions. Treatment of waste FRP with supercritical MeOH resulted in the formation of monomeric organic compounds that mainly contained dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and propylene glycol. The presence of these materials was confirmed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses and they were mixed with new DMP and glycols in various ratios to form unsaturated polyesters. The polymerization progressed successfully for all mixing ratios of the recovered and new DMP. Hardness tests on these recycled polymers indicated that the polymer made from a 1:1 mixture of recovered and new dimethyl phthalate had almost the same level of hardness as the polymers made from new materials. We also examined the formation of recycled FRP by using glass fibers and monomeric materials recovered through the present depolymerization method. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

国内外线路板电子元件去除及贵金属提取现状分析

围绕线路板的处置和资源化利用,介绍了国内外线路板电子元器件去除及贵金属提取现状,对现有回收方式的原理、效益和推广程度进行了阐述.     

Vitrification of bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator

During incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), various environmentally harmful elements and heavy metals are liberated either into bottom ash, or carried away with the off-gases and subsequently trapped in fly-ash. If these minor but harmful elements are not properly isolated and immobilized, it can lead to secondary environmental pollution to the air, soil and water. The stricter environmental regulations to be implemented in the near future in The Netherlands require a higher immobilization efficiency of the bottom ash treatment. In the present study, MSW incinerator bottom ash was vitrified at higher temperatures and the slag formed and metal recovered were examined. The behaviour of soluble elements that remain in the slag is evaluated by standard leaching test. The results obtained can provide a valuable route to treat the ashes from incinerators, and to make recycling and more efficient utilization of the bottom ash possible.     

Leaching behavior of copper from waste printed circuit boards with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid

In this work, a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([bmim]HSO₄), was used to leach copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs, mounted with electronic components) for the first time, and the leaching behavior of copper was discussed in detail. The results showed that after the pre-treatment, the metal distributions were different with the particle size: Cu, Zn and Al increased with the increasing particle size; while Ni, Sn and Pb were in the contrary. And the particle size has significant influence on copper leaching rate. Copper leaching rate was higher than 99%, almost 100%, when 1 g WPCBs powder was leached under the optimum conditions: particle size of 0.1–0.25 mm, 25 mL 80% (v/v) ionic liquid, 10 mL 30% hydrogen peroxide, solid/liquid ratio of 1/25, 70 °C and 2 h. Copper leaching by [bmim]HSO₄ can be modeled with the shrinking core model, controlled by diffusion through a solid product layer, and the kinetic apparent activation energy has been calculated to be 25.36 kJ/mol.     

Sources of heavy metal contamination in Swedish wood waste used for combustion

In this paper, wood waste (RWW) recovered for heat production in Sweden was studied. Previous research has concluded that RWW contains elevated amounts of heavy metals, causing environmental problems during waste management. This study extends previous work on RWW by analysing which pollution sources cause this contamination. Using existing data on the metal contents in various materials, and the amounts of these materials in RWW, the share of the elevated amounts of metals in RWW that these materials explain was quantified. Six different materials occurring in RWW were studied and the results show that they explain from 70% to 100% of the amounts of arsenic, chromium, lead, copper and zinc in RWW. The most important materials contributing to contamination of RWW are surface-treated wood, industrial preservative-treated wood, plastic and galvanised fastening systems. These findings enable the development and evaluation of strategies aiming to decrease pollution and resource loss from handling RWW. It is argued that source separation and measures taken further downstream from the generation site, such as treatment, need to be combined to substantially decrease the amount of heavy metals in RWW.