湖南镉污染农田土壤钝化后两个品种水稻的生长效应

采用盆栽试验,考察镉污染农田土壤在添加不同含量ME钝化剂的条件下,不同品种水稻中镉分布规律及水稻生长效应。结果表明,添加ME钝化剂能提高土壤pH值,降低土壤中镉有效态含量,表现为分蘖期,湘晚籼13和岳优712品种土壤有效态镉质量比与空白比较分别降低了10%~13%和24.3%~45.7%;成熟期与空白比较分别降低了6.8%~15%和11.5%~21.8%。添加ME钝化剂能明显降低水稻植株、稻壳及糙米中镉质量比,湘晚籼13品种最大降幅分别为78.6%、80.9%及46.8%;岳优712品种最大降幅分别为59.2%、64.7%及79.5%。岳优712品种糙米中镉富集系数低于湘晚籼13品种。综合ME钝化剂对土壤有效态镉的钝化效果、水稻吸收重金属的抑制效应及水稻的生长效应,初步确定0.5%(质量分数)ME钝化剂处理优于1%。     

赤泥使用量对Cd污染稻田水稻生长的影响和修复机理

研究赤泥对中轻度Cd污染的酸性潮泥田稻谷产量和Cd污染修复机理的影响.结果表明,稻谷产量随赤泥施用量的增加呈先增加后下降的变化趋势.早稻以施4 500 kg/hm2赤泥的产量最高,晚稻以施3 000 kg/hm2赤泥的产量最高,分别比不施赤泥增加了11.36％和8.30％;稻草产量与稻谷产量不同,随赤泥施用量的增加而下降.水稻生长各时期土壤pH值和土壤阳离子交换量随赤泥施用量的增加均有不同程度的提高,施用赤泥不仅能在短时间内提高土壤pH值,还具有持续性.赤泥因其呈碱性可提高土壤pH值,而土壤pH值升高将使大量易溶性Cd向难溶态转化,pH值升高是导致土壤Cd活性降低最直接的原因.施用赤泥后土壤有效态Cd质量分数减少是土壤pH值升高与土壤吸附能力增强共同作用的结果.水稻糙米中Cd的质量分数随赤泥施用量的增加而降低.与不施赤泥对照处理相比,早稻施赤泥RM-1、RM-2、RM-3、RM-4和RM-5处理糙米中Cd的质量分数分别降低了10.34％、31.03％、34.48％、41.38％和64.5％,晚稻糙米Cd质量分数分别降低了14.29％、32.14％、35.71％、39.29％和46.43％.其主要原因是施用赤泥后土壤有效态Cd质量分数减少.     

无机有机钝化剂对土壤镉有效态及小白菜吸收镉的影响

通过在重金属污染农区开展田间试验,实地研究了无机钝化剂钙镁磷肥、海泡石、石灰和有机钝化剂草炭单施与配施对重金属污染酸性土壤中Cd有效态及其在小白菜体内富集量的影响。结果表明,施用无机钝化剂钙镁磷肥、海泡石和石灰均可改善土壤pH值,降低土壤Cd有效态含量。草炭不宜作为酸性土壤钝化剂单独施用,但钙镁磷肥与其配施可促进作物增产,当配施比为1 3时,小白菜增产最多达到66%。钝化剂施用可降低小白菜体内Cd含量,钙镁磷肥单施和钙镁磷肥+草炭配施效果较好,钙镁磷肥+草炭配施不仅有效降低小白菜地上部分重金属Cd含量,还能避免磷肥过量施用带来的磷素流失和成本浪费。     

天然黏土矿物原位钝化修复镉污染土壤的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了海泡石、膨润土和高岭土对镉污染土壤的钝化修复作用.结果表明,投加3种天然黏土矿物均未能显著提高油菜的生物量,但从变化趋势来看,海泡石处理的增产作用优于高岭土和膨润土处理.供试矿物均能有效降低油菜体内Cd质量比,其中海泡石处理对油菜地上部Cd质量比降低效果最为显著,降低率最大为27.88%; 而膨润土处理对油菜根部Cd质量比降低效果最好,降低率最大为25.94%; 高岭土对油菜体内Cd质量比的降低效果最差.投加海泡石显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效态Cd质量比显著降低; 而添加高岭土则使土壤pH值略有下降,对土壤有效态Cd质量比无显著影响; 投加膨润土对土壤pH值无显著影响,但可以显著降低土壤有效态Cd质量比.施加海泡石和膨润土后,土壤交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd质量比显著降低,残渣态Cd质量比显著升高; 而施用高岭土仅使碳酸盐结合态Cd质量比显著升高.综合试验结果,3种天然黏土矿物钝化修复土壤Cd污染的能力从大到小依次为海泡石、膨润土、高岭土.     

海泡石与磷酸盐对镉铅复合污染土壤的钝化修复效应

通过盆栽试验研究了海泡石、磷酸盐以及二者复配施用对重金属Cd、Pb复合污染土壤的钝化修复效应.结果表明,海泡石单一处理对油菜生长没有显著的促进作用,而磷酸盐单一处理以及海泡石与磷酸盐复合处理可以显著提高油菜地上部和根部生物量.海泡石与磷酸盐复合处理对降低油菜地上部Cd、Pb质量比效果最为显著,最大降低率分别可达59.76%和38.95%;磷酸盐单一处理降低油菜根部Cd、Pb质量比效果最好,最大降低率可达32.19%和44.30%;海泡石单一处理降低油菜Cd、Pb吸收的效果最差.不同钝化剂处理均可显著提高土壤pH值.绝大部分钝化剂处理均可显著降低土壤有效态Cd、Pb质量比.综合试验结果,6%海泡石与磷酸盐复合处理对土壤Cd、Pb复合污染的钝化修复效果最好.     

水分管理方式对水稻在Cd污染土壤上生长及其吸收Cd的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上旱作、不同生育期烤田和全生育期淹水等不同水分管理方式对水稻生长及其吸收Cd的影响.结果表明,旱作栽培对水稻生长发育影响较大,水稻产量较低,与全生育期淹水栽培相比,产量下降了28.74%.全生育期淹水栽培具有一定的产量水平,但不是最高,分蘖期和灌浆期烤田比其产量提高14.58%和10.27%.在全生育期淹水栽培方式下,水稻糙米中Cd含量最低,旱作和不同生育期烤田,水稻籽粒中Cd的含量会增加,其中水稻旱作的增加最多,达166.31%,而灌浆乳熟期增加较少.研究表明,被Cd在一定程度上污染的土壤上种植水稻,采用旱作方式应慎重,以避免水稻旱作所带来的粮食品质的安全风险.     

生物质炭施用和不同水分管理对水稻生长和Cd吸收的影响

向实际Cd污染土壤中添加不同质量比(0.5％、1％和2％)的生物质炭,并结合不同水分管理方式,研究该处理对Cd污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,添加生物质炭提高了淹水处理中水稻各生育期土壤溶液pH值和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度及土壤pH值,且增幅随生物质炭添加量增加而升高;旱作处理中仅2％生物质炭添加量处理显著提高了各生育期土壤溶液pH值和DOC质量浓度,但所有处理均提高了土壤pH值;生物质炭显著降低了土壤Cd生物有效性,下降幅度达5.09％～68.7％.施用生物质炭后,水稻的株高、稻米产量和水稻总生物量均有显著提高.淹水条件下施用生物质炭显著降低了水稻籽粒中Cd质量比(下降幅度为36.9％～73.4％),而在旱作条件下则增加了水稻籽粒中Cd质量比,这可能与不同水分条件下生物质炭的分解及其携带的Cd有关.研究表明,采用1％生物质炭施用量和淹水的农业措施可有效降低土壤有效态Cd含量和水稻籽粒中Cd含量.     

石灰对Cd、Pb在土壤-水稻体系中转移和累积的影响

在酸性土壤中,石灰对重金属污染土壤有明显的钝化修复效果。通过土壤盆栽试验,以宜优673(籼稻)为供试作物,研究了添加石灰(消石灰,Ca(OH)2)对Cd-Pb复合污染土壤中Cd、Pb的有效性,以及Cd、Pb在土壤-水稻体系中转移与累积的影响,探讨了石灰降低水稻糙米Cd和Pb累积量的主要途径。结果表明,石灰提高了土壤的p H值,显著降低了土壤Cd和Pb的有效性和根表铁膜中Cd、Pb的质量比,对根系Cd质量比的影响不显著,但显著降低了成熟期根系Pb的质量比。石灰抑制了Cd从根向叶、从茎向叶的转移,抑制了Pb从茎和叶向糙米的转移,最终降低了Cd和Pb在糙米中的累积量。与Cd的累积相比,石灰抑制Pb在糙米中累积的效果更为显著。研究表明,石灰降低了土壤中Cd和Pb的有效量,抑制了Cd和Pb在水稻体内的转移,是降低水稻糙米Cd和Pb累积量的主要途径。     

磷基及铁基钝化剂对Pb、Cd、As复合污染土壤的修复效果及其工艺条件优化

通过DTPA和NaHC03浸提方法评价磷基、铁基钝化剂对Pb、Cd、As复合污染土壤的钝化修复效果.结果表明,磷基钝化剂中磷酸二氢钙对有效态Pb、Cd固定效果较好,35 d后其去除率分别为61％、38％;铁基钝化剂中以硫酸高铁对有效态As固定效果最好,28 d后其去除率达74.6％.工艺条件优化结果表明,随磷酸二氢钙用量增加,土壤中有效态Pb、Cd含量明显下降;随硫酸高铁用量增加,对有效态As的固定效果明显增加,当硫酸高铁添加量为土壤中As总物质的量的3.06倍时,28 d后土壤中有效态As的去除率高达74.5％.土壤水分含量在最大田间持水量的60％～80％时,对有效态Pb固定影响不大,但均略高于最大田间持水量30％ ～ 50％时的Pb去除率;土壤水分含量在最大田间持水量的60％～80％时,有效态Cd固定效果较好.当磷酸二氢钙用量为土壤中Pb、Cd总物质的量的10倍,土壤水分含量为最大田间持水量的60％时,21 d后有效态Pb、Cd去除率分别达到93％和39％.铁基与磷基钝化剂复配可以同时固定土壤中的Pb、Cd、As.当Fe3+与PO43-物质的量的比为7.2∶1时,7d后土壤有效态Pb、Cd、As去除率分别为99％、41％、69％.     

壳聚糖对污染土壤中吸附态镉的提取效果研究

向污染土壤中施用螯合剂可增加土壤溶液金属离子的浓度,有利于金属离子到根部而被植物吸收.选用人为污染土壤为供试样品,在土样中加入壳聚糖,通过等温吸附试验研究了壳聚糖对污染土壤中吸附态Cd的提取效果.结果表明,壳聚糖能提高土壤中吸附态Cd的解吸效率,增加解吸溶液中Cd2 的浓度.壳聚糖对污染土壤中Cd2 的吸附作用随着壳聚糖加入量的增大而增大.用质量浓度为0.4 g/L的90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖做提取液,提取液pH值为6,提取平衡时间为20 h,对Cd2 质量比为200 mg/kg的土壤,Cd2 提取率为31.8%.该吸附过程遵从一级动力学模型.研究结果可为Cd在环境中的迁移转化和治理技术等方面的实际应用提供有价值的参考.     

Estimation of Aerobic Capacity and Determination of Its Associated Factors Among Male Workers of Industrial Sector of Iran

Introduction. The aim of this study was to estimate maximal aerobic capacity (V_O2max), to determine its associated factors among workers of industrial sector of Iran and to develop a regression equation for subjects’ V_O2max. Methods. In this study, 500 healthy male workers employed in Shiraz industries participated voluntarily. The subjects’ V_O2max was assessed with the ergocycle test according to the Åstrand protocol. Required data was collected with a questionnaire covering demographic details (i.e., age, job tenure, marital status, education, nature of work, shift work, smoking and weekly exercises). Results. The subject’s mean V_O2max was 2.69 ± 0.263 L/min. The results showed that there was an association between V_O2max and age, BMI, hours of exercise and smoking, but there was no association between V_O2max and height, weight, nature of work and working schedule. On the basis of the results, regression equations were developed to estimate V_O2max. Conclusion. Final regression equation developed in this study may be used to estimate V_O2max reliably without the need to use other laboratory instruments for aerobic measurement.     

Influence of super-absorbent polymer on the growth rate of gas hydrate

The growth rate of hydrate and morphology of methane hydrate formation were studied in a visual pressure cell at 5.5 MPa. The gas hydrate formation was carried out (coal mine methane (CMM) + tetrahydrofuran (THF) + sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) + H₂O) with and without SAP. Experimental data on the hydrate growth rate and induction time were obtained for three different CMM samples. The influence of SAP on hydrate growth rate was determined. Results showed that after the addition of SAP, with the methane concentration increased in CMM, the induction time was reduced by 9 min, 10 min and 3 min, and the growth rate was shortened by 0.56 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹, 0.53 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹ and 1.42 × 10⁻⁶/m³ min⁻¹, respectively. This study could be useful for the recovery of methane from CMM by forming hydrate in the chemical and mining industry.     

Utility optimization strategy of safety management capability of coal mine - A case study of JCIA

This article describes optimization strategy of SMCCM from perspective of utility of coal miner with the method of empirical research. Four elements of SMCCM are put forward which consist of “employee safety knowledge”, “equipment safety knowledge”, “environment safety knowledge” and “rule safety knowledge”. Eight elements of utility are put forward which consist of “benefit satisfaction”, “promotion satisfaction”, “job satisfaction”, “enterprise satisfaction”, “management satisfaction”, “colleague satisfaction”, “relationship satisfaction” and “communication satisfaction”. Then hypotheses of influence path between SMCCM and utility are proposed. JCIA is chosen as the sample to carry out survey, which questionnaire is designed based on the likert six-point scale to avoid the middle tendency of the test samples. Data analysis is done from following angles: analysis of the structure and utility of test samples, variables analysis of SMCCM and utility, model analysis of interaction between SMCCM and utility. And then results are obtained from the analysis of elements of SMCCM and elements of utility. Conclusions: first, “rule safety knowledge” should be strengthened above all; second, “job satisfaction” should be paid more attention to; third, coal miner’s benefit should be concerned specially.     

Anaerobic digestion modeling of the main components of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is composed of several heterogeneous organic and inorganic wastes. The diversity of composition, the high volatile solid content and the biodegradable material that this waste offers make it quite an interesting option for anaerobic digestion (AD). Depending on the substrate composition, the biological degradation and kinetics of the AD could vary. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests are used as a tool to evaluate the methane production of several fractions of OFMSW, in order to study the influence of each fraction in the final mixture. The kinetic parameters of methane curves and the prediction of final productions are studied by different approaches to model equations using linear, exponential, logistic and Gaussian models. The analyses of the fractions indicate that organic substrates such as meat/fish which are in a small proportion in the final mixture, obtain major productivities (291 ± 3 mlCH₄/gVS), however others such as paper (217 ± 5 mlCH₄/gVS) could have their productivity enhanced due to their high VS present in the final mixture. Both the Gomperzt and the first order model fit reasonably with all the fractions, although substrates with lag phase adjust only to the Gompertz model explaining 99% of the experimental results.     

Inhibiting effect of inhibitors on ignition sensitivity of wood dust

Wood products are easy to produce dust in the production and processing process, and have a serious explosion risk. In order to improve the safety of wood products production, the inhibiting effects of magnesium hydroxide (MTH), SiO₂, melamine polyphosphate (MPP) on the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of wood dust were experimentally studied. The results showed that the inhibiting effects of inhibitors on the MIE of wood dust show the order of MPP > SiO₂>MTH. The order of the inhibiting effects on the MIT of wood dust was MPP > MTH > SiO_2. When 10% MPP was added to wood dust, the time when the flame appears (T_appear) and the time when the flame reaches the top of the glass tube (T_top) obviously rose to 80, 140 ms. Therefore, MPP had the best inhibiting effect on the ignition sensitivity of wood dust.According to thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests, the introduction of MPP leaded to lower maximum mass loss rate (MMLR), higher temperature corresponding to mass loss of 90% (T_0.1), residual mass and heat absorption. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) results showed that MPP produced H₂O (g) and NH₃ (g) during the thermal decomposition process, which diluted the oxygen.     

Study into influence of different types of igniters on the explosion parameters of dispersed nitrocellulose powder

Nitrocellulose is a flammable compound produced by cellulose nitration. The nitrocellulose production and handling are associated with a risk of fire and explosion. Nitrocellulose is used as either collodion cotton (<12.5% N) or as an explosive (>12.5% N). Nitrocellulose is a fibrous or powdered substance and may detonate or burn upon certain conditions. The article compares the combustion parameters of dry nitrocellulose in the KV-150M2-UIBE explosion chamber at the concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 g m⁻³. To ignite a nitrocellulose sample, six different types of igniters were used. A commercially available 5 kJ pyrotechnic igniter was used as the standard. Also used were a nitrocellulose igniter, a pyrotechnic igniter with magnesium powder and KNO₃/KClO₃, and an exploding wire (Kanthal and tungsten wire). The examined igniters were found to affect the explosion parameters of dispersed nitrocellulose. The deviation of the explosion constant K_st reached 50% of the standard value. The highest pressure of 12.73 bar g was reached at a concentration of 750 g m⁻³ and an igniter exploding wire with Kanthal wire. The highest K_st value of 287.9 bar.m.s⁻¹ was achieved at a concentration of 750 g m⁻³, when using the pyrotechnic igniter with KClO₃ and magnesium powder.     

Analysis of Conditions and Organization of Work of Notebook Computer Users

Abstract

Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate working conditions with a notebook computer (notebook) as a potential cause of musculoskeletal disorders. Material and methods. The study had 2 stages. The first one was a questionnaire survey among 300 notebook users. The next stage was an expert analysis of 53 randomly selected workstations. The questionnaire survey included questions about the participants, their working conditions, work organization and also duration of work with a notebook. Results and conclusions. The results of the research showed that most examined operators used a notebook as a basic working tool. The most important irregularities included an unadjustable working surface, unadjustable height of the seat pan and backrest, unadjustable height and distance between the armrests and no additional ergonomic devices (external keyboard, docking station, notebook stand or footstool).     

Disintegration of waste activated sludge by different applications of Fenton process

Oxidative disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (WAS) using conventional Fenton (Fe²⁺ + H₂O₂, CFP) and Fenton type (Fe⁰ + H₂O₂, FTP) processes was investigated and compared in terms of the efficiency of sludge disintegration and enhancement of anaerobic biodegradability. The influences of different operational variables namely sludge pH, initial concentration of Fe²⁺ or Fe⁰, and H₂O₂ were studied in detail. The optimum conditions have been found as catalyst iron dosage = 4 g/kg TS, H₂O₂ dosage = 40 g/kg TS and pH = 3 within 1 h oxidation period for both CFP and FTP. Kinetics studies were performed under optimal conditions. It was determined that the sludge disintegration was happened in two stages by both processes: rapid and subsequent slow disintegration stages and rapid sludge disintegration stage can be described by a zero-order kinetic model. The effects of oxidative sludge disintegration under the optimum conditions on anaerobic digestion were experienced with biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay in batch anaerobic reactors. Total methane production in the CFP and FTP pre-treated reactors increased by 26.9% and 38.0%, relative to the untreated reactor (digested the raw WAS). Furthermore, the total chemical oxygen demand reductions in the pre-treated reactors were improved as well.     

Impact of error self-perception of aerobic capacity in the safety and efficacy of the lifeguards

Introduction. The strong physical demands that are required of lifeguards during rescues also require an accurate self-perception of one's fitness level to be able to regulate the intensity of effort. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the real aerobic capacity (RAC) and to compare it with two self-reported measurements: subjective appraisal of aerobic capacity (SAAC) and appraisal of physical exercise (APE). Methods. Fifty-two professional lifeguards were included in the study. For an objective assessment of RAC, the lifeguards’ maximum oxygen uptake (V_O2max) values were measured during treadmill stress tests. A fitness assessment questionnaire was used to obtain the SAAC and APE values. Results. We found a statistically significant association between the APE and RAC variables in the contingency analysis (p?V_O2max value below 43 ml kg^?1?min^?1 considered their aerobic capacity to be high or very high. Conclusion. This self-perception error of true aerobic capacity could lead to premature fatigue during a rescue, endangering both the lifeguard's life and the life of the victim. These data may help lifeguards and beach managers to become aware of the need to know lifeguards’ true physical conditions through testing and structured training programs.     

Application of fire suppression materials on suppression of LNG pool fires

An LNG pool fire is considered one of the main hazards of LNG, together with LNG vapor dispersion. Suppression methods are designed to reduce the hazard exclusion zones, distance to reach radiant heat of 5 kW/m², when an LNG pool fire is considered. For LNG vapor dispersion, the hazard exclusion zone is the distance travelled by the LNG vapor to reach a concentration of 2.5% v/v (half of the LNG lower flammability limit).Warming the LNG vapor to reach positive buoyancy faster is one way to suppress LNG vapor dispersion and reduce evaporation rate (thus fire size and its associated radiant heat) and that is the main objective in LNG pool fire suppression. Based on previous research, the use of high expansion foam has been regarded as the primary method in suppressing LNG pool fires. However, in 1980, another method was introduced as an alternative pool fire suppression system, Foamglas^®. The research concluded that 90% of the radiant heat was successfully reduced. Currently-called Foamglas^® pool fire suppression (Foamglas^® PFS) is a passive mitigation system and is deployed after the leak occurs. Foamglas^® PFS is non-flammable, and has a density one-third of the density of LNG, thus floats when an LNG pool is formed.This paper describes the study and confirmation of Foamglas^®PFS effectiveness in suppressing LNG pool fires. In addition, while Foamglas^® PFS is not expected to suppress LNG vapor dispersion, further investigation was conducted to study the effect of Foamglas^®PFS on LNG vapor dispersion. An LNG field experiment was conducted at Brayton Fire Field. The experimental development, procedures, results and findings are detailed in this paper.