Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the e ect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the e ect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously influence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously influence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coe cient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on adsorption and desorption of mercury by soils

Effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on adsorption and desorption of Hg were investigated in two kinds of soils, Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols (XUF) and Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols (TPUC). The DOM was obtained from humus soil (DOMH), rice straw (DOMR), and pig manure (DOMP). The presence of DOM obviously reduced Hg maximum adsorption capacity with up to 40% decreases over the control, being an order of DOMH (250.00 mg/kg)< DOMR (303.03 mg/kg) < DOMP (322.58 mg/kg) < CK (control 416.67 mg/kg) for the XUF and ...     

有机物料对紫色土微生物量碳、氮及氮素供应的影响

以猪粪沼渣(PM)、牛粪沼渣(CM)、污泥堆肥(SC)、农村生活垃圾堆肥(RWC1)、农村生活垃圾与污泥的堆肥产物(污泥比例20%,RWC2)为材料,采用培养试验和盆栽试验研究了有机物料对酸性紫色土和石灰性紫色土中微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量及玉米幼苗氮吸收的影响.结果表明,有机物料使酸性和石灰性紫色土MBC含量分别提高了53. 63%～102. 91%和12. 14%～137. 00%,有机物料分解愈慢、碳氮比(C/N)愈高,土壤MBC愈大;而MBN含量分别提高了23. 37%～150. 08%和35. 02%～160. 02%,受物料的有机氮形态影响.两种土壤MBC/MBN随物料C/N的升高总体降低,高C/N物料有利于MBN的长期维持.除牛粪沼渣外,有机物料均可提高两种紫色土中玉米幼苗的生物量及氮吸收量,提高幅度为SC PM RWC2 RWC1,但其对氮素吸收的促进效果不及化肥.牛粪沼渣对玉米幼苗氮吸收的抑制作用与其较高的C/N有关,而其余物料的促进作用随MBC/MBN降低而增高.因此,有机物料对氮素吸收利用的影响不仅与其性质有关,也与其对土壤MBC/MBN的作用有关.     

硅对酸性土壤铝毒的缓解作用

铝毒是酸性土壤限制作物生长的主要因素,寻找缓解甚至消除土壤铝毒的措施是合理开发利用酸性土壤,提高作物产量的重要途径。本试验选择湖北温泉第四纪母质发育的酸性红壤（ｐＨ值４．８）,作了加硅处理的小麦土培和根际培养试验,测定了麦苗植株生长量、部分矿质元素含量以及根际土壤活性铝的含量。结果表明,加硅０．３ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ即可促进麦苗根系对钙、镁等元素的吸收,增加植株的生长量。硅加入量达到０．９ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ     

Effect of fertilizer and water content on N2O emission from three plantation soils in South China

Introduction Nitrousoxide(N2O)isoneofthemostimportantgreen housegases,whichcontributestoglobalwarmingand consumptionofO3inthestratosphere(Breuer,2000,Solomon,1999).N2Oconcentrationincreasesatarateof0.25%peryear,57%ofwhichisderivedfromthesoildue tonitrific…     

不同磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的影响

施肥是提高重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率的必要强化措施之一.通过研究农业生产中常用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草生长、砷累积及氮磷钾吸收的影响,确定可提高蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤能力的最佳磷肥类型.结果表明,与不施砷对照组相比.添加砷处理中施用相应磷肥的蜈蚣草总生物量中蜈蚣草均有所降低(除钙镁磷肥外);在添加砷的情况下,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵等3个施磷处理总生物量相对较高.显著高于其他磷肥处理和不施磷处理(0.83 g/pot);地上部砷累积量由大到小的顺序为:磷酸二氢钙>钙镁磷肥>磷酸二氢铵>磷酸二氢钾>磷酸二氢钠>不施磷>过磷酸钙;磷酸二氢钙处理的砷去除效率高达7.28%.由此可见,磷肥能一定程度提高砷超富集植物的修复能力,但不同磷肥对其砷去除效率的影响可达数倍之差,磷酸二氢钙是首选磷肥类型,综合考虑土壤pH、N、P和有效态砷等各种因子,磷酸二氢铵和钙镁磷肥也可作备选肥料类型.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

E ects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities of wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic （As） were investigated on seed germination, root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As. The results showed low concentrations of As （0-1 mg/kg） stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot, however, these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As （5-20 mg/kg）. The contents of O2^-, MDA, soluble protein and peroxidase （POD） activity all increased with increasing As concentrations. Soluble sugar content, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities decreased at low concentrations of As, and increased at high concentrations of As. While acetylsalicylic acid （ASA） and chlorophyll contents, catalase （CAT） activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg, and then decreasing trend. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （PAGE）, As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings. As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg. However, As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg. The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响

鉴于N2O排放量占施用氮肥量的比例即N2O排放系数还有很大不确定性,室外盆栽试验于2002-2003年选取3个供试土壤.各土壤没置对照和低、中、高氮肥水平,全年施尿素量(以N计)分别为334、670和1 004 kg/hm2.结果表明,水稻生长季,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在低、中、高氮肥水平间无明显差异;而小麦生长季,随氮肥施用量增加,各个土壤的N2O累积排放量与其对照相比的增加量在3种氮肥水平之间的差异显著.整个稻麦轮作系统,随氮肥用量的增加明显促进麦田N2O的排放.无论水稻或小麦生长季,对照3个土壤的N2O累积排放量并无显著差异,F土壤(江苏溧水)、G土壤(江苏涟水)和H土壤(江苏农科院)的N2O累积排放量,在水稻生长季分别为168、127和146 ms/m2;小麦生长季,分别为134、124和168 mg/m2.在施氮肥后,3个土壤的N2O排放量出现差异,如在中氮水平下,小麦生长季.F土壤、G土壤和H土壤N2O累积排放量分别为976、744和626 mg/m2.稻麦轮作生长季内,在低氮与中氮2个水平下,不同土壤间N2O排放系数存在显著差异.以1个稻麦轮作周期为时间尺度,F土壤、G土壤和H土壤总的N2O排放系数分别为1.1%±0.23%、0.75%±0.17%和1.01%±0.11%,表明不同土壤对N2O排放系数的影响不同.     

华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边土壤重金属研究

采集了华南四座固体废物综合处理产业园周边表层土壤样品,并分析各样品中Cd、Pb、Hg、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Co等9种重金属以及氟化物的含量,研究了重金属和氟化物的含量水平、空间分布及来源构成.结果表明,研究范围内表层土壤重金属和氟化物含量均值范围分别为Cd（0.165~1.161mg/kg）、Pb（37.8~60.7mg/kg）、Hg（0.041~0.103mg/kg）、As（3.6~26.2mg/kg）、Cr（26.4~67.7mg/kg）、Cu（19.1~54.6mg/kg）、Ni（10.4~26.8mg/kg）、Zn（70.8~109.1mg/kg）、Co（5.51~18.69mg/kg）、F（349.1~618.1mg/kg）.除四座园区周边表层土壤的Cd含量超出背景值1.9~19.7倍以及RFH周边表层土壤的As含量超出背景值1.9倍外,其余指标的含量与背景值相差不大.综合空间分布特征分析和主成分分析的结果,可以将9种重金属和氟化物分为2个大类.Cr、Ni、Cu、Co、Zn的分布特征极为相似,且相互之间有极显著相关性,结合聚类分析和主成分分析结果,其来源主要为土壤母质;Hg、Cd、Pb、As和F的与土壤母质和多种人类活动污染有关.采用各固体废物焚烧设施累积排放量和污染源周边土壤背景总量对比,构建了各污染源的指纹谱,研究结果显示Hg、Cd、Pb、As和F可以作为固体废物综合处理产业园焚烧烟气污染源的指纹谱备选因子.     

钒镉复合污染对水稻吸收积累镉、钒和磷的影响

采用溶液培养法研究钒与镉复合污染对水稻生长及其吸收积累镉的影响,以便弄清在钒与镉复合污染条件下水稻的生长情况.试验结果表明,钒镉复合污染可影响水稻的生长发育.在培养液镉浓度(1 0mg·L-1)不变的情况下,随着溶液中钒浓度的增加,水稻根长、根系和茎叶的干重不断减少.当溶液中钒浓度达到1 6mg·L-1和3 2mg·L-1时,水稻茎叶和根系干重减少分别达到显著水平(p<0 05).钒镉复合污染也影响水稻植株对磷、钒和镉的吸收与积累.当培养液中镉浓度不变时,随着溶液中钒浓度的增加,水稻根系和茎叶中的磷浓度不断降低,而钒含量却不断提高,根系比茎叶积累更多的钒.此外,钒可抑制水稻植株对镉的吸收与积累.     

Influences of phosphate nutritional level on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium and lead in soil

IntroductionNorth-east China is one of the most importantindustrial bases and also a main agriculturalproduction area. Land disposal of wastes and irrigatingwith sewage have led to increasing heavy metalcontents in soil (Chen, 1996) and the problemsinduce…     

锰尾矿区有机菌肥-速生树种的生态修复效应

在锰尾矿区建立了4.5hm²生态修复工程区，以速生树种泡桐（Paulownia tomentosa）和栾树（Koelreuteriapaniclata）作为建群植物，采用有机菌肥改良其根际环境，利用土壤库存耐性植物种子的自然萌发力来丰富物种多样性.结果表明，工程实施后第6a，有机菌肥处理植物群落干物质生物总量达到33498.7kg/hm²，Mn吸收积累量达到5532.6g/hm²，植物种类数达到51种，分别为无机化肥对照的22.8、2.6和3.4倍；有机菌肥处理的植物群落Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的总积累量、根际微生物种类及其数量也显著大于对照.有机菌肥的改良机制可归结于其与植物根系、根际微生物对基质的共同作用.有机菌肥处理区泡桐和栾树的总株数不到该区植物总株数的0.2%，但其干物质生物量、锰吸收量与盖度分别为该区的88%、73%和55.2%.速生树种泡桐和栾树对该区生态修复起到了"主导"作用.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

田间条件下养分调控八宝景天Cd修复效率

在田间条件下,采用四因素三水平正交试验研究了N、 P、 K三因素不同水平对Cd富集植物八宝景天的生长和Cd吸收性的影响.结果表明,八宝景天生物量随施N水平的提高而增加,高N水平下(337.5 kg·hm~(-2))八宝景天地上部生物量最大,为不施肥处理的0.86～2.00倍,但对其地上部Cd含量无显著影响.K肥对八宝景天Cd吸收具有一定的促进作用,高K水平下其地上部Cd含量最高达22.05 mg·kg~(-1),较不施肥处理提高29.3%.综合分析,NPK肥料配施条件下,N肥和K肥分别是八宝景天生长和Cd吸收效率的主要影响因素,且对八宝景天Cd积累表现出明显的交互作用.肥料对八宝景天Cd提取量影响顺序为NKP,其中对八宝景天Cd修复效率的促进作用主要通过提高八宝景天生物量,高量N肥配施适量P、 K肥是提高八宝景天Cd修复效率的最佳施肥措施,其地上部Cd积累量较不施肥处理提高了0.9～2.2倍,合理增施N肥是提高八宝景天Cd修复效率的主要影响因子.     

玉米幼苗对镉、菲单一与复合污染的生理生化响应

通过室内盆栽实验研究了玉米幼苗在镉、菲污染胁迫14 d后的生理生化响应,并探讨了镉、菲单一与复合污染对玉米幼苗的毒性效应及其致毒机制.结果表明,单一镉(0～50 mg/kg)污染时,镉处理对玉米幼苗地上部分和根系生物量以及可溶性蛋白都无显著影响;随镉处理浓度的增加,玉米幼苗叶片SOD酶活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而P...     

旺盛期烟草对镉富集敏感性研究

采用盆栽试验方法,揭示了旺盛期烟草（云烟99）对镉的富集特点以及光合等生理指标对镉胁迫的响应.结果表明：当土壤镉含量分别为4.43,7.94,17.33和49.79mg/kg时,烟草茎、叶及地上部镉的富集系数（植物镉含量与土壤镉含量的比值）均大于1,转移系数（地上部镉含量与根镉含量的比值）也大于1,但镉含量未达到镉超富集植物的临界含量标准100mg/kg.当土壤镉含量为4.43mg/kg时,烟草的耐性较强.当土壤镉含量大于7.94mg/kg时,烟草的生物量、叶片光合色素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和SOD活性均显著下降（P<0.05）,胞间CO₂浓度和MDA含量显著提高（P<0.05）.旺盛期烟草对镉富集比较敏感,建议烟草的种植要远离镉污染土壤或镉背景值较高的土壤.     

氮肥和磷肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

通过模拟南方稻田施用不同量的氮肥和磷肥的实验来探讨N和P对稻田释放N2O的影响.结果表明,水稻田N2O排放通量的较大值主要出现在3次烤田期;氮肥和磷肥对土壤中产生N2O的贡献主要在水稻生长中后期,从第1次烤田起(移栽后34d),氮肥和磷肥都表现为对N2O排放有促进作用;而低氮对N2O排放的刺激作用没有高氮的作用明显,且N2处理(180kg/hm2)、N1处理(90kg/hm2)和N0处理(没有施肥)之间的平均N2O排放差异不显著.在水稻生长中后期(第1次烤田后),N3处理(270kg/hm2)和N4处理(360kg/hm2)的较高水平的氮肥加入能强烈刺激N2O排放.     

遵义松林Ni-Mo矿区土壤Cu、Zn污染及农作物健康风险评价

采用ICP-MS分析了贵州遵义松林Ni-Mo多金属矿区表层土壤（旱地土和水稻土）及6种农作物样品的重金属Cu、Zn含量。结果显示,矿区旱地土Cu、Zn含量分别为31.3～148.5和101.0～346.0 mg/kg,平均值分别为65.1和233.0 mg/kg;水稻土Cu、Zn含量分别为46.3～67.3和169.0～358.0 mg/kg,平均值分别为55.8和234.0 mg/kg;两种类型土壤Cu、Zn含量均高于贵州省土壤背景值（Cu,32.0 mg/kg;Zn,99.5 mg/kg）和参照样品（Cu,23.3 mg/kg;Zn,82.0 mg/kg）。采用单因子指数法对矿区土壤Cu、Zn污染程度进行评价,结果显示大部分土壤样品为轻污染和中污染,部分土壤样品达Cu、Zn重污染等级。矿区农作物样品中粮食类和蔬菜类样品的Cu平均含量分别为3.64和5.81 mg/kg;Zn平均含量分别为22.54和35.79 mg/kg。运用危险商法对矿区农作物的健康风险进行评价,水稻和白菜Cu、Zn复合污染的健康风险指数大于1（分别为2.83和2.90 mg/kg）,表明这两种农作物对人体健康产生影响的可能性较大,其余作物（玉米、甘薯、辣椒、萝卜）复合污染的健康风险指数小于1,对人体健康产生影响的可能性小。