酸性硫酸盐土的景观诊断及时空分布与演替模式

酸性硫酸盐土的发育与分布存在着较大的时空变异,表现为空问分布的不连续性、发育时间的间断性、环境影响的级联性以及开发利用的风险性,因此往往给实际利用带来较大的困难。本文对酸性硫酸盐士的形成与发育特点、野外景观生态诊断以及酸性硫酸盐土的时空分布与演替模式等方面进行探讨,旨在使人们正确地认识酸性硫酸盐土,以便更有效地利用这类土地资源。     

酸性硫酸盐土研究现状与发展趋向

对国内外酸性硫酸盐土的研究现状进行了综述，并提出了有关今后酸性硫酸盐土研究的几个重要发展方向：（1）酸性硫酸盐土的酸释放机制；（2）酸性硫酸盐土的生态环境效应及其全球变化贡献与生态风险评价；（3）退化酸性硫酸盐土的恢复与重建的接口技术体系；（4）酸性硫酸盐土的可持续利用模式与管理。     

酸性硫酸盐土的酸度类型及其测定方法

酸性硫酸盐土是一种广泛分布于沿海低地和矿区的污染源土壤，对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在或实际的负面影响。酸性硫酸盐土中各类酸度是评估酸性硫酸盐土环境风险最重要的指标。酸性硫酸盐土的酸度可分为水溶性酸度、吸持性酸度和金属硫化物起源潜在酸度等3种类型。文章根据最新的研究结果，简要地介绍酸性硫酸盐土的酸度类型及其测定方法。     

广东酸性硫酸盐土的盐分特性及其变化研究

酸性硫酸盐土是指滨海盐渍沼泽土上生长红树林植物群落后，红树林植物在生长过程中的残落物以及红树林死亡后埋藏在底上而形成的土壤[1]．在广东的面积为103766hm2，占全省土壤面积的8．07％，其中湛江市面积最大，占52．67％；其次为江门市，占28．9％；再次为深圳市，占9．22     

云贵川交界区晚二叠世煤系地层出露风化土的酸性特征

云贵川交界区农村流行地氟病且曾以"土"拌煤作为生活燃料的现象普遍,煤系地层广泛出露且前人观察指出当地拌煤"土"常取自煤系地层风化土.本文以采自该区7个县域的71件煤系地层出露风化土为样本进行研究,结果表明,52%的风化土呈酸性,pH均值为4.62(2.39—5.54,n=37);硫酸根含量显著偏高,均值达到1778μg·g~(-1)(295—13086μg·g~(-1),n=71);氟含量总体偏高,均值达到751μg·g~(-1)(237—1764μg·g~(-1),n=71).酸性风化土的pH与其硫酸根含量的负对数-lg C[SO2-4]成正相关(r=0.75),表明风化土中酸的存在形式可能为酸性硫酸盐如KHSO4或Na HSO4,而后者可能源自煤系地层中黄铁矿的风化.在一定条件下(燃烧),风化土内部的酸与氟在燃烧条件下的相互作用可能导致氟化氢释放,且风化土中氟与高硫煤在燃烧条件下相互作用可能加剧氟化氢释放.     

五种南方土壤的硫酸根吸附特性

我们研究了南方五种不同母质类型土壤的硫酸盐吸附,并确定这些土壤的吸附能力及描述硫酸盐吸附的吸附方程。 吸附能力以赤砂土为最高,其次为第四纪红土及黄泥土,而油砂土及灰棕紫泥土较低。 本实验比较了各土壤的五种离子吸附方程,Freundlich,Tcmkin、直线方程、二种指数方程。重庆郊区的油砂土及灰棕紫泥土以Temkin方程为最佳,贵州黄泥土及广西赤砂土拟合Freundlich方程,广西第四纪红土拟合直线方程。     

蒽醌活化过硫酸盐降解罗丹明B

本文考察了蒽醌活化过硫酸盐过程中降解罗丹明B的特征.实验发现,Fe(Ⅲ)、不同种类和含量的蒽醌、pH值变化、添加自由基淬灭剂以及光照/非光照等不同条件下,对过硫酸盐活化过程中降解罗丹明B特征均产生不同程度的影响.结果表明,体系中不同含量醌活化过硫酸盐的条件下,罗丹明B表现出不同的降解特征;酸性和碱性条件下,过硫酸盐活化过程中氧化降解Rh B的效能并无明显差别;相对于甲醇,叔丁醇可能是更有效的半醌自由基淬灭剂;含氧化敏感官能团结构的蒽醌类有机物AQS和AQDS能有效活化过硫酸盐,促进了过硫酸盐的氧化降解效能,使得罗丹明B脱色程度达到90%以上,这主要是反应体系中蒽醌类有机质能有效活化过硫酸盐生成过硫酸根自由基,使过硫酸盐的氧化性得到显著提高.Fe(Ⅲ)和蒽醌耦合作用对过硫酸盐氧化罗丹明B的活化作用比单纯的蒽醌活化效果更显著.     

培育土壤中硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的消长特征初探

通过不同含水量下潮土和褐土的培育试验,测定了土壤中硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的消长变化及水溶性硫、有机硫和盐酸挥发性硫的含量。结果表明,土壤中硫化细菌含量随土壤含水量的增加而有增大趋势,其消长变化与有机硫和盐酸挥发性硫的含量变化有关,硫酸盐还原菌含量亦随土壤含水量的增加趋于增大,潮土中硫酸盐还原菌的消长与水溶性硫含量呈显著相关,硫化细菌和硫酸盐还原细菌的消长曲线表明,这两类硫细菌的消长呈相反的变化趋势。     

不同栽培基质对石山珍稀濒危植物苗期生长的影响

对 6种石山珍稀濒危植物在石灰岩土壤和酸性红壤上的苗期生长状况及体内化学元素含量进行了对比研究 ,结果表明 :(1 )每种植物在 2种土壤上的物候学特征基本一致 ;(2 )小花异裂菊和青檀在石灰岩土壤上生长量比酸性土壤上高 ,海南椴在酸性土壤上生长量比石灰岩土壤上高 ;(3 ) 6种植物体内Ca、B 2种化学元素的含量是石灰岩土上比酸性土上高 ;除小花异裂菊外 ,Al在其它 5种植物中的含量都是酸性土上高于石灰岩土上 ,小花异裂菊则是石灰岩土上高于酸性土上 ;(4 )K、Zn、B的生物吸收系数是石灰岩土高于酸性土 ,而N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Mn则是酸性土高于石灰岩土。     

不同载培基质对石山珍稀濒危植物苗期生长的影响

对6种石山珍稀濒危植物在石灰岩土壤和酸性红壤上的苗期生长状况及体内化学元素含量进行了对比研究，结果表明：（1）每种植物在2种土壤上的物候学特征基本一致；（2）小花异裂菊和青檀在石灰岩土壤上生长量比酸性土壤上高，海南椴在酸性土壤上生长量比石灰岩土壤上高；（3）6种植物体内Ca、B2种化学元素的含量是石灰岩土上比酸性土上高；除小花异裂菊外，Al在其它5种植物中的含量都是酸性土上高于石灰岩土上，小花异裂菊则是石灰岩土上高于酸性土上；（4）K、Zn、B的生物吸收系数是石灰岩土高于酸性土，而N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Mn则是酸性土高于石灰岩土。     

The costs of avoiding environmental impacts from shale‐gas surface infrastructure

Growing energy demand has increased the need to manage conflicts between energy production and the environment. As an example, shale‐gas extraction requires substantial surface infrastructure, which fragments habitats, erodes soils, degrades freshwater systems, and displaces rare species. Strategic planning of shale‐gas infrastructure can reduce trade‐offs between economic and environmental objectives, but the specific nature of these trade‐offs is not known. We estimated the cost of avoiding impacts from land‐use change on forests, wetlands, rare species, and streams from shale‐energy development within leaseholds. We created software for optimally siting shale‐gas surface infrastructure to minimize its environmental impacts at reasonable construction cost. We visually assessed sites before infrastructure optimization to test whether such inspection could be used to predict whether impacts could be avoided at the site. On average, up to 38% of aggregate environmental impacts of infrastructure could be avoided for 20% greater development costs by spatially optimizing infrastructure. However, we found trade‐offs between environmental impacts and costs among sites. In visual inspections, we often distinguished between sites that could be developed to avoid impacts at relatively low cost (29%) and those that could not (20%). Reductions in a metric of aggregate environmental impact could be largely attributed to potential displacement of rare species, sedimentation, and forest fragmentation. Planners and regulators can estimate and use heterogeneous trade‐offs among development sites to create industry‐wide improvements in environmental performance and do so at reasonable costs by, for example, leveraging low‐cost avoidance of impacts at some sites to offset others. This could require substantial effort, but the results and software we provide can facilitate the process.     

Responses of soil microbial communities to water stress: results from a meta-analysis

Soil heterotrophic respiration and nutrient mineralization are strongly affected by environmental conditions, in particular by moisture fluctuations triggered by rainfall events. When soil moisture decreases, so does decomposers' activity, with microfauna generally undergoing stress sooner than bacteria and fungi. Despite differences in the responses of individual decomposer groups to moisture availability (e.g., bacteria are typically more sensitive than fungi to water stress), we show that responses of decomposers at the community level are different in soils and surface litter, but similar across biomes and climates. This results in a nearly constant soil-moisture threshold corresponding to the point when biological activity ceases, at a water potential of about -14 MPa in mineral soils and -36 MPa in surface litter. This threshold is shown to be comparable to the soil moisture value where solute diffusion becomes strongly inhibited in soil, while in litter it is dehydration rather than diffusion that likely limits biological activity around the stress point. Because of these intrinsic constraints and lack of adaptation to different hydro-climatic regimes, changes in rainfall patterns (primary drivers of the soil moisture balance) may have dramatic impacts on soil carbon and nutrient cycling.     

大宝山矿水外排的环境影响:Ⅱ.农业生态系统

大宝山外排酸性矿水对周边农村地区农业生态系统具严重的负面影响，表现在：农田所用的灌溉水酸度很强，灌溉水中多种重金属含量高于国家农田灌溉水质标准，其中Cd超标约16倍；土壤严重酸化，pH值可低至3．9，总实际酸度平均达47mmol／kg，比水溶性酸度高147倍，表明由矿水带进土壤的无机酸通过土壤的缓冲作用暂时转化为非水溶态并在土壤中累积；土壤重金属含量超标，以Zn、Cu和Cd为甚；粮食和果蔬等作物重金属污染严重，其中尤以Cd最为突出，最高可超标近150倍。     

不同利用方式下吴江市耕地土壤环境质量变化

土地利用方式的不同影响着土壤环境质量的变化。文章采用了2003年江苏省吴江市耕地质量监测中资料,分析了6种不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分及Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cd等5种重金属元素全量的变化,并采用土壤质量综合指数(SQI)法计算不同利用下的土壤环境质量指数。结果表明:近20多年来,吴江市土地利用方式发生了明显的变化,这种变化对本土壤养分和重金属含量产生了十分明显的影响。在稻田、林地、桑园、菜地、果园、旱地六种吴江常见的土地利用方式中,稻田土壤环境质量综合指数显著高于其他利用下,而其他五种利用方式下土壤质量的差别不明显。可见稻田不仅是一种太湖地区传统的利用方式,更是保持环境质量相对最佳的土地利用方式。     

农膜增塑剂在农田中的残留

本文调查了沈阳市东陵区PVC农用大棚土壤中酞酸酯类增塑剂的残留状况及其在大棚内的分布特点。试验结果表明:酞酸酯在农田土壤中已达普遍污染程度。     

兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的行为及其生态毒理效应研究进展

目前全球至少有70%左右的抗生素被用于畜牧业和水产养殖业,这些抗生素大多不能被动物完全吸收,以母体或代谢物的形式排出动物体外的抗生素约占用药量的40～90%,排出体外的抗生素大多随粪便等进入环境尤其是土壤环境中并在其中累积.为了明确兽用抗生素对环境中生物等的影响,合理评价兽用抗生素的环境风险,论文就土壤环境中兽用抗生素的来源,兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的吸附、迁移、降解以及对环境中生物的影响等方面进行了综述,在此基础上提出了今后的重点研究方向.     

Reducing environmental impacts through socioeconomic transitions: critical review and prospects

● Reducing environmental impacts through socioeconomic structural transitions. ● Simulation of looping the dynamic material cycle should be concerned. ● Transboundary effects of socioeconomic transitions need to be analyzed. ● Facilitating interregional cooperation and synergetic control mechanisms. Rapid socioeconomic development has caused numerous environmental impacts. Human production and consumption activities are the underlying drivers of resource uses, environmental emissions, and associated environmental impacts (e.g., ecosystem quality and human health). Reducing environmental impacts requires an understanding of the complex interactions between socioeconomic system and environmental system. Existing studies have explored the relationships among human society, economic system, and environmental system. However, it is unclear about the research progress in the effects of socioeconomic activities on environmental impacts and the potential directions of future research. This critical review finds that existing studies have identified critical regions, sectors, and transmission pathways for resource uses, environmental emissions, and environmental impacts from supply chain perspectives. Moreover, scholars have characterized the impacts of socioeconomic transitions on resource uses and environmental emissions. However, existing studies overlook the dynamic nature of the interconnections among human society, economic system, and environmental system. In addition, the effects of socioeconomic structural transitions on environmental impacts remain unknown. This review proposes four prospects and possible solutions that will contribute to a better understanding of the complex interactions among human society, economic system, and environmental system. They can help identify more effective solutions to reduce environmental impacts through socioeconomic transitions.