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1.
Marine protected areas are not established in an institutional and governance vacuum and managers should pay attention to the wider social–ecological system in which they are immersed. This article examines Islas Choros-Damas Marine Reserve, a small marine protected area located in a highly productive and biologically diverse coastal marine ecosystem in northern Chile, and the interactions between human, institutional, and ecological dimensions beyond those existing within its boundaries. Through documents analysis, surveys, and interviews, we described marine reserve implementation (governing system) and the social and natural ecosystem-to-be-governed. We analyzed the interactions and the connections between the marine reserve and other spatially explicit conservation and/or management measures existing in the area and influencing management outcomes and governance. A top-down approach with poor stakeholder involvement characterized the implementation process. The marine reserve is highly connected with other spatially explicit measures and with a wider social–ecological system through various ecological processes and socio-economic interactions. Current institutional interactions with positive effects on the management and governance are scarce, although several potential interactions may be developed. For the study area, any management action must recognize interferences from outside conditions and consider some of them (e.g., ecotourism management) as cross-cutting actions for the entire social–ecological system. We consider that institutional interactions and the development of social networks are opportunities to any collective effort aiming to improve governance of Islas Choros-Damas marine reserve. Communication of connections and interactions between marine protected areas and the wider social–ecological system (as described in this study) is proposed as a strategy to improve stakeholder participation in Chilean marine protected areas. 相似文献
2.
Sustaining Ecological Integrity with Respect to Climate Change: A Fuzzy Adaptive Management Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tony Prato 《Environmental management》2010,45(6):1344-1351
A fuzzy adaptive management framework is proposed for evaluating the vulnerability of an ecosystem to losing ecological integrity
as a result of climate change in an historical period (ex post evaluation) and selecting the best compensatory management action for reducing potential adverse impacts of future climate
change on ecological integrity in a future period (ex ante evaluation). The ex post evaluation uses fuzzy logic to test hypotheses about the extent of past ecosystem vulnerability to losing ecological integrity
and the ex ante evaluation uses the fuzzy minimax regret criterion to determine the best compensatory management action for alleviating potential
adverse impacts of climate change on ecosystem vulnerability to losing ecological integrity in a future period. The framework
accounts for uncertainty regarding: (1) the relationship between ecosystem vulnerability to losing ecological integrity and
ecosystem resilience; (2) the relationship between ecosystem resilience and the extent to which observed indicators of ecological
integrity depart from their thresholds; (3) the extent of future climate change; and (4) the potential impacts of future climate
change on ecological integrity and ecosystem resilience. The adaptive management element of the framework involves using the
ex post and ex ante evaluations iteratively in consecutive time segments of the future time period to determine if and when it is beneficial
to adjust compensatory management actions to climate change. A constructed example is used to demonstrate the framework. 相似文献
3.
Tischa A. Muñoz-Erickson Bernardo Aguilar-González Matthew R. R. Loeser Thomas D. Sisk 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):132-144
As collaborative groups gain popularity as an alternative means for addressing conflict over management of public lands, the
need for methods to evaluate their effectiveness in achieving ecological and social goals increases. However, frameworks that
examine both effectiveness of the collaborative process and its outcomes are poorly developed or altogether lacking. This
paper presents and evaluates the utility of the holistic ecosystem health indicator (HEHI), a framework that integrates multiple
ecological and socioeconomic criteria to evaluate management effectiveness of collaborative processes. Through the development
and application of the HEHI to a collaborative in northern Arizona, the Diablo Trust, we present the opportunities and challenges
in using this framework to evaluate the ecological and social outcomes of collaborative adaptive management. Baseline results
from the first application of the HEHI are presented as an illustration of its potential as a co-adaptive management tool.
We discuss lessons learned from the process of selecting indicators and potential issues to their long-term implementation.
Finally, we provide recommendations for applying this framework to monitoring and adaptive management in the context of collaborative
management. 相似文献
4.
Tony Prato 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(4):935-946
ABSTRACT: The technocratic approach for managing the Missouri River and other large rivers is not effective in resolving conflicts among competing uses of water and dealing with uncertainty about how river ecosystems respond to alternative management actions. Adaptive management offers an alternative way to address these and other issues. It has the potential to alleviate management gridlock and provide lasting solutions to management of the Missouri River and other large river ecosystems. In passive adaptive management, simulation models and expert judgment are combined to select a preferred management action. While passive adaptive management is relatively simple and inexpensive to use, it does not necessarily provide reliable information for making management decisions. Active adaptive management uses statistically designed experiments to test assumptions or hypotheses about ecosystem responses to management actions. It is best carried out by a collaborative working group. Active adaptive management has several advantages, but the inability to satisfy certain prerequisites for successful application makes it more difficult to implement in large river ecosystems. A second‐best approach is proposed here to select, implement, monitor, and evaluate a preferred management action and retain that action provided ecological conditions improve and socioeconomic indicators do not fall below established acceptability limits. 相似文献
5.
A method for assessing environmental risk: A case study of Green Bay,Lake Michigan,USA 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Hallett J. Harris Robert B. Wenger Victoria A. Harris David S. Devault 《Environmental management》1994,18(2):295-306
The Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency has recommended that risk reduction strategies become
the centerpiece of environmental protection. The goal in developing such strategies is to identify opportunities for greatest
reduction of ecological risks. This is a perspective that is significantly more comprehensive than the traditional focus on
human health risks arising from environmental degradation. The identification of ecological risks upon which environmental
protection efforts should be focused requires an ecological risk assessment methodology that is based on anthropogenic stressors
affecting an ecosystem and a set of impaired use criteria. A methodology based on this concept is developed and discussed
in this article. The methodology requires that risk values be assigned to each ecosystem stressor-impaired use pair that reflect
the degree to which the given stressor contributes to ecosystem risk as measured by the given impaired use criterion. Once
these data are available, mathematical analyses based on concepts from fuzzy set theory are performed to obtain a ranking
of ecosystem stressors. The methodology has been tested by applying it to a case study involving Green Bay of Lake Michigan.
A workshop was held in which 11 persons with extensive knowledge of the Green Bay ecosystem determined risk values through
a group-consensus process. The analytical portion of the methodology was then used to rank the ecosystem risks (stressors)
from several perspectives, including prevention management and remediation management. The overall conclusion of the workshop
participants was that the fuzzy set decision model is a useful and effective methodology for differentiating environmental
risk. 相似文献
6.
Proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity in Arches National Park: an application of computer simulation modeling 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Public visits to parks and protected areas continue to increase and may threaten the integrity of natural and cultural resources and the quality of the visitor experience. Scientists and managers have adopted the concept of carrying capacity to address the impacts of visitor use. In the context of outdoor recreation, the social component of carrying capacity refers to the level of visitor use that can be accommodated in parks and protected areas without diminishing the quality of the visitor experience to an unacceptable degree. This study expands and illustrates the use of computer simulation modeling as a tool for proactive monitoring and adaptive management of social carrying capacity at Arches National Park. A travel simulation model of daily visitor use throughout the Park's road and trail network and at selected attraction sites was developed, and simulations were conducted to estimate a daily social carrying capacity for Delicate Arch, an attraction site in Arches National Park, and for the Park as a whole. Further, a series of simulations were conducted to estimate the effect of a mandatory shuttle bus system on daily social carrying capacity of Delicate Arch to illustrate how computer simulation modeling can be used as a tool to facilitate adaptive management of social carrying capacity. 相似文献
7.
Ecological indicators can facilitate an adaptive management approach, but only if acceptable levels for those indicators have
been defined so that the data collected can be interpreted. Because acceptable levels are an expression of the desired state
of the ecosystem, the process of establishing acceptable levels should incorporate not just ecological understanding but also
societal values. The goal of this research was to explore an approach for defining acceptable levels of ecological indicators
that explicitly considers social perspectives and values. We used a set of eight indicators that were related to issues of
concern in the Lake Champlain Basin. Our approach was based on normative theory. Using a stakeholder survey, we measured respondent
normative evaluations of varying levels of our indicators. Aggregated social norm curves were used to determine the level
at which indicator values shifted from acceptable to unacceptable conditions. For seven of the eight indicators, clear preferences
were interpretable from these norm curves. For example, closures of public beaches because of bacterial contamination and
days of intense algae bloom went from acceptable to unacceptable at 7–10 days in a summer season. Survey respondents also
indicated that the number of fish caught from Lake Champlain that could be safely consumed each month was unacceptably low
and the number of streams draining into the lake that were impaired by storm water was unacceptably high. If indicators that
translate ecological conditions into social consequences are carefully selected, we believe the normative approach has considerable
merit for defining acceptable levels of valued ecological system components. 相似文献
8.
Prato T 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):142-149
Wildlife managers have little or no control over climate change. However, they may be able to alleviate potential adverse
impacts of future climate change by adaptively managing wildlife for climate change. In particular, wildlife managers can
evaluate the efficacy of compensatory management actions (CMAs) in alleviating potential adverse impacts of future climate
change on wildlife species using probability-based or fuzzy decision rules. Application of probability-based decision rules
requires managers to specify certain probabilities, which is not possible when they are uncertain about the relationships
between observed and true ecological conditions for a species. Under such uncertainty, the efficacy of CMAs can be evaluated
and the best CMA selected using fuzzy decision rules. The latter are described and demonstrated using three constructed cases
that assume: (1) a single ecological indicator (e.g., population size for a species) in a single time period; (2) multiple
ecological indicators for a species in a single time period; and (3) multiple ecological conditions for a species in multiple
time periods. 相似文献
9.
David M. Martin Amy N. Piscopo Marnita M. Chintala Timothy R. Gleason Walter Berry 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(5):1116-1129
Water quality criteria are necessary to ensure protection of ecological and human health conditions, but compliance can require complex decisions. We use structured decision making to consider multiple stakeholder objectives in a water quality management process, with a case study in the Three Bays watershed on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. We set a goal to meet or exceed a nitrogen load reduction target for the watershed and four key objectives: minimizing economic costs of implementing management actions, minimizing the complexity of permitting management actions, maximizing stakeholder acceptability of the management actions, and maximizing the provision of ecosystem services (recreational opportunity, erosion and flood control, socio‐cultural amenity). We used multi‐objective optimization and sensitivity analysis to generate many possible solutions that implement different combinations of nitrogen‐removing management actions and reflect tradeoffs between the objectives. Results show technological advances in controlling household nitrogen sources could provide lower cost solutions and positive impacts to ecosystem services. Although this approach is demonstrated with Cape Cod data, the decision‐making process is not specific to any watershed and could be easily applied elsewhere. 相似文献
10.
11.
‘Learning by doing’: adaptive planning as a strategy to address uncertainty in planning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Adaptive management, an established method in natural resource and ecosystem management, has not been widely applied to landscape planning due to the lack of an operational method that addresses the role of uncertainty and standardized monitoring protocols and methods. A review of adaptive management literature and practices reveals several key concepts and principles for adaptive planning: (1) management actions are best understood and practiced as experiments; (2) several plans/experiments can be implemented simultaneously; (3) monitoring of management actions are key; and (4) adaptive management can be understood as ‘learning by doing’. The paper identifies various uncertainties in landscape planning as the major obstacles for the adoption of an adaptive approach. To address the uncertainty in landscape planning, an adaptive planning method is proposed where monitoring plays an integral role to reduce uncertainty. The proposed method is then applied to a conceptual test in water resource planning addressing abiotic-biotic-cultural resources. To operationalize adaptive planning, it is argued that professionals, stakeholders and researchers need to function in a genuinely transdisciplinary mode where all contribute to, and benefit from, decision making and the continuous generation of new knowledge. 相似文献
12.
Sven Rannow Nicholas A. Macgregor Juliane Albrecht Humphrey Q. P. Crick Michael Förster Stefan Heiland Georg Janauer Mike D. Morecroft Marco Neubert Anca Sarbu Jadwiga Sienkiewicz 《Environmental management》2014,54(4):732-743
The implementation of adaptation actions in local conservation management is a new and complex task with multiple facets, influenced by factors differing from site to site. A transdisciplinary perspective is therefore required to identify and implement effective solutions. To address this, the International Conference on Managing Protected Areas under Climate Change brought together international scientists, conservation managers, and decision-makers to discuss current experiences with local adaptation of conservation management. This paper summarizes the main issues for implementing adaptation that emerged from the conference. These include a series of conclusions and recommendations on monitoring, sensitivity assessment, current and future management practices, and legal and policy aspects. A range of spatial and temporal scales must be considered in the implementation of climate-adapted management. The adaptation process must be area-specific and consider the ecosystem and the social and economic conditions within and beyond protected area boundaries. However, a strategic overview is also needed: management at each site should be informed by conservation priorities and likely impacts of climate change at regional or even wider scales. Acting across these levels will be a long and continuous process, requiring coordination with actors outside the “traditional” conservation sector. To achieve this, a range of research, communication, and policy/legal actions is required. We identify a series of important actions that need to be taken at different scales to enable managers of protected sites to adapt successfully to a changing climate. 相似文献
13.
Denyse Lajeunesse Gérald Domon Pierre Drapeau Alain Cogliastro André Bouchard 《Environmental management》1995,19(4):481-495
Preservation of small natural areas is not in itself a sufficient measure to maintain the integrity of the ecosystems for
which they were initially set aside. Intense pressure from recreational use is just one of the many human-caused stresses
that may degrade natural areas. Therefore, land-use planning and management from an ecological perspective is necessary to
assess, ensure, and in some cases increase, the ecological integrity of protected natural areas. An ecosystem management approach
for small protected natural areas with high recreational use is presented, based on three interrelated components: an ecological
evaluation procedure of ecosystems, the implementation of management interventions on ecosystems, and the development of a
monitoring scheme of ecosystem components. The ecological evaluation procedure combines two concepts: the biotic value of
vegetation and wildlife and the abiotic fragility of the soils. This combined evaluation process results in the creation of
a sensitivity map that can be used as a management tool for planners and managers. Management interventions, the second component
of the management approach, are derived from concepts of ecological succession. Intentional human interventions are used to
maintain the ecological integrity of ecosystems or in some cases to restore degraded sites. For the third component, only
the basic principles of the monitoring program will be discussed. A pilot project in one of the Montreal urban community protected
areas is presented to illustrate aspects of the proposed ecosystem management approach. 相似文献
14.
Developing a Monitoring Protocol for Visitor-Created Informal Trails in Yosemite National Park,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Informal trails created or perpetuated by visitors is a management challenge in many protected natural areas such as Yosemite
National Park. This is a significant issue as informal trail networks penetrate and proliferate into protected landscapes
and habitats, threatening ecological integrity, aesthetics, and visitor experiences. In order to develop effective strategies
for addressing this problem under an adaptive management framework, indicators must be developed and monitoring protocol must
be established to gather timely and relevant data about the condition, extent, and distribution of these undesired trail segments.
This article illustrates a process of developing and evaluating informal trail indicators for meadows in Yosemite Valley.
Indicator measures developed in past research were reviewed to identify their appropriateness for the current application.
Information gaps in existing indicator measures were addressed by creating two new indices to quantify the degree of informal
trailing based on its land fragmentation effects. The selected indicator measures were applied to monitoring data collected
between 2006 and 2008. The selected measures and indices were evaluated for their ability to characterize informal trail impacts
at site and landscape scales. Results demonstrate the utility of indicator measures in capturing different characteristics
of the informal trail problem, though several metrics are strongly related to each other. The two fragmentation indices were
able to depict fragmentation without being too sensitive to changes in one constituent parameter. This study points to the
need for a multiparameter approach to informal trail monitoring and integration with other monitoring data. Implications for
monitoring programs and research are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Reconciling conservation and social justice imperatives is a major challenge facing many postcolonial states worldwide. Where historically disenfranchised communities have laid legal claim to protected areas, the typical resolution has been collaborative management agreements between the state and claimant communities. The real outcomes of such strategies for people and ecosystems have been seriously questioned, although alternative approaches are seldom explored. Here, we reflect on one such alternative that was pursued in a case in South Africa, where the land was handed back to the community and a replacement protected area created. Our objective was to explore the opportunities and trade-offs associated with this approach for communities and conservation agencies alike, and to compare these to typical collaborative management outcomes. Methods included key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys. We find that, surprisingly, this approach created more benefits for the conservation agency than for claimant communities. Indeed, the community experiences bore a striking resemblance to those experienced in collaborative management settings: intra-community conflict, confusion over leadership and serious questions about the boundaries of the “community”. Processes aimed at redressing past injustice in disputes over conservation land, regardless of the approach adopted, must bring with them a strong commitment to building institutional and leadership capacities within communities, and pay serious attention to the ways in which equity and social justice can be fostered after the settlement of a land claim. Settlement agreements are frequently treated as the final step towards social justice, but are in fact just the beginning. 相似文献
16.
This article presents the design of a fuzzy decision support system (DSS) for the assessment of alternative strategies proposed for the restoration of Lake Koronia, Greece. Fuzzy estimates for the critical characteristics of the possible strategies, such as feasibility, environmental impact, implementation time, and costs are evaluated and supplied to the fuzzy DSS. Different weighting factors are assigned to the critical characteristics and the proposed strategies are ordered with respect to the system responses. The best strategies are selected and their expected impact on the ecosystem is evaluated with the aid of a fuzzy model of the lake. Sensitivity analysis and simulation results have shown that the proposed fuzzy DSS can serve as a valuable tool for the selection and evaluation of appropriate management actions.
Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004. 相似文献
17.
Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) is an approach that includes different management priorities and requires a balance between
anthropogenic and ecological resource demands. Indicators can be used to monitor ecosystem status and trends, and assess whether
projects and/or programs are leading to the achievement of management goals. As such, the careful selection of a suite of
indicators is a crucial exercise. In this paper we describe an indicator evaluation and selection process designed to support
the EBM approach in Puget Sound. The first step in this process was the development of a general framework for selecting indicators.
The framework, designed to transparently include both scientific and policy considerations into the selection and evaluation
process, was developed and then utilized in the organization and determination of a preliminary set of indicators. Next, the
indicators were assessed against a set of nineteen distinct criteria that describe the model characteristics of an indicator.
A literature review was performed for each indicator to determine the extent to which it satisfied each of the evaluation
criteria. The result of each literature review was summarized in a numerical matrix, allowing comparison, and demonstrating
the extent of scientific reliability. Finally, an approach for ranking indicators was developed to explore the effects of
intended purpose on indicator selection. We identified several sets of scientifically valid and policy-relevant indicators
that included metrics such as annual-7 day low flow and water system reliability, which are supportive of the EBM approach
in the Puget Sound. 相似文献
18.
Evaluating sustainable forest management strategies with the Analytic Network Process in a Pressure-State-Response framework 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nowadays forestry faces a complex management situation; the understanding of sustainable forest management (SFM) has gone far beyond the original meaning of sustainable yield of timber. SFM strategies should fulfil ecological, economic and social functions without causing damage to other ecosystems. In this understanding, forest management actions cannot be seen as isolated or mono-causal. In this case study, indicators for SFM are arranged in a Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework at forest management unit level. This framework links pressures on the environment caused by human activities with changes of environmental state (condition) parameters. Forest management also responds to these changes by instituting environmental and economic measures to reduce pressures and restore natural resources. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is utilized to evaluate the performance of four management strategies with regard to the PSR framework on SFM. Priorities of indicators and alternatives are modelled with the ANP resulting from the interconnections to other indicators and their respective cumulative importance. The approach allows for more detailed information on the network of human influences and their impacts on forest ecosystems and goes beyond the limitations of flat-dimensioned indicator sets. 相似文献
19.
This paper proposes a method to select forest restoration priority areas consistently with the key principles of the Ecosystem
Approach (EA) and the Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) framework. The methodology is based on the principles shared by the
two approaches: acting at ecosystem scale, involving stakeholders, and evaluating alternatives. It proposes the involvement
of social actors which have a stake in forest management through multicriteria analysis sessions aimed at identifying the
most suitable forest restoration intervention. The method was applied to a study area in the native forests of Northern Argentina
(the Yungas). Stakeholders were asked to identify alternative restoration actions, i.e. potential areas implementing FLR.
Ten alternative fincas—estates derived from the Spanish land tenure system—differing in relation to ownership, management,
land use, land tenure, and size were evaluated. Twenty criteria were selected and classified into four groups: biophysical,
social, economic and political. Finca Ledesma was the closest to the economic, social, environmental and political goals,
according to the values and views of the actors involved in the decision. This study represented the first attempt to apply
EA principles to forest restoration at landscape scale in the Yungas region. The benefits obtained by the application of the
method were twofold: on one hand, researchers and local actors were forced to conceive the Yungas as a complex net of rights
rather than as a sum of personal interests. On the other hand, the participatory multicriteria approach provided a structured
process for collective decision-making in an area where it has never been implemented. 相似文献
20.
Incorporating Complex Adaptive Systems Theory into Strategic Planning: The Sierra Nevada Conservancy
Tanya L. Higgins 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2008,51(1):141-162
Conservation organizations rely increasingly on integrated planning approaches that explicitly address social and economic goals while pursuing ecological conservation. Moreover, the spatial and temporal scale at which these organizations operate is growing. The Sierra Nevada Conservancy, established as a new state agency by California legislation in 2004 to pursue social, economic and ecological sustainability across a 25 million acre region, exemplifies this large-scale, integrated approach. Therefore, the new agency faces a complex set of policy objectives that must be pursued across a widely varying geography of social, economic and ecological conditions. Using the Conservancy's fire management program area as an example, the paper illustrates how application of an analytic framework from complex adaptive systems theory can guide the Conservancy to deploy its resources more effectively than broader-scale application of a single, agency-wide strategy relying on a more static model. Therefore, the complex adaptive systems framework offers promise in strategic planning. The paper illustrates how the model's four-stage cycle can be applied at the sub-regional and programmatic level to identify opportunities for agency intervention that address varying local conditions. This approach is likely to increase the effectiveness of programs for agencies facing similar complexities and challenges. 相似文献