火灾爆炸危险指数评价法在催化裂化装置中的运用

本文以大庆石化总厂140万吨/年重油催化裂化装置为例,运用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对该装置进行安全性评价,分析装置各单元固有的火灾爆炸危险性.根据火灾爆炸危险指数大小给工艺单元划分危险等级,评价其潜在的火灾爆炸危险,确定安全补偿系数.通过量化其危险性因素,从生产设备、工艺操作、安全管理等方面综合分析该装置的危险性、生产过程存在的火灾爆炸危险性和发生事故的可能性,评价发生事故的严重程度,找出主要危险因素力求从技术、工艺、设备、原材料、安全管理等方面采取措施,以减少火灾爆炸事故的发生或降低事故损失.本文为石化企业采取有针对性的火灾爆炸预防措施,从而降低事故的发生概率,提高装置运行的稳定性和可靠性,减少损失,保证生产安全进行提供了科学依据.     

火灾爆炸危险指数评价法在催化裂化装置中的安全运用

以大庆石化总厂140万吨/年重油催化裂化装置为例,运用美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法对该装置进行安全性评价,分析装置各单元固有的火灾爆炸危险性。根据火灾爆炸危险指数大小给工艺单元划分危险等级,评价其潜在的火灾爆炸危险,确定安全补偿系数。通过量化其危险性因素,从生产设备、工艺操作、安全管理等方面综合分析该装置的危险性、生产过程存在的火灾爆炸危险性和发生事故的可能性,评价发生事故的严重程度,找出主要危险因素力求从技术、工艺、设备、原材料、安全管理等方面采取措施,以减少火灾爆炸事故的发生或降低事故损失。本文为石化企业采取有针对性的火灾爆炸预防措施,从而降低事故的发生概率,提高装置运行的稳定性和可靠性,减少损失,保证生产安全进行提供了科学依据。     

基于作用连锁模型的催化裂化反应再生系统危险辨识及控制

催化裂化是石油深加工的主要工艺,而反应一再生系统是催化裂化装置的核心。本文建立了催化裂化装置反应器和再生器发生火灾（爆炸）事故的作用连锁模型,对催化裂化反应器和再生器发生火灾（爆炸）事故进行了危险辨识,得出了系统元素之间不安全的相互作用,在此基础上分别有针对性地建立了系统的解离和控制模型。研究结果可为系统设计和企业安全管理提供可靠的理论依据。     

甲醛生产火灾爆炸危险性分析、评价及安全措施

在分析甲醛生产过程中火灾爆炸危险因素的基础上,运用美国道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数评价方法对甲醛生产装置进行了安全性评价。针对其工艺情况,对其中的氧化单元从一般工艺危险性、特殊工艺危险性和安全补偿措施等方面进行系统分析与评价,并根据评价结果,提出了预防事故的安全措施,为甲醛的安全生产与管理提供了切实可行的参考。     

催化裂化装置火灾及爆炸事故后果分析

对石油化工企业典型生产装置--催化裂化装置发生火灾及爆炸事故后果进行分析,研究分析了催化裂化装置油浆泵泄漏引发池火灾和石油气泄漏引发无约束蒸气云爆炸两种事故的后果情况,给出这两种事故的各种伤亡半径,从而直观的为企业提供了事故后果情况,为企业的事故预防工作提供依据.     

顺酐生产火灾爆炸危险性分析与评价

在分析顺酐生产过程中火灾爆炸危险因素的基础上,运用美国道化学公司的火灾、爆炸危险指数评价方法对顺酐生产装置进行安全性评价。针对其实际运转情况,对其中氧化反应器单元从一般工艺危险性、特殊工艺危险性和安全补偿措施等方面进行了系统分析,并提出了预防事故的安全对策措施,为苯酐的安全生产和管理提供了切实可行的参考。     

10kt/a甲醇合成精制装置安全性评估与消防设计

甲醇合成精制装置一旦发生泄漏事故,将会对厂内甚至相邻地区的人员生命、机械设备及环境造成严重威胁。为了有效预防事故的发生,通过ALOHA化学品泄漏扩散模拟软件对甲醇合成精制装置进行危险性辨识和评价。结果表明,热辐射危害是池火灾、BLEVE火球的主要危害;BLEVE火球和中毒事故危害范围较广:在BLEVE火球的热辐射中暴露60 s造成死亡的距离均超过100 m,泄漏孔径达5cm时毒气的体积分数达ERPG-3值的距离达326 m。因此,消防设计是甲醇精制装置安全系统设计的重要组成部分。根据《石油化工企业设计防火规范》及相关消防标准规范对该甲醇合成精制车间进行相应的消防系统设计,并用Auto CAD专业绘图软件绘制消防设施的布置图,为施工单位提供依据,从而提高甲醇合成精制装置的安全性,减少人员伤亡事故的发生。     

环氧乙烷生产装置的安全分析与评价

综合运用道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法,事故树分析以及事件树分析对环氧乙烷生产装置进行安全评价,定量地得出装置的危险程度,定性地分析了各危险因素的大小以及系统中各元件的故障率对事故发生概率的影响程度,并提出了改进措施.结果表明,该装置的危险程度很大,必须加强安全生产管理,采取有效措施控制氧气的浓度,从而降低危险性等级,保证生产安全.     

碳二馏分加氢反应装置火灾爆炸危险性评价

运用美国道化学公司的火灾爆炸危险指数评价方法 (第七版 ) ,对碳二馏分加氢反应装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和评价 ,其结果表明 ,该装置的火灾爆炸危险等级为“非常大”。为了降低该装置的危险程度 ,笔者提出了采取有效的安全补偿措施 ,以降低单元的危险程度的新思路。通过分析表明 ,针对部分补偿系数对装置进行安全改进 ,能有效地降低其危险性等级 ,同时可以为避免重大危险源火灾爆炸事故 ,提供切实可行的手段和途径。     

硝基苯精馏再沸器安全分析与评估

为了明确硝基苯精馏再沸器装置爆炸事故发生的原因,有针对性的采取预防措施,综合运用英国帝国化学工业公司的IC I蒙德评价法和事故树分析（FTA）法对精馏再沸器进行安全分析研究,确定了该装置生产过程中的物料物质系数,计算相关的物质危险性、工艺危险性和毒性指数,经过安全措施补偿系数修正后,得出了硝基苯精馏再沸器总危险性系数和危险等级;定性地分析了各危险因素的大小;定量地得出装置的危险程度,并提出了安全措施。结果表明,该装置的危险等级属中等,高温下漏入空气、阀门失效和法兰密封不严是导致该事故的3个最主要的原因,因此,应从以上几方面采取措施,加强安全生产管理。控制精馏再沸器的加热温度,防止局部积累热量,从而降低危险等级,确保安全生产。     

Diagnosis of safety culture in safety management audits

Based on the sociotechnical systems approach, an understanding of safety culture as deeply rooted assumptions about the interplay of people, technology, and organization in their relation to safety is presented. As a complement to audit methods aimed at assessing formal safety management, a questionnaire was developed which allows some indications of these assumptions to be captured by providing data on perceptions regarding operational safety, safety and design strategies, and personal job needs. Analyzing response patterns of different occupational, hierarchical, and organizational groups within a company in combination with formal audit results and the communicative validation of both in a feedback meeting can help the auditors as well as the members of the company to gain a deeper understanding of safety management and safety culture in that company. Results from seven audits in petrochemical plants are presented and discussed with respect to the validity and practicability of the chosen approach.     

System safety assessment using safety entropy

Safety assessment has a primary role in hazardous operations. Most studies on safety assessment focus on risk and accident modeling, in which safety is absent. These top-down methods are highly dependent on the occurred accidents to establish accidental scenarios, which may make the assessment approach lagging behind the evolving modern systems. Moreover, this “special to general” logic is scientifically suspect in safety assessment. There is a call for the development of safety assessment methods in the presence of system safety to complement risk-focused safety analysis. These methods should provide a framework based on a bottom-up approach to examine system safety from the operational perspective. This paper has attempted to provide a potential solution. In particular, a novel concept of safety entropy is proposed to integrate with The Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), which is used to form the qualitative understanding of a system. A formula consisted of safety entropy, functional conformability, and system complexity has been established to determine the spontaneity of the safety state-changing process. The proposed method is applied to the safety assessment of a propane feed-control system. The results show the applicability of the method. Nevertheless, the model still needs to be further improved to fulfill better support for safety-related decision problems.     

Promoting safety by training supervisors and safety representatives for daily safety work

Safety at Finnish work places is mainly considered to be the task of a separate safety organization, e.g., a safety manager and safety delegates. However, it is the supervisor who is responsible for the daily safety in the departments. The Finnish paper industry has developed a supplementary system for the safety organization to carry out safety work in the factories. The monitoring and improving of the daily safety has been delegated to small groups in the production departments. These small groups consist of the supervisor and the safety representative (worker member) of the work area. Sometimes also a department manager or a member of the maintenance department may participate in the work group. A training program was designed to give basic knowledge and skills for the groups. The course has helped the participants to better outline their duties and activities within the safety field.     

The role of safety research in road safety management

Mobility is a matter of great importance in daily life: However, it also causes costs and involves accident risks. To make mobility safer and reduce accident risks, a scientifically based road safety management is needed. Within such a safety management system, a concert of adequate and efficient strategies, tools and measures is developed and implemented. To ensure that the chosen means are efficient they should be derived from research evidence. Secondly, research is also needed to regularly monitor the impact of road safety management tools, serving as a “controlling instrument” for the appropriateness of safety management efforts. This article explains the main strategic aspects of safety management in Germany and illustrates it exemplarily on the basis of two recently implemented road safety measures.     

Use of safety barriers in operational safety decision making

Operational personnel in complex hazardous industries are regularly called upon to make decisions that balance the production and safety objectives of their organisation. Regulations and industry standards focus on defining and complying with operating limits of various kinds as the primary method of achieving the right balance. Such limits remove the need in many cases for in-the-moment judgements about safety and production priorities.Focussing solely on the compliance with a pre-defined envelope underestimates the direct contribution to safety from operational managers based on their professional judgement. Research in a chemical plant, a nuclear power station and an air navigation service provider has identified a “line in the sand” approach taken by experienced operating personnel when abnormal situations arise. In developing these situation-specific self-imposed limits, operational managers focus on the status of safety barriers, rather than considering risk from first principles. This approach could form the basis of a new procedure, which lays out the process to be followed in determining how best to proceed (similar to job safety analysis or permit to work). This would acknowledge that such decisions are necessary, assist operational personnel in making better choices and open such decisions to appropriate audit and scrutiny.     

强化安全管理实现安全生产长效机制

1概况 唐山钢铁集团有限责任公司是一个铁钢双700万吨的特大型钢铁联合企业,拥有矿山、焦化、冶炼、轧钢、机制、建筑安装、设计研究等生产和辅助单位30个.生产板、管、带、棒、线等各种规格的钢材品种.现有职工5万余人,人员分布广泛,不安全因素增多.安全与生产矛盾日益突出,唐钢近年来不断推行安全目标管理、职业健康安全认证等现代化管理方法,使各类事故率有所下降.     

安全教育与安全文化的探讨

一个企业要想获得良好的经济效益,安全生产是重要保障,而安全教育是安全生产不可缺少的组成部分.所以一个成熟、高明的企业管理者应该将安全教育摆在一个相当高的位置,因为安全出效益,安全本身就是一种效益.     

企业安全管理工作评价方法的探讨

事故统计表明,85%左右的事故都与管理因素有关.可见,安全管理工作的好坏是体现企业安全水平的一项重要指标.企业安全管理工作评价的目的在于找出企业安全管理工作的不足之处,使管理者能及时地了解预防事故方面工作的状况,掌握最有效的预防对策,从而为今后改善安全管理工作指明方向.     

Offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships

PROBLEM: Tragic marine and offshore accidents have caused serious consequences including loss of lives, loss of property, and damage of the environment. METHOD: A proactive, risk-based "goal setting" regime is introduced to the marine and offshore industries to increase the level of safety. DISCUSSION: To maximize marine and offshore safety, risks need to be modeled and safety-based decisions need to be made in a logical and confident way. Risk modeling and decision-making tools need to be developed and applied in a practical environment. SUMMARY: This paper describes both the offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships in detail with particular reference to the design aspects. The current practices and the latest development in safety assessment in both the marine and offshore industries are described. The relationship between the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment is described and discussed. Three examples are used to demonstrate both the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The study of risk criteria in marine and offshore safety assessment is carried out. The recommendations on further work required are given. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This paper gives safety engineers in the marine and offshore industries an overview of the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The significance of moving toward a risk-based "goal setting" regime is given.     

安全检查表在安全卫生评价中的应用

介绍了武山铜矿用安全检查表的模式进行安全卫生评价的技术和方法。