汉江上游前坊村黄土剖面化学风化程度及其环境意义

通过对郧县前坊村黄土剖面常量元素及相关参数分析,采用Al为标准的变化率参数计算。结果表明：(1)古土壤S0形成时期,土壤磁化率、粘粒成分、CIA值较典型黄土L1高,Na/K值低于典型黄土L1。这表明古土壤形成时期,气候温暖湿润,土壤风化淋溶较强,反映了较强的成壤过程,在黄土堆积时期气候相对干冷,沙尘暴频繁出现,土壤的成壤作用较弱;(2)碳酸盐含量的剧烈变化是影响黄土元素分布特征很重要的因素,其中,一些元素如Mn和Fe在剖面中的含量较高,主要是碳酸盐被强烈淋溶造成的相对富集;(3)前坊村剖面中,常量元素风化成土过程中,Na、Ca、Mg、K、Si和Ti在古土壤S0为主要迁移元素,其迁移顺序为：Na>Ca>Mg>K>Si>Ti;Mn和Fe表现的轻微富集;常量元素的迁移特征指示了汉江上游谷地黄土已经完成初级的脱Ca、Na阶段,应进入了早期去K的中等风化阶段     

赣江南昌段水化学特征及城区影响

为探究赣江南昌段水化学时空变化特征及南昌城区对赣江的影响,于2015年4月~2016年3月在赣江南昌段（赣江进入南昌城区前、城区中心及流经城区后的北支、中支和南支）进行月周期采样,分析水体中的化学离子（HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、NO-3、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NH+4）,重金属元素（Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Cd、Sb、Pb）以及溶解性有机碳（DOC）、总磷（TP）的分布特征及影响因素。结果表明：1）赣江南昌段总体水质在地表水源地标准限值内,水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型水,HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、NO-3、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NH+4、Mn和DOC含量在不同月份间的变化主要受流量影响,Cr、Fe、Ni、Cu、Cd、Sb、Pb和TP受流量影响较小。（2） 赣江南昌段污染程度为：南支污染最重,北支次之,中支、城区中心和入城区前的污染程度相近。TP、Cr、Ni、Cu、Sb、Pb在南支显著偏高,Mn在北支显著偏高。（3）TP、Ni、Cu、Pb受南昌城区影响显著,经城区后含量增加;DOC、Cd经城区后含量减小,但流经城郊农业区后增加;HCO-3、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、NH+4、Cr、Fe、Mn、Sb受南昌城区影响不显著。 关键词： 赣江;南昌城区;水化学;时空变化     

赤水河河水溶解态微量元素空间分布及来源分析

为了解人为活动对小流域微量元素的影响,以赤水河流域22条主要支流为研究对象,采集表层水样,结合多元统计分析方法对水体中8种溶解态微量元素(Al、Cr、Fe、Sr、Mn、Cd、Li和As)的含量、空间分布规律及来源进行分析.结果 表明:8种微量元素的中位值浓度顺序为Sr＞Fe＞Al＞Li＞As＞Cr＞Cd＞Mn,元素浓度总体较低,与长江源区背景值相近,其中Sr浓度中位值最高,为540.2 ug/L.空间分析表明,微量元素含量较高的子流域集中于赤水河中、上游地区.因子分析表明,As和Li的来源主要受到城市污水和工业废水的影响,Mn和Cd的来源与农业生产活动输入有密切关系,Al、Cr、Sr、Fe的来源除了与岩石矿物风化和土壤侵蚀有关外,还受到城市废水输入的影响.通过聚类分析,赤水河子流域在空间上划分为4个区域:赤水河下游段(C1),赤水河中上游段(C2),赤水河源河和渭河(C3),盐津河(C4),溶解态微量元素水平大小排序为C4＞C2＞C3＞C1.其中Sr、Fe、As和Li浓度在C4最高,Mn和Cd浓度在C3最高,Al、Cr则在C2达到最高浓度值.     

长江河口九段沙上沙湿地芦苇与土壤之间营养元素的灰色关联分析

为探明生长季不同时期芦苇湿地生态系统植物与土壤之间营养元素的关系,利用灰色关联分析方法,对长江河口九段沙上沙芦苇湿地的芦苇营养元素吸收量与土壤营养元素含量之间的关联度进行了研究。结果表明：芦苇主要从0～15 cm土壤吸取N元素,从15～40 cm土壤获取P、K元素,而从40～60 cm土壤吸收N、P、K元素量都较少。芦苇-土壤之间营养元素关联度排序为：4月为N＞K＞P;5月为P＞K＞N,6～8月为K＞P＞N;9～11月为N＞K＞P;12月为P＞N＞K。同一营养元素不同时期芦苇-土壤之间关联度也存在差异,芦苇与土壤营养元素N、P、K元素关联最密切时期分别出现在9、12与6月,均与上层土壤营养元素关联最密切。9、12与6月分别为芦苇-土壤之间N、P、K元素迁移、转化与循环的活跃时期,上层土壤是其活动相对重要的场所。芦苇生长过程中吸收土壤营养元素均存在时空差异,不同时期芦苇对不同深度土壤的营养元素吸收强度也不尽相同。芦苇地下部分不同部位与土壤中营养元素种类的关联度排序相同,而芦苇地上部分的排序则不同。     

上海市黄浦江水源地重金属铅、镉多介质富集特征分析

上海市黄浦江饮用水源地的水质直接影响到上海市近1 700万居民的日常生活和健康安全,因此通过现场采集及室内分析对上海市主要饮用水源地黄浦江上游干流河段表层水体,表层沉积物及支流表层水体及其周边表层土壤中重金属铅、镉类污染物的含量进行了检验。结果表明：黄浦江干流表层水体铅平均含量为3234 μg/L,镉平均含量为022 μg/L;支流水体中铅平均含量为086 μg/L,镉平均含量为013 μg/L;支流表层沉积物中铅平均含量为327 μg/g,干流平均含量为218 μg/g,周边土壤中铅含量除个别点外稳定在2022~3903 μg/g;沉积物中镉的平均含量为03 μg/g,土壤中镉含量基本在015 μg/g左右。通过分析该区域多介质中重金属铅、镉的富集特征,判断表层沉积物是该区域重金属铅、镉的主要富集介质;该区域铅污染的主要受周边土壤的淋溶冲刷作用影响;2号（斜塘与圆泄泾交汇处）,4号（竖潦泾与横潦泾交汇处）采样点区域相对于其他各采样点区域有短期、低浓度的重金属镉输入.     

汉江辽瓦店全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化过程及古洪水事件记录

对汉江上游谷地包含古洪水滞流沉积层的辽瓦店(LWD)全新世黄土-古土壤剖面的常量元素含量、粘粒含量、磁化率和Rb/Sr比值等指标进行了对比分析。结果发现:在LWD剖面的风化成壤过程中,元素Na、Mg和Al表现为较强烈的迁移淋失,虽然元素K、Fe和Ca有一定程度的迁移淋失,但比较微弱,呈现NaMgAlKFeCaSi的迁移序列;磁化率、Rb/Sr、CIA值、钾纳比(K2O/N2O)和淋溶系数的分布随地层的变化而同步变化。上述变化指示古土壤S0形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用强烈,马兰黄土L1堆积时期气候寒冷干旱,风化成壤作用最弱,黄土L0堆积时期气候有所好转,风化成壤作用强于马兰黄土堆积时期,但弱于古土壤形成时期。古土壤S0形成的全新世中期可能出现过一次较为暖湿的次级环境变化,在剖面中上部夹有一层古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),呈灰白色(10YR6/1),为十分均匀的细粉砂,与上下相邻地层呈突变接触关系且界线清晰,向垂直河岸方向快速尖灭,是一次剧烈的气候突变事件的产物。     

昆阳磷矿植被恢复地土壤肥力状况分析及评价

采用野外调查、室内分析并结合相关的方法,对昆阳磷矿人工林植被恢复样地土壤养分指标进行研究,以对矿区植被恢复地土壤肥力现状进行科学合理的评价。结果表明：矿区植被恢复地土壤的容重均小于18 g/cm,孔隙多,结构性较好,有益于植物的生长;植被恢复地土壤样本的有机质含量缺乏,全氮和碱解氮含量属于中等和较缺乏水平,全磷和有效磷、全钾和速效钾含量极为丰富。土壤有机质、有效磷,变异系数较大,分布不均匀,碱解氮、全氮、全磷、速效钾为中等变异的养分指标,变异系数相对小些,土壤中全钾呈弱变异,在土壤中的含量相对分布比较均匀。通过灰色关联度分析,得出研究区不同植被类型或不同年代组合恢复模式土壤肥力顺序为：2005年恢复的旱冬瓜+藏柏+麻栎林＞2006年恢复的旱冬瓜+藏柏+麻栎林＞2007年恢复的旱冬瓜+藏柏林＞平台覆土＞2005年恢复的旱冬瓜+藏柏林＞2005年恢复的旱冬瓜+藏柏+墨西哥柏林     

崇明滩涂湿地不同盐度梯度下芦苇种群及土壤的生态化学计量学特征

为了研究不同盐度梯度下芦苇(Phragmites australis)的生态适应性及其生长的限制因子,对崇明盐度梯度下的3个滩涂湿地生长的芦苇及土壤生态化学计量学指标进行测定;分析不同盐度下芦苇种群的生态化学计量学之间的差异,及土壤与芦苇元素、元素比之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)崇明滩涂湿地土壤C、N、P含量和C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别是15.01、0.69、0.86g/kg,22.09、21.87、0.96。芦苇的C、N、P含量及C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为413.17、10.75、2.53g/kg,41.49、293.58、7.29。(2)随着崇明滩涂湿地土壤盐度增加,土壤的C、N含量及芦苇的C含量、C/N先降低后增加;土壤的C/N、C/P、N/P及植物的C/P、N/P增加;土壤的P含量及植物N、P含量降低。(3)盐度梯度下滩涂湿地土壤与芦苇生态化学计量学中的C、P、C/P、N/P之间均正相关关系,土壤N含量与植物的C/P正相关,与N/P负相关;而C/N与植物P含量之间有负相关性。(4)该研究区土壤的C、N元素较为匮乏,P含量较高;植物的N/P值小于14,说明崇明芦苇生长主要受到N的限制。     

赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土元素地球化学特征研究

对长江中下游彭泽定山-太平地区黄土进行元素分析,并将结果与黄土高原黄土、长江下游等地典型风成堆积进行对比。结果表明：（1）赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土元素P、Na、Ca亏损明显,Ti、Fe等为残留富集;断面上黄土脱Ca、Na过程明显,正朝着脱K去Si富Al趋势发展;元素变化率特征,赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土主要元素的迁移顺序如下：Ca>P>Na>Mg>Mn>K>Si>Al>Fe3+>Ti。（2）赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土风化强度属于中等风化强度,与其他地区风成沉积在风化强度由弱到强上构成如下序列：〖JP2〗洛川黄土<镇江黄土<赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土<宣城风成红土。研究区黄土风化强度略强于镇江黄土,主要是由二者地形条件决定的排水条件造成。（3）研究区稳定元素组成明显区别于其他地区风成沉积,指示定山-太平地区沙山砂、黄土可能来自统一的物源区即其上风向的长江河漫滩平原     

百花湖入库河流麦西河河口消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征研究

应用磷形态标准测定方法（SMT）对百花湖（水库）入库河流麦西河河口消落带土壤不同形态的磷进行了分级测定,分析了各形态磷及与有机质、pH之间的相关性。结果表明：消落带A区(岸边土壤)总磷含量平均为1 298.8 mg/kg,B区(交界面土壤)平均为1 1712 mg/kg,C区(淹没区土壤)平均为1 0762 mg/kg。各种形态的磷在消落带分布特点不同：（1）各点OP含量A区>B区>C区,OP/TP的平均值为592%、607%、633%;（2）各点IP以Fe/Al P为主,消落带A区Fe/Al P占无机磷的比例平均为789%,B区为642%,而C区则为546%;（3）Ca P含量C区（1017 mg/kg）>B区（849 mg/kg）>A区（621 mg/kg）;（4）消落带A区土壤中活性磷组份（OP+Fe/Al P）占TP百分数为738%,B区为744%,C区为771%。消落带土壤活性磷组份较高,在适宜的条件下容易引起水体的二次污染,加快水体富营养化的进程     

Chemical composition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus sibirica</Emphasis> needles (Cupressaceae) in the forest–tundra ecotone,the Khibiny Mountains

The needles of juniper growing in spruce and birch forests of the Khibiny Mountains have been analyzed to evaluate the pattern of changes in their chemical composition (ADF, lignin, cellulose, lignin/cellulose, lipids, phenolic compounds, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, N, C, and also Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, P, S, Al, and Fe). It has been shown that the concentrations of lignin, lipids, phenolic compounds, Ca, Al, and Fe in the needles increase with age, while those of flavonoids, soluble and bound proanthocyanidins, N, P, K, Mg, Zn, and Mn decrease. The needles of juniper from spruce and birch forests differ in the contents of nutrient elements, which is explained by differences in the composition of soils. The contents of lignin, cellulose, and lipids in aging needles are lower in birch forests than in spruce forests.     

Accumulation of Biophilic Elements in the Needles of Picea Species in Natural and Urbanized Ecosystems of Siberia and Central Asia in Relation to the Assessment of Environmental Quality

Variation in the content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe has been analyzed in the needles of 19 spruce species growing in the natural and urbanized ecosystems of Siberia and Central Asia. The results have shown that similarity in the content of biophilic elements in one-year-old needles of different species is conditioned by biochemical processes, which confirms the status of these species as passive bioindicators of environmental quality. The contents of trace elements in perennial needles, except color variations of chlorophyll, deserve further study as prospective indicators of environmental quality.     

Leachability of elements from sub-bituminous coal fly ash from India

Environmental concerns regarding the potential contamination of soil, surface and ground water due to the presence of soluble metal species in the ash pond leachate is of great importance. Serial batch leaching was carried out simulating the rainwater condition of the study area to understand the behaviour of elements during leaching. The leachates were analysed for the elements Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, As, Ba, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ti, V, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Cd by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). It was found that Cd, Co, Cr and Ni did not leach from the ash while Cu and Pb concentrations were insignificant in the leachate regardless of liquid to solid (L/S) ratio. Most of the elements showed maximum concentrations at lower L/S ratio and then decreased with increasing L/S. The total cumulative concentrations of As, Mn and Mo were found to be higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values for drinking water while the concentrations of Fe, Mn and As exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The pre and the post leached ash samples were analysed for morphology, specific surface area and mineralogical changes. Analysis of post-leached fly ash indicated changes in the specific surface area and morphology but no change in mineralogy.     

Interspecific distribution and co-associations of chemical elements in the liver tissue of marine mammals from the Polish Economical Exclusive Zone, Baltic Sea

Concentrations of Al, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sr, Tl, V, Zn, Ca, K, Mg, Na and P in the livers of marine mammals obtained from by-catches or stranded on beaches on the Polish Baltic coast were determined by ICP-MS or ICP-AES and CV AAS. Interspecific diversity with respect to the contents of these elements was found in cetaceans and pinnipeds. The diverse Cd contents in the livers of these mammals can be attributed to the variable concentrations of this element in their food. Mercury was correlated with age and can reach high concentration associated with higher level of Se in older specimens. No significant relationships were found between concentration of the chemical elements studied and nutritional status/condition of the Baltic harbour porpoises as well as between their concentration in specimens from the Gulf of Gdańsk and open Baltic. It seems that the nutritional and health status of the specimens studied is generally enough good since the specimens studied were not stranded on beach because of starvation but almost incidentally caught in salmon gill nets. Strong correlations were found between the macroelements analysed, i.e. for the Ba-Ca-Sr, Ca-K, Ca-Mg, Mg-P, Zn-Mg and Zn-P assemblies. Significantly higher content of Al was found in males of harbour porpoises.     

Strategies of heavy metal uptake by plants growing under industrial emissions

Total concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn have been estimated in soil (A-horizon) and in leaves and stem samples of two Mediterranean species (Nerium oleander L. and Pinus pinea L.) growing in an industrial area in Spain (Huelva). Both species showed a different behaviour for the elements studied. Bark and leaves of both species acted as excluders of Al, Ba, Cr, Fe and Pb, N. oleander acted as indicator of Cu and Zn and, needles and bark of P. pinea behaved as accumulators of Cu. The enrichment ratio data indicated that Cu in soil and plant was enhanced with anthropogenic activities, with industrial activities being the primary contributor for Cu. All the other elements studied were controlled by natural source variations, but Pb could also be anthropogenically enhanced. Wood did not accumulate pollutants, with the translocation from bark being rather reduced. Uptake patterns of metals into foliage and bark tissues were more or less the same in both species for almost all the studied elements, which indicates that both plant parts could be indifferently used as biomonitors.     

Intra-urban biomonitoring: Source apportionment using tree barks to identify air pollution sources

It is of great interest to evaluate if there is a relationship between possible sources and trace elements using biomonitoring techniques. In this study, tree bark samples of 171 trees were collected using a biomonitoring technique in the inner city of São Paulo. The trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, S, Sr and Zn) were determined by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the plausible sources associated with tree bark measurements. The greatest source was vehicle-induced non-tailpipe emissions derived mainly from brakes and tires wear-out and road dust resuspension (characterized with Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), which was explained by 27.1% of the variance, followed by cement (14.8%), sea salt (11.6%) and biomass burning (10%), and fossil fuel combustion (9.8%). We also verified that the elements related to vehicular emission showed different concentrations at different sites of the same street, which might be helpful for a new street classification according to the emission source. The spatial distribution maps of element concentrations were obtained to evaluate the different levels of pollution in streets and avenues. Results indicated that biomonitoring techniques using tree bark can be applied to evaluate dispersion of air pollution and provide reliable data for the further epidemiological studies.     

Effects of Se and Zn supplementation on the antagonism against Pb and Cd in vegetables

The antagonistic effects of supplementation of Zn and Se to the soil on vegetables were studied in this work. In the pot experiment, Se (Se4+) and Zn (Zn2+) were applied, respectively, to the soil, in which the Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) and the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were planted. As a result, Se and Zn were enriched evidently in the two vegetables. The contents of Pb and Cd in the two vegetables were decreased markedly while contents of some healthy mineral elements, like Mn and Mg, were increased to some extent when Se and Zn were applied. The antagonism of Se and Zn against Pb and Cd in plants was suggested. The farmland experiment on the lettuce was conducted to explore further the effect of supplementation of Zn and Se under the actual field conditions. Result came out to be that the enrichment of Zn and Se restrained the accumulation of Pb and Cd in the lettuce remarkably, as well as enhanced the absorption of some other nutritional elements, like Fe, Mn, Cu, Ca and Mg. Therefore, application of Se and Zn was proved to be an effective and feasible method to improve trace elements nutrition in the vegetables.     

Mineral composition of assimilative organs of conifers after reduction of atmospheric pollution in the Kola Peninsula

An analysis has been made of changes in the mineral composition of conifer needles in northern taiga forests after reduction of emissions from the Severonickel Copper-Nickel Smelter Complex in the city of Monchegorsk, the most powerful source of air pollution in Northern Europe. The data obtained in permanent monitoring plots in 1991, 1993, 2000, and 2007 have been compared. The results provide evidence for reduction in the concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Fe) and sulfur in the needles of spruce and pine trees in areas with different levels of air pollution. However, mineral nutrition of conifers has not been optimized. The plants are insufficiently supplied with nutrient elements such as P, Mg, Mn, and Zn. The contents of these and other elements essential for the normal functioning of needles (in particular, Ca, K, and P) continue to decrease, especially in pollution-induced sparse spruce forests. The most significant alterations of nutrient regime have been revealed in the Siberian spruce.