Production of a refined biooil derived by fast pyrolysis of chicken manure with chemical and physical characteristics close to those of fossil fuels

The chemical and physical properties of raw biooils prevent their direct use in combustion engines. We processed raw pyrolytic biooil derived from chicken manure to yield a colorless refined biooil with diesel qualities. Chemical characterization of the refined biooil involved elemental and several spectroscopic analyses. The physical measurements employed were viscosity, density and heat of combustion. The elemental composition (% wt/wt) of the refined biooil was 82.7 % C, 15.3 % H, 0.2 % N and 1.8 % O, no S. Its viscosity was 0.006 Pa.s and a heat of combustion of 43 MJ kg^?1. The refined biooil fraction contains n-alkanes, ranging from n-C₁₄ to n-C₂₇, alkenes varying from C_10:1 to C_22:1, and long-chain alcohols. The refined biooil makes a good diesel fuel due to its chemical and physical properties.     

The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis II. Analysis of chicken manure, biooils, and char by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS)

The initial chicken manure and the three fractions derived from it by fast pyrolysis, that is, the two biooils Fractions I and II as well as the residual char were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS). The individual compounds identified were grouped into the following six compound classes: (a) N-heterocyclics; (b) substituted furans; (c) phenol and substituted phenols; (d) benzene and substituted benzenes; (e) carbocyclics; and (f) aliphatics. Of special interest were the relatively high concentrations of N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II which was obtained in the highest yield and had the highest calorific value. Prominent N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II were methyl-and ethyl-substituted pyrroles, pyridines, pyrimidine, pyrazines, and pteridine. Also noteworthy was the high abundance of aliphatics in biooil Fraction I and the char. The alkanes and alkenes in biooil Fraction I ranged from n-C7 to n-C18 and C7:1 to C18:1, respectively, and those in the char from n-C7 to n-C19 and C7:1 to C19:1, respectively. The N-heterocyclics in the two biooil Fractions came from the chicken manure, from proteinaceous materials during fast pyrolysis or were formed during the fast pyrolysis manure conversion by the Maillard reaction which involved the formation of N-heterocyclics by amino acids interacting with sugars.     

Characterization of carbonaceous combustion residues. I. Morphological,elemental and spectroscopic features

Scanning electron microscopy, surface area determination, elemental analysis, organic matter extraction and solid-state cross polarization/magic angle spinning and Bloch decay/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate distinctive features among carbonaceous combustion residues. Black carbon (BC) samples included diesel soot, urban dust, carbon black, chimney soot, vegetation fire residues, wood and straw charcoals. Particles varied from small spheres (<50 nm) in fossil BC (>100 m(2)/g), to large layered structures in plant-derived BC (generally <8 m(2)/g). Chimney soot also included large (>1 micrometer) liquid-like structures, while spherules >100 nm were unique to urban dust. The ratios of amorphous to soot carbon (SC) (isolated by thermal degradation) were not necessarily correlated with the degree of aromaticity estimated from H/C ratios. In particular, values of SC in diesel soot were clearly overestimated. Solvent-extractable organic matter (SEOM) was <2% for charcoals and carbon black, but >13% for urban dust, chimney and diesel soot. SEOM is thought to clog pores or to form large waxy globules, hence reducing surface areas. The ratio of polar/nonpolar SEOM was generally <7 for fossil BC, but >30 for plant-derived BC. NMR analysis revealed essentially one chemical shift in the aromatic C region of charcoals, while diesel soot also showed important aliphatic contributions. Aliphatic and oxygenated C predominated over aryl C in urban dust and chimney soot. These morphological and chemical characteristics of the BC samples are discussed in terms of their environmental implications.     

Canada’s Mobile Sources Air Pollution Control Program

The chemical and optical properties of particle emissions from onroad vehicles were investigated at the Allegheny Tunnel on the Pennsylvania Turnpike during July 1981. The optical results are in agreement with earlier data: (1) in terms of light extinction per km driven, diesel particle emissions are at least an order of magnitude more important than particle emissions from spark-ignition vehicles; (2) for diesel particle emissions, light absorption is about twice as efficient as light scattering. Chemical analyses showed that: (1) 24% of the vehicle aerosol was extractable material, (2) 75% of the total mass was carbon, (3) 55% of the total mass was unextractable (elemental) carbon, and (4) the stoichiometry of the extractable fraction of the diesel particle emissions was C_nH_t.7nN_0.05n , i.e., the extractable material was composed predominantly of alkanes. The results of the chemical analyses allow the calculation of the massspecific light absorption coefficient for the elemental carbon component of the diesel particle emissions, i.e., 10.9 ± 1.8 m²/g (500 nm).     

Source contributions to primary organic aerosol: Comparison of the results of a source-resolved model and the chemical mass balance approach

A source-resolved model has been developed to predict the contribution of different sources to primary organic aerosol concentrations. The model was applied to the eastern US during a 17 day pollution episode beginning on 12 July 2001. Primary organic matter (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations are tracked for eight different sources: gasoline vehicles, non-road diesel vehicles, on-road diesel vehicles, biomass burning, wood burning, natural gas combustion, road dust, and all other sources. Individual emission inventories are developed for each source and a three-dimensional chemical transport model (PMCAMx) is used to predict the primary OM and EC concentrations from each source. The source-resolved model is simple to implement and is faster than existing source-oriented models. The results of the source-resolved model are compared to the results of chemical mass balance models (CMB) for Pittsburgh and multiple urban/rural sites from the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) network. Significant discrepancies exist between the source-resolved model and the CMB model predictions for some of the sources. There is strong evidence that the organic PM emissions from natural gas combustion are overestimated. It also appears that the OM and EC emissions from wood burning and off-road diesel are too high in the Northeastern US. Other similarities and discrepancies between the source-resolved model and the CMB model for primary OM and EC are discussed along with problems in the current emission inventory for certain sources.     

Comparison of particle emissions from small heavy fuel oil and wood-fired boilers

Flue gas emissions of wood and heavy fuel oil (HFO) fired district heating units of size range 4–15 MW were studied. The emission measurements included analyses of particle mass, number and size distributions, particle chemical compositions and gaseous emissions. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were carried out to interpret the experimental findings.In wood combustion, PM1 (fine particle emission) was mainly formed of K, S and Cl, released from the fuel. In addition PM1 contained small amounts of organic material, CO₃, Na and different metals of which Zn was the most abundant. The fine particles from HFO combustion contained varying transient metals and Na that originate from the fuel, sulphuric acid, elemental carbon (soot) and organic material. The majority of particles were formed at high temperature (>800 °C) from V, Ni, Fe and Na. At the flue gas dew point (125 °C in undiluted flue gas) sulphuric acid condensed forming a liquid layer on the particles. This increases the PM1 substantially and may lead to partial dissolution of the metallic cores.Wood-fired grate boilers had 6–21-fold PM1 and 2–23-fold total suspended particle (TSP) concentrations upstream of the particle filters when compared to those of HFO-fired boilers. However, the use of single field electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in wood-fired grate boilers decreased particle emissions to same level or even lower as in HFO combustion. On the other hand, particles released from the HFO boilers were clearly smaller and higher in number concentration than those of wood boilers with ESPs. In addition, in contrast to wood combustion, HFO boilers produce notable SO₂ emissions that contribute to secondary particle formation in the atmosphere. Due to vast differences in concentrations of gaseous and particle emissions and in the physical and chemical properties of the particles, HFO and wood fuel based energy production units are likely to have very different effects on health and climate.     

Oil spill in the Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina: 2-hydrocarbon disappearance rates in sediments and soils

The 6-month assessment of the oil spill impact in the Rio de la Plata described in the preceding paper [Colombo, J.C., Barreda, A., Bilos, C., Cappelletti, N., Demichelis, S., Lombardi, P., Migoya, M.C., Skorupka, C., Suarez, G., 2004. Oil spill in the Rio de la Plata estuary, Argentina: 1 - biogeochemical assessment of waters, sediments, soils and biota. Environmental Pollution] was followed by a 13- and 42-month campaigns to evaluate the progress of hydrocarbon decay. Average sediment hydrocarbon concentrations in each sampling include high variability (85-260%) due to contrasting site conditions, but reflect a significant overall decrease after 3 years of the spill: 17 +/- 27, 18 +/- 39 to 0.54 +/- 1.4 microg g(-1) for aliphatics; 0.44 +/- 0.49, 0.99 +/- 1.6 to 0.04 +/- 0.03 microg g(-1) for aromatics at 6, 13 and 42 months, respectively. Average soil hydrocarbon levels are 100-1000 times higher and less variable (61-169%) than sediment values, but display a clear attenuation: 3678 +/- 2369, 1880 +/- 1141 to 6.0 +/- 10 microg g(-1) for aliphatics and 38 +/- 26, 49 +/- 32 to 0.06 +/- 0.04 microg g(-1) for aromatics. Hydrocarbon concentrations modeled to first-order rate equations yield average rate constants of total loss (biotic+abiotic) twice as higher in soils (k = 0.18-0.19 month(-1)) relative to sediments (0.08-0.10 month(-1)). Individual aliphatic rate constants decrease with increasing molecular weight from 0.21 +/- 0.07 month(-1) for isoprenoids and n-C27, similar to hopanes (0.10 +/- 0.05 month(-1)). Aromatics disappearance rates were more homogeneous with higher values for methylated relative to unsubstituted species (0.17 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.12 +/- 0.05 months(-1)). Continued hydrocarbon inputs, either from biogenic (algal n-C15,17; vascular plant n-C27,29) or combustion related sources (fluoranthene and pyrene), appear to contribute to reduced disappearance rate. According to the different loss rates, hydrocarbons showed clear compositional changes from 6-13 to 42 months. Aliphatics disappearance rates and compositional changes support an essentially microbiologically-mediated recovery of coastal sediments to pre-spill conditions in a 3-4 year period. The lower rates and more subtle compositional changes deduced for aromatic components, suggest a stronger incidence of physical removal processes.     

Source Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosol in New York City by Multiple Linear Regression

A multiple linear regression model was applied to aerosol chemical data from New York City to determine the sources of carbonaceous aerosol. The model used elemental tracers for auto exhaust aerosol (Pb), residual oil combustion (V), resuspended dust (Mn or Fe), and incineration (Cu or Zn). Although relative uncertainties in the source apportionment were greater than 20%, auto exhaust was found to be the main source of organic carbon with lesser contributions from other sources. A substantial fraction of elemental carbon could not be associated with the sources used in the model and was possibly associated with the combustion of diesel and distillate oils. The regression coefficients, which are related to source composition, compared well with actual measured source compositions. Because of the uncertainties it was concluded that source apportionment, especially as it relates to the development of control strategies, should utilize the results of several receptor and source models where possible.     

Characterization of carbon nanoparticles in ambient aerosols by scanning electron microscopy and model calculations

Size-selected aerosol samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore (1) the relative concentration of individual and aggregated carbon nanoparticles (C-NPs) and (2) the combustion behavior of C-NP agglomerates. SEM analysis of low-coverage aerosol deposits showed that most of the C-NP matter is present in the form of chain-type agglomerates. The individual C-NPs in the agglomerates are remarkably similar in diameter (40+/-5 nm) and appear to be very tightly bound to the neighboring NPs. Comparison with literature data suggests that the agglomerates originated from diesel exhaust. After gently removing the water-soluble compounds from relatively thick layers of aerosol matter, the residues were exposed to increasing temperatures, for 1 hr at each step, followed by SEM analysis of the same sample area. C-NP agglomerates were found to disappear rapidly at temperatures exceeding approximately 470 degrees C. This observation constitutes the first direct visualization of the combustion of what appears to be the most important fraction of elemental carbon in ambient aerosol matter. The experimental studies were complemented by simple model calculations that aimed at assessing the size-dependent mass fraction of individual C-NPs in ambient aerosol matter. The results suggest that the mass fraction decreases from 20+/-10% at particle diameters of approximately 30-40 nm to less than 0.1% above 300 nm.     

Source contributions to carbonaceous aerosols in the Tennessee Valley Region

Sources of carbonaceous aerosols collected from three sites of Chattanooga, TN (CH), Muscle Shoals, AL (MS), and Look Rock, TN (LR) in the Tennessee Valley Region (TVR) were apportioned using both organic tracer-based chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) measurement and the results were compared. Eight sources were resolved by CMB, among which wood combustion (averaging 0.92 μg m⁻³) was the largest contributor to primary organic carbon (OC) concentrations, followed by gasoline exhaust (0.35 μg m⁻³), and diesel exhaust (0.18 μg m⁻³). The identified primary sources accounted for 43%, 71%, and 14% of measured OC at CH, MS, and LR, respectively. Contributions from the eight primary sources resolved by CMB could explain 107±10% of ambient elemental carbon (EC) concentrations, with diesel exhaust (66±32%) and wood combustion (37±33%) as the most important contributors. The fossil fractions in total carbon determined by ¹⁴C measurements were in reasonably good agreement with that in primary (OC+EC) carbon apportioned by CMB in the MS winter samples. The comparison between the ¹⁴C and CMB results revealed that contemporary sources dominated other OC in the TVR, especially in summertime (84% contemporary).     

Emission inventory and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere at a suburban area in Taiwan

The application of a chemical mass balance air pollution model to ambient measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is presented. Sixteen air samples were collected at seven sites in a suburban area in Taiwan and analyzed for the concentration of 21 compounds between July 2001 and September 2001. Each ambient sample was evaluated for the PAH contribution from six sources (heavy oil combustion, natural gas combustion, coal combustion, diesel combustion, vehicles and municipal solid waste incinerator). Average predictions agree well with the emission inventory. By this method, the average contributions are 49%, 14%, 22%, 12%, and 2% from vehicles, heavy oil combustion, natural gas combustion, coal combustion and diesel combustion at these seven receptors. By far, vehicles are the major PAH emission sources and municipal solid waste incinerator is a minor contributor. The calculated result of particulate PAHs is compared with that of total (gaseous and particulate) PAHs. The estimate based on total PAHs is better than the estimate based on particulate PAHs only. Contributions of eight low reactive PAHs for the same emission sources and receptors were calculated. Atmospheric reactivity seems not a problem for source apportionment in this study.     

垃圾焚烧过程中水分促燃脱氯效果的研究

分别在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中，研究了水分对垃圾焚烧及钙基脱氯效果的影响。研究结果表明，垃圾焚烧过程中一定量水分的存在能促进垃圾焚烧效率，提高钙基氯剂的脱氯效率。同时，分析水分促进垃圾焚烧率和脱氯效果提高的原因，这是由于水分能强化焚烧过程的传质传热，能活化脱氯剂，改善脱氯剂的物理和化学性质，这些研究结果将为垃圾焚烧技术在我国的进一步推广提供科学依据。     

Source apportionment of daily fine particulate matter at Jefferson Street, Atlanta, GA, during summer and winter

The primary emission source contributions to fine organic carbon (OC) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentrations on a daily basis in Atlanta, GA, are quantified for a summer (July 3 to August 4, 2001) and a winter (January 2-31, 2002) month. Thirty-one organic compounds in PM2.5 were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. These organic tracers, along with elemental carbon, aluminum, and silicon, were used in a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. CMB source apportionment results revealed that major contributors to identified fine OC concentrations include meat cooking (7-68%; average: 36%), gasoline exhaust (7-45%; average: 21%), and diesel exhaust (6-41%; average: 20%) for the summer month, and wood combustion (0-77%; average: 50%); gasoline exhaust (14-69%; average: 33%), meat cooking (1-14%; average: 5%), and diesel exhaust (0-13%; average: 4%) for the winter month. Primary sources, as well as secondary ions, including sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, accounted for 86 +/- 13% and 112 +/- 15% of the measured PM2.5 mass in summer and winter, respectively.     

Semi-volatile and particulate emissions from the combustion of alternative diesel fuels

Motor vehicle emissions are a major anthropogenic source of air pollution and contribute to the deterioration of urban air quality. In this paper, we report results of a laboratory investigation of particle formation from four different alternative diesel fuels, namely, compressed natural gas (CNG), dimethyl ether (DME), biodiesel, and diesel, under fuel-rich conditions in the temperature range of 800-1200 degrees C at pressures of approximately 24 atm. A single pulse shock tube was used to simulate compression ignition (CI) combustion conditions. Gaseous fuels (CNG and DME) were exposed premixed in air while liquid fuels (diesel and biodiesel) were injected using a high-pressure liquid injector. The results of surface analysis using a scanning electron microscope showed that the particles formed from combustion of all four of the above-mentioned fuels had a mean diameter less than 0.1 microm. From results of gravimetric analysis and fuel injection size it was found that under the test conditions described above the relative particulate yields from CNG, DME, biodiesel, and diesel were 0.30%. 0.026%, 0.52%, and 0.51%, respectively. Chemical analysis of particles showed that DME combustion particles had the highest soluble organic fraction (SOF) at 71%, followed by biodiesel (66%), CNG (38%) and diesel (20%). This illustrates that in case of both gaseous and liquid fuels, oxygenated fuels have a higher SOF than non-oxygenated fuels.     

Nickel speciation of residual oil fly ash and ambient particulate matter using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The chemical speciation of Ni in fly ash produced from approximately 0.85 wt % S residual (no. 6 fuel) oils in laboratory (7 kW)- and utility (400 MW)-scale combustion systems was investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and acetate extraction [1 M NaOAc-0.5 M HOAc (pH 5) at 25 degrees C]-anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). XAFS was also used to determine the Ni speciation of ambient particulate matter (PM) sampled near the 400-MW system. Based on XAFS analyses of bulk fly ash and their corresponding acetate extraction residue, it is estimated that > 99% of the total Ni (0.38 wt %) in the experimentally produced fly ash occurs as NiSO4.xH2O, whereas > 95% of the total Ni (1.70 and 2.25 wt %) in two fly ash samples from the 400-MW system occurs as NiSO4.xH2O and Ni-bearing spinel, possibly NiFe2O4. Spinel was also detected using XRD. Acetate extracts most of the NiSO4.xH2O and concentrates insoluble NiFe2O4 in extraction residue. Similar to fly ash, ambient PM contains NiSO4.xH2O and NiFe2O4; however, the proportion of NiSO4.xH2O relative to NiFe2O4 is much greater in the PM. Results from this and previous investigations indicate that residual oil ash produced in the 7-kW combustion system lack insoluble Ni (e.g., NiFe2O4) but are enriched in soluble NiSO4.xH2O relative to fly ash from utility-scale systems. This difference in Ni speciation is most likely related to the lack of additive [e.g., Mg(OH)2] injection and residence time in the 7-kW combustion system.     

Analysis of C1, C2, and C10 through C33 particle-phase and semi-volatile organic compound emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines

To meet increasingly stringent regulations for diesel engines, technologies such as combustion strategies, aftertreatment components, and fuel composition have continually evolved. The emissions reduction achieved by individual aftertreatment components using the same engine and fuel has been assessed and published previously (Liu et al., 2008a, Liu et al., 2008b, Liu et al., 2008c). The present study instead adopted a systems approach to evaluate the net effect of the corresponding technologies for model-year 2004 and 2007 engines. The 2004 engine was equipped with an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system, while the 2007 engine had an EGR system, a crankcase emissions coalescer, and a diesel particulate filter. The test engines were operated under the transient federal test procedure and samples were collected with a source dilution sampling system designed to stimulate atmospheric cooling and dilution conditions. The samples were analyzed for elemental carbon, organic carbon, and C₁, C₂, and C₁₀ through C₃₃ particle-phase and semi-volatile organic compounds. Of the more than 150 organic species analyzed, the largest portion of the emissions from the 2004 engine consisted of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and naphthalene and its derivatives, which were significantly reduced by the 2007 engine and emissions technology. The systems approach in this study simulates the operation of real-world diesel engines, and may provide insight into the future development of integrated engine technology. The results supply updated information for assessing the impact of diesel engine emissions on the chemical processes, radiative properties, and toxic components of the atmosphere.     

Examining intra-urban variation in fine particle mass constituents using GIS and constrained factor analysis

Recent studies have used land use regression (LUR) techniques to explain spatial variability in exposures to PM_2.5 and traffic-related pollutants. Factor analysis has been used to determine source contributions to measured concentrations. Few studies have combined these methods, however, to construct and explain latent source effects. In this study, we derive latent source factors using confirmatory factor analysis constrained to non-negative loadings, and develop LUR models to predict the influence of outdoor sources on latent source factors using GIS-based measures of traffic and other local sources, central site monitoring data, and meteorology. We collected 3–4 day samples of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and PM_2.5 outside of 44 homes in summer and winter, from 2003 to 2005 in and around Boston, Massachusetts. Reflectance analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and high-resolution inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were performed on particle filters to estimate elemental carbon (EC), trace element, and water-soluble metals concentrations. Within our constrained factor analysis, a five-factor model was optimal, balancing statistical robustness and physical interpretability. This model produced loadings indicating long-range transport, brake wear/traffic exhaust, diesel exhaust, fuel oil combustion, and resuspended road dust. LUR models largely corroborated factor interpretations through covariate significance. For example, ‘long-range transport’ was predicted by central site PM_2.5 and season; ‘brake wear/traffic exhaust’ and ‘resuspended road dust’ by traffic and residential density; ‘diesel exhaust’ by percent diesel traffic on nearest major road; and ‘fuel oil combustion’ by population density. Results suggest that outdoor residential PM_2.5 source contributions can be partially predicted using GIS-based terms, and that LUR techniques can support factor interpretation for source apportionment. Together, LUR and factor analysis facilitate source identification, assessment of spatial and temporal variability, and more refined source exposure assignment for evaluation of source contributions to health outcomes in epidemiological studies.     

Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter in Southeast Texas using a source-oriented 3D air quality model

A nested version of the source-oriented externally mixed UCD/CIT model was developed to study the source contributions to airborne particulate matter (PM) during a two-week long air quality episode during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study (TexAQS 2000). Contributions to primary PM and secondary ammonium sulfate in the Houston–Galveston Bay (HGB) and Beaumont–Port Arthur (BPA) areas were determined.The predicted 24-h elemental carbon (EC), organic compounds (OC), sulfate, ammonium ion and primary PM_2.5 mass are in good agreement with filter-based observations. Predicted concentrations of hourly sulfate, ammonium ion, and primary OC from diesel and gasoline engines and biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) at La Porte, Texas agree well with measurements from an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS).The UCD/CIT model predicts that EC is mainly from diesel engines and majority of the primary OC is from internal combustion engines and industrial sources. Open burning contributes large fractions of EC, OC and primary PM_2.5 mass. Road dust, internal combustion engines and industries are the major sources of primary PM_2.5. Wildfire dominates the contributions to all primary PM components in areas near the fires. The predicted source contributions to primary PM are in general agreement with results from a chemical mass balance (CMB) model. Discrepancy between the two models suggests that further investigations on the industrial PM emissions are necessary.Secondary ammonium sulfate accounts for the majority of the secondary inorganic PM. Over 80% of the secondary sulfate in the 4 km domain is produced in upwind areas. Coal combustion is the largest source of sulfate. Ammonium ion is mainly from agriculture sources and contributions from gasoline vehicles are significant in urban areas.     

The conversion of chicken manure to biooil by fast pyrolysis II. Analysis of chicken manure,biooils, and char by curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS)

The initial chicken manure and the three fractions derived from it by fast pyrolysis, that is, the two biooils Fractions I and II as well as the residual char were analyzed by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS). The individual compounds identified were grouped into the following six compound classes: (a) N-heterocyclics; (b) substituted furans; (c) phenol and substituted phenols; (d) benzene and substituted benzenes; (e) carbocyclics; and (f) aliphatics. Of special interest were the relatively high concentrations of N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II which was obtained in the highest yield and had the highest calorific value. Prominent N-heterocyclics in biooil Fraction II were methyl-and ethyl-substituted pyrroles, pyridines, pyrimidine, pyrazines, and pteridine. Also noteworthy was the high abundance of aliphatics in biooil Fraction I and the char. The alkanes and alkenes in biooil Fraction I ranged from n-C₇ to n-C₁₈ and C_7:1 to C_18:1, respectively, and those in the char from n-C₇ to n-C₁₉ and C_7:1 to C_19:1, respectively. The N-heterocyclics in the two biooil Fractions came from the chicken manure, from proteinaceous materials during fast pyrolysis or were formed during the fast pyrolysis manure conversion by the Maillard reaction which involved the formation of N-heterocyclics by amino acids interacting with sugars.