城镇污水-污泥同步生物处理中试研究

城镇污水 -污泥同步处理工艺将微生物厌氧 -好氧处理和蚯蚓生物反应器等进行优化集成 ,利用蚯蚓等小型动物将常规生物处理中的食物代谢链进一步延长和扩展 ,形成生物物种多样、群落分布合理、代谢循环完整的生态网链系统 ,将其营养源从污水扩展至污泥。当厌氧水解池的水力停留时间为 6.0 h、生物滤池的水力负荷为 16m3/( m2 · d)、蚯蚓反应床水力负荷为 5 .0 m3/( m2·d)、硝化液回流比为 0 .6时 ,该工艺处理城市污水的 CODCr去除率达 83%～ 89%、BOD5去除率达 94%～ 96%、SS去除率达 96%～ 98%、氨氮去除率达 5 8%～ 70 %。绝大部分污泥物质转化为蚓体及蚓粪 ,可资源化利用。该工艺还具有节约能耗、造价低廉和管理方便等特点。     

反硝化生物滤池深度脱氮机理

研究了反硝化生物滤池对污水中硝酸盐氮的脱氮机制及其影响因素。结果表明,在实验室小试条件下,反硝化生物滤池启动14 d后出水基本达到稳定,NO3--N和TN的去除率分别为80%～88%和76%～80%,COD的去除率达到80%以上。稳定运行期,在室温20～29℃、水力负荷为1.5～2 m3/(m2.h)、COD/TN为3.7～4.5的条件下,反应器对NO3--N和TN的去除率分别为70%～85%和47%～64%,且在运行过程中出现了少量NO2--N的积累。分析反硝化生物滤池沿水流方向有机物浓度及氮形态分布发现,沿水流方向NH4+-N浓度基本保持不变;NO2--N浓度在滤层底部至40 cm高处积累较为明显,其后浓度基本不变。     

曝气生物滤池与地下渗滤系统工艺脱氮除磷

以生活污水为研究对象,考査了曝气生物滤池和地下渗滤系统组合工艺脱氮除磷的性能。工艺运行过程中,曝气生物滤池只考虑COD和氨氮的去除把总氮和总磷的去除分离到地下渗滤系统中。实验结果表明,曝气生物滤池和地下渗滤系统组合工艺有良好的脱氮除磷能力。滤速为0.6 m·h~(-1),气水比为5:1,反冲洗周期为7d时,曝气生物滤池达到最佳运行状态,对C0D、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率分别达到85.3%、83.5%、30%、56%。为了提高TN、TP的去除率,地下渗滤系统采用间歇的方式运行个周期连续进水12 h,放空12 h进水为曝气生物滤池出水,水力负荷为5 cm·h~(-1),对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率分别达到41.3%,62.8%、81.3%,82%。     

生物填料地下渗滤系统对生活污水的脱氮

将草甸棕壤、炉渣和活性污泥等基质按体积比13∶6∶1配制生物填料,研究了生物填料地下渗滤系统（subsurface wastewater infiltration system,SWIS）在不同的水力负荷和污染负荷条件下对校园生活污水的脱氮效果。场地实验结果表明,当BOD5负荷为12.0 g BOD5/（m2·d）,表面水力负荷为0.04-0.10 m3/（m2·d）时,SWIS对NH＋4-N和TN的平均去除率分别为92.4%和82.0%。当水力负荷为0.08 m3/（m2·d）,BOD5负荷9.3-16.8 g BOD5/（m2·d）时,SWIS对NH＋4-N和TN的平均去除率为92.7%和81.2%。SWIS中氧化还原电位（oxygen reduction potential,ORP）随进水水力负荷和BOD5负荷的增加而降低,脱氮效率下降。综合出水水质和处理效率,适宜的水力负荷和污染负荷分别为0.065 m3/（m2·d）和12.0 g BOD5/（m2·d）。在此条件下,SWIS的启动周期为25-30 d。出水水质均优于《城市污水再生利用-景观环境用水水质》（GB/T18921-2002）标准,且处理效果稳定,抗负荷冲击能力强。     

回收塑料填料厌氧滤池/人工湿地处理农村生活污水的研究

采用以回收塑料为填料的厌氧滤池与人工湿地这一组合工艺对农村生活污水进行处理,研究其性能特点和脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:在厌氧滤池水力停留时间(HRT)为6 h,人工湿地水力负荷为0.12 m3/(m2·d),气水比(体积比)为6∶1条件下,该组合工艺对COD、氨氮、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.99%、69.31%、65.11%、73.58%,平均出水质量浓度分别为20.44、6.82、12.53、1.00 mg/L,均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B标准,其中COD和TN平均出水浓度还满足一级A标准。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯对硝化型曝气生物滤池的影响及其去除效能

为探究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)对硝化反应的影响及其去除情况,采用2座下向流硝化型曝气生物滤池进行对比实验。其中一座滤池进水DEHP浓度为100μg/L,另一座滤池进水中不添加DEHP作为空白对照。对比实验期间氨氮负荷先后调整为0.6 kg NH_4~--N/(m~3·d)和1.5 kg NH_4~--N/(m~3·d)2个工况。通过60 d的对比实验,结果发现,2种工况下进水加DEHP的滤池,出水亚氮积累率分别为83.92%和80.71%,氨氮去除率分别为97.52%和49.39%;进水不加DEHP的滤池,出水亚氮积累率分别为64.15%和49.37%,氨氮去除率分别为98.77%和49.34%。DEHP的加入均促进了滤池出水中亚氮的积累,但对氨氮的去除不产生影响。进水加DEHP的滤池在0.6 kg NH_4~--N/(m~3·d)氨氮负荷下运行时,氨氮去除率沿水流方向逐渐提高,在滤床深度为1 400 mm处达到98.40%。亚氮积累率沿水流方向呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在滤床800 mm处达到最高值94.21%。在2个工况条件下,下向流硝化型曝气生物滤池对DEHP的平均去除率分别为91.71%和89.38%。大部分DEHP是在滤池进水端200 mm之内去除的。     

组合填料生物滤池处理锦纶废水二级出水的性能研究

为解决纺织行业水回用问题,采用陶粒和活性炭组合填料生物滤池对锦纶废水二级生物处理出水进行了深度净化,并考察了气水比和水力负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响.研究结果表明,曝气生物滤池处理效果良好,平均出水COD、NH4 -N和TN分别为32 mg/L、1.5 mg/L和8.1 mg/L.随着气水比的增加,COD和NH4 -N平均去除率相应提高,TN平均去除率先增大后降低,当气水比为2∶1时,COD、NH4 -N和TN平均去除率分别为48.30%、84.24%和42.18%;随着水力负荷的增加,COD、NH4 -N和TN平均去除率均降低,当水力负荷为0.39 m3/m2·h时,COD、NH4 -N和TN平均去除率分别为48.33%、84.81%和42.54%.     

复合生物滤池处理城市高污染水体

采用中试规模复合生物滤池处理城市高污染水体,考察了滤池的最佳运行参数以及对氮和有机物的去除效果。结果表明:滤池容积负荷宜控制为0.3～0.5 kg COD/(m3.d),水力负荷4.5～5 m3/(m2.d),适宜的通风比为9%,当C/N为5～8时,滤池COD、NH4+-N和TN平均去除率分别为80%、83%和63%,达到高效同步硝化反硝化状态。     

以剩余污泥水解酸化液为外加碳源的污水生物脱氮

为解决低碳氮比污水生物脱氮过程反硝化碳源不足的问题，利用剩余污泥水解酸化液为外加碳源，通过具有曝气段与非曝气段的一体化曝气生物滤池（BAF），研究低碳氮比污水生物脱氮的性能与工艺条件。实验结果表明，预处理后的水解酸化液VFAs为3134．9～5251．4mg／L、ThODVFAs／COD为59．87％～91．85％，适合作为生物脱氮的外加碳源；水解酸化液的投配量、进水TN浓度对系统生物脱氮效果的影响较大，气水比、曝气段与非曝气段比例对系统的硝化和反硝化性能有重要的影响；在温度为25±1℃，水解酸化液COD平均为7555．1mg／L，进水TN、NH4-N和COD分别平均为43．88mg／L、39．04mg／L和56．8mg／L，碳源与污水投配的流量比为1：75的条件下，当BAF水力停留时间（HRT）为8h、曝气段与非曝气段比例为3：3、气水比为10：1、回流比为2：1时，NH4-N和TN的去除率分别超过98％和75％，出水COD平均为28．6mg／L。研究指出，剩余污泥水解酸化液经过预处理后可用作低碳氮比污水生物脱氮的外加碳源，有效地提高了反硝化效果，并不会造成二次污染，同时又可以实现剩余污泥的减量化和资源化。     

污染物负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响研究

考察了进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷对曝气生物滤池出水水质的影响.结果表明,系统COD、氨氮和TN的去除率随进水有机负荷的增加而下降,在氨氮为28.3～33.6 mg/L、TN为39.0～45.8 mg/L条件下,有机负荷小于3.53 kg/(ms3·d)时,出水COD、氨氮和TN分别小于50、5、15 mg/L,去除率分别在85%、85%和65%以上;氨氮和TN的去除率随氨氮负荷的增加而下降,在COD为287.6～313.4 mg/L、氨氮负荷小于0.56 kg/(m3·d)时,出水氨氮小于8 mg/L,去除率在85%以上,出水TN小于15mg/L,去除率在65%以上.     

Distribution and sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the River Rhine watershed

The concentration profile of 40 polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water along the River Rhine watershed from the Lake Constance to the North Sea was investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of point as well as diffuse sources, to estimate fluxes of PFAS into the North Sea and to identify replacement compounds of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). In addition, an interlaboratory comparison of the method performance was conducted. The PFAS pattern was dominated by perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) with concentrations up to 181 ng/L and 335 ng/L, respectively, which originated from industrial point sources. Fluxes of ΣPFAS were estimated to be ∼6 tonnes/year which is much higher than previous estimations. Both, the River Rhine and the River Scheldt, seem to act as important sources of PFAS into the North Sea.     

BAT and BEP as instruments for reducing emissions of unintentionally produced POPs and development of guidelines under the stockholm convention

The 6th Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC 6), under the Stockholm Convention on POPs, gave an expert group the mandate to develop guidelines for the application and implementation of best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) for the prevention and reduction of unintentionally produced and emitted POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/-furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Measures to reduce or eliminate the release of these POPs to the environment can be found in Article 5 of the Convention. BAT and BEP are already being applied as emission reduction instruments in a number of industrialised countries and are elements of other major international treaties, e.g. the UN ECE Protocol on POPs and the Marine Convention's OSPAR and HELCOM, and of the EU Directive for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC Directive). Existing concepts are presented and compared with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention. Consequences, perspectives and questions for the future intersessional work of the above-mentioned Expert Group are discussed.     

Root porosity and radial oxygen loss related to arsenic tolerance and uptake in wetland plants

The rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL), root porosity, concentrations of arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in shoot and root tissues and on root surfaces, As tolerances, and their relationships in different wetland plants were investigated based on a hydroponic experiment (control, 0.8, 1.6 mg As L⁻¹) and a soil pot trail (control, 60 mg As kg⁻¹). The results revealed that wetland plants showed great differences in root porosity (9-64%), rates of ROL (55-1750 mmo1 O₂ kg⁻¹ root d.w. d⁻¹), As uptake (e.g., 8.8-151 mg kg⁻¹ in shoots in 0.8 mg As L⁻¹ treatment), translocation factor (2.1-47% in 0.8 mg As L⁻¹) and tolerance (29-106% in 0.8 mg As L⁻¹). Wetland plants with higher rates of ROL and root porosity tended to form more Fe/Mn plaque, possess higher As tolerance, higher concentrations of As on root surfaces and a lower As translocation factor so decreasing As toxicity.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related compounds: the blood levels of young Japanese women.

We investigated PCDDs and related compounds in the blood of young Japanese women, approximately 20 years of age, who had not yet had children, and discussed how the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds in their blood may affect the next generation. Means of total TEQ levels were 0.063 pg/g for whole blood basis and 21 pg/g for lipid basis. TEQ of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs accounted for about 43, 34 and 23% of the total TEQ in the whole blood basis, respectively. In the lipid basis, their values were about 44, 34 and 22%, respectively. Previously, we investigated PCDDs and related compounds levels in mother's breast milk, lymphocyte subpopulation and thyroid function of their children, and found negative correlations between the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds and CD4+/CD8+, and/or the TEQ level of PCDDs and related compounds and the T₄ level in 36 mothers and children. Of these cases, the average age was approximately 28 years. PCDDs and related compounds may be related to immunopathy, such as atopic dermatitis. The effects of PCDDs and related compounds on babies of young Japanese women are important and must be further evaluated.     

机动车尾气中氮氧化物的分析检测技术

为了分析机动车尾气氮氧化物净化催化剂的催化性能 ,建立了一套尾气模拟评价体系 ,分别使用电化学法、化学发光法和比色法 3种氮氧化物分析手段进行检测。结果表明 ,3种方法都能在一定精度范围内测量机动车尾气中的氮氧化物 ,化学发光法测量精度高 ,响应时间短 ,能够及时地反映发动机运转过程中的氮氧化物浓度变化情况 ,是一种较好的分析手段。电化学法随着使用时间推移 ,响应时间变长 ,灵敏度降低 ,需要及时更换传感器。比色法通过化学吸收可以测定氮氧化物的浓度 ,不能实现连续在线分析 ,只能采样测量。在分析中 ,还尝试利用一些辅助设备 ,将尾气中的NO和NO2转化后再通入测量仪器 ,实现测量总氮氧化物或其中某一气体的功能     

Natural attenuation of trichloroethene and its degradation products at a lake-shore site

Subsurface contamination by trichloroethene (TCE) was detected at a Michigan National Priorities List (NPL) site in 1982. The TCE plume resulted from the disposal of spent solvent and other chemicals at an industrial facility located in the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. TCE degradation products of three dichloroethene (DCE) isomers, vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene were present. The plume was depleted of oxygen and methanogenic at certain depths. Transects of the plume were sampled by slotted auger borings the year after the TCE plume was first discovered. Water samples were also taken from lake sediments to a depth of 12 m about 100 m offshore. Later samples were taken along the shoreline of the lake with a hand-driven probe. Later in 1998 water was taken from sediments about 3-m from the shoreline. The average concentration of each chemical and net apparent base coefficient between appropriate pairs of transects between the lower site and lakeshore were calculated. Loss rates were then calculated from an analytical solution of the two-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive transport equation. Net apparent rate coefficients and a set of coupled reaction rate equations were used to extract the apparent loss coefficients. This study showed the field evidence for natural attenuation of TCE.     

Effect of vegetation in pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating sulphate rich groundwater contaminated with a low and high chlorinated hydrocarbon

In order to characterize the effect of vegetation on performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) treating low and high chlorinated hydrocarbon, two pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs (planted with Phragmites australis and unplanted) treating sulphate rich groundwater contaminated with MCB (monochlorobenzene, as a low chlorinated hydrocarbon), (about 10 mg L⁻¹), and PCE (perchloroethylene, as a high chlorinated hydrocarbon), (about 2 mg L⁻¹), were examined. With mean MCB inflow load of 299 mg m⁻² d⁻¹, the removal rate was 58 and 208 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the unplanted and planted wetland, respectively, after 4 m from the inlet. PCE was almost completely removed in both wetlands with mean inflow load of 49 mg m⁻² d⁻¹. However, toxic metabolites cis-1,2-DCE (dichloroethene) and VC (vinyl chloride) accumulated in the unplanted wetland; up to 70% and 25% of PCE was dechlorinated to cis-1,2-DCE and VC after 4 m from the inlet, respectively. Because of high sulphate concentration (around 850 mg L⁻¹) in the groundwater, the plant derived organic carbon caused sulphide formation (up to 15 mg L⁻¹) in the planted wetland, which impaired the MCB removal but not statistically significant. The results showed significant enhancement of vegetation on the removal of the low chlorinated hydrocarbon MCB, which is probably due to the fact that aerobic MCB degraders are benefited from the oxygen released by plant roots. Vegetation also stimulated completely dechlorination of PCE due to plant derived organic carbon, which is potentially to provide electron donor for dechlorination process. The plant derived organic carbon also stimulated dissimilatory sulphate reduction, which subsequently have negative effect on MCB removal.     

Reduction in uptake by rice and soybean of aromatic arsenicals from diphenylarsinic acid contaminated soil amended with activated charcoal

Activated charcoal (AC) amendment has been suggested as a promising method to immobilize organic contaminants in soil. We performed pot experiments with rice and soybean grown in agricultural soil polluted by aromatic arsenicals (AAs). The most abundant AA in rice grains and soybean seeds was methylphenylarsinic acid (MPAA). MPAA concentration in rice grains was significantly reduced to 2% and 3% in 0.2% AC treated soil compared to untreated soil in the first year of rice cultivation. In the second year, MPAA concentration in rice grains was significantly reduced to 15% in 0.2% AC treated soil compared to untreated soil. MPAA concentration in soybean seeds was significantly reduced to 44% in 0.2% AC treated soil compared to untreated soil. AC amendment was effective in reducing AAs in rice and soybean.     

Melting and incineration plants of municipal waste. Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of thermal processing samples (emission,residues)

Control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions and thermal residues from incinerators has been a cause of public concern for more than one decade. Recently, several studies showed that other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) also have dioxin-like activity and are released from incinerators. Therefore, the present study was aimed at making a risk assessment about dioxin-like activity in extracts of thermal waste residues (e.g. combustion gas; fly ash, slag) from incineration and melting processes in Germany and Japan. For this purpose, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by chemical analysis. Additionally, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQs) were determined by in vitro Micro-EROD bioassay using rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. EROD-TEQs could be correlated to I-TEQ values (from PCDD/Fs/co-PCBs) analyzed by chemical analysis resulting in a maximal sixfold higher estimate. Our study indicates minor influences of co-PCBs, PAHs and PCNs to the sum of dioxin-like toxicity in the extracts of thermal waste residues as determined here. Furthermore, we showed that the levels of dioxins and co-PCBs contained in slag from melting processes and bottom ashes from incineration processes were lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude than that in fly ash.     

Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Water,Sediment, and Fish of the Songhua River,China

This study examined residual concentrations and associated ecological risks of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) hexa- chlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) in water, sediment, and fish of the Songhua River in Zhaoyuan County, China. In June 2012, 10 water, 10 sediment, and 20 fish samples were collected. Residual concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT ranged from 10.0–35.59 ng L^?1 (mean 28.03 ± 11.66 ng L^?1) and 5.12–39.66 ng L^?1 (mean 32.36 ± 11.58 ng L^?1) for water. Residual concentrations of ΣHCH and ΣDDT ranged from 0.52–3.00 ng g^?1 (mean 2.04 ± 0.73 ng g^?1) and 0.34–3.41 ng g^?1 (mean 2.38 ± 0.92 ng g^?1) for sediment. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH were close to 1 at the majority of sampling points, indicating considerable new pollution from the use of lindane. The ratios of p,p′-DDE + p,p′-DDD/ΣDDT were less than 0.5, indicating recent inputs from DDT impurities in dicofol. All HCH and DDT isomers except for p,p′-DDD were detected in fish tissue samples, but the associated ecological risks were estimated to be below levels of concern. The study revealed a historical usage of OCPs in the Zhaoyuan section of the Songhua River and new OCP from the use of lindane and dicofol.