PP333在库拉索芦荟组培快繁中的应用研究

以MS 6-BA2.5mg/L NAA0．2mg/L为初代培养基，以MS 6-BA2.0mg/L NAA0．1mg/L为增殖培养基，1，3MS IBA0.5mg/L为生根培养基，添加不同浓度的PP333，其结果表明：初代培养基中添加0．5mg/LPP333有利于库拉索芦荟外植体出芽，增殖培养基中添加0．1-0．5mg/LPP333对库拉索芦荟试管苗增殖有效，而在生根培养基中添加0．5—1．0mg／LPP333有利于生根和移栽，其中以1／3MS IBA0．5mg/L PP3330．5mg/L培养基对库拉索芦荟试管苗生根和移栽有良好效应．     

四川大叶黄精组培快繁技术

黄精市场需求量不断增加,较低的自然繁殖速度难以满足人们的需求.通过组织培养技术,建立黄精快速繁殖技术体系,可以高效获得大量优质种苗在生产上应用.首次以四川主载品种大叶黄精地下根茎芽为外植体进行组培快繁体系的初步研究.结果显示:外植体消毒先用0.5 g/L的多菌灵溶液预处理12 h,再用0.2%HgCl_2灭菌6 min+6min,污染率可得到有效控制;四川大叶黄精根茎芽最适宜的初代培养基为MS+6-BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.5mg/L,萌发率达35%,长势健壮;不定芽分化培养基为MS+6-BA 3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L,平均不定芽诱导个数为4.33个;壮苗培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+2,4-D 0.5 mg/L+GA3 0.5 mg/L;生根培养基为1/2 MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L+AC 0.2 g/L,生根率达89%.本研究表明以大叶黄精的地下根茎芽为外植体可快速获得大量组培苗,其中细胞分裂素6-BA在大叶黄精生长过程中起着重要作用,结果可为四川提供便捷优质大叶黄精供苗途径.(表5参26附图4)     

几种裸子植物胚乳愈伤组织的诱导

取裸子植物未成熟胚乳作为外植体，在改良MS、添加不同种类激素和不同浓度配比的培养基上．分别予以热激、光培养、暗培养和刻伤胚乳等多种处理进行培养．结果表明：刻伤胚乳和适时暗培养有利于愈伤组织发生；经过25～30d的培养，在ρ（NAA）＝0．5～0．75mg／L、ρ（2，4－D）＝0．2～0．5mg／L、蔗糖浓度5％的培养基上，油松、白皮松、青、华北落叶松以附加ρ（KT）1．0～2．0mg／L以及白、侧柏在BA与KT配合使用的培养基上，热激后暗培养，愈伤组织诱导频率可达86．4％．     

麻疯树愈伤组织的诱导及快速繁殖

以麻疯树(Jatropha curcas)的种子、叶柄、叶片为实验材料进行愈伤组织的诱导及快速繁殖的实验．用不同浓度的BA和IBA对其不同外植体进行试验，发现用MS培养基加0．5mg／LBA和1mg／L IBA对叶片的效果最佳．在相同BA浓度处理条件下，减小IBA浓度会对下胚轴愈伤组织的出芽产生明显的效果．叶柄要求的浓度更低，0．1mg／L BA和0．1mg／L IBA为最佳．不定芽在无激素的MS培养基中进行生根培养，通过几天的练苗过程，就能转到土壤中生长．图1表2参13     

青蒿试管苗开花及用花器官为外植体诱导丛生芽生产青蒿素

将培养于MS培养基上5wk的青蒿试管苗置于光周期13,光强6000lx,温度为26℃（昼）和22℃（夜）的条件下,成功地诱导其开花,利用不同发育阶段的花蕾和花器官为外植体诱导丛生芽,发现不同浓度（ρ）的6－BA对丛生芽的诱导率和青蒿素的生物合成有重要影响。结果表明：以花蕾为外植体诱导丛生芽的最佳培养基是：MS附加4.0mg L^-1的6－BA和0.05mg L^-1的NAA;但当ρ（6－BA）在0－0.5mg L^-1之间时,有利于青蒿素的合成ρ（6－BA）=0.5-4mg L^-1时抑制青蒿素的生命合成,丛生芽中促进青蒿素合成的最佳ρ（6－BA）为0.5mg L^-1,用HPLC法测定发现用此法得到的丛生芽青蒿素的含量比直接利用叶片诱导的丛生芽青蒿素含量高1倍。     

黄姜组培快繁技术试验研究

分别以黄姜茎段、叶片、块根为外植体,进行无菌系建立、芽分化、生根等试验,探讨黄姜组培快繁技术.结果表明:(1)茎段在①MS BA1.0 mg.L-1 NAA0.2 mg.L-1(单位下同);③MS BA2.0 NAA0.2;⑤B5 BA1.0 NAA0.2;⑦B5 BA2.0 NAA0.2四个培养基上培养,均能诱导出愈伤组织,但尤以⑦号培养基长势最佳;而在这四个培养基上接种的叶片因为全被污染,无愈伤组织形成.(2)块根在②MS BA1.0 NAA0.5;④MS BA2.0 NAA0.5;⑥B5 BA1.0 NAA0.5;⑧B5 BA2.0 NAA0.5四个培养基上均不能诱导成愈伤组织.(3)愈伤组织在①~⑧号共八个培养基上均能分化出芽,但分化率不一,以③号最高(达100%),④号最低(25.0%).(4)当丛生芽长至高约3~4 cm时,转接到以MS或1/2MS为基本培养基、附加有不同浓度NAA和IBA的培养基中,进行生根培养.生长素NAA与IBA配合均能诱导生根,NAA的浓度增高对根的诱导有抑制作用,而且使苗的生长受阻,出现叶片卷曲现象,用1/2MS与用MS相比,用1/2MS生根更粗壮.(5)将经过炼苗的生根试管苗移栽到混有河沙和砻糠灰(体积比为1:2)的复合基质中,移栽后35 d成活率达到87%以上.     

CO2浓度和光合光量子通量密度对叶用甘薯组培苗光合自养和过氧化物酶活力的影响

以新兴蔬菜叶用甘薯组织培养苗的茎节段作为外植体，用MS低糖、无激素培养基进行生根培养，设置不同的CO2浓度(Ci)和光合光量子通量密度(PPFD)对组培植株进行环境调控处理，获得小植株净光合速率最高的处理组合(Ci，PPFD)=(8720μmol mol^-1，250μmol m^-2 s^-1)，并在此组合下继续培养21d。结果表明：该调控系统可以有效地调节控制组培苗生长环境中的Ci和PPFD，提高组培苗的光合自养能力，实现低糖、无激素培养，处理组植株生长健壮，叶片数、株高、根鲜重和单株鲜重分别高出CK组57．7％，103．3％，131．6％和225．35％，叶片和根系过氧化物酶活力分别高出CK组26．3％和24．0％。图3表1参18。     

槐树组织培养中超度含水态苗发生与防止的研究

对槐树（Sophorajaponica）花药愈伤组织在培养条件下形成超度含水态苗的条件研究表明：短期培养的愈伤组织及在含有较低ρ（BA）的培养基上多形成正常苗,而经长期培养的愈伤组织及在含有较高ρ（BA）的培养基上产生了大量的超度含水态苗;在MS附加ρ（IAA）0．2mg／L、ρ（BA）5．0mg／L的培养基上,愈伤组织经连续1．5a以上的继代培养后,其表面产生的芽均为超度含水态芽;将这种愈伤组织和超度含水态芽转人含不同浓度和种类植物激素及生长调节剂的培养基后发现：BA和高ρ（KT）明显促进了超度含水态苗的形成;而一定ρ（NAA）和ρ（2,4-D）则显著地促进了正常苗的形成．对培养过程的观察显示：在各种培养基上形成的正常菌中,有一部分是由超度含水态的芽和苗转化而来,即由其顶端或腋生分生组织进一步发育转化而来,而另一些则由愈伤组织上重新产生．     

荔枝胚性愈伤组织体胚发生系统的优化及转化抗性愈伤组织培养再生植株

首先优化了荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)幼胚胚性愈伤组织(embryogenic calli,EC)体胚发生的条件，在附加5mg L^-1 ZT的高糖(60g L^-1)高琼脂(10g L^-1)的MS培养基上获得了荔枝高频率(100％)体胚发生；同时，对荔枝体胚成熟和成苗的关键问题作了分析，建立了一套完整的荔枝体胚发生与再生系统，在附加10％椰子汁的高糖(6％)MS培养基上诱导体胚正常成熟，并在无激素MS培养基中诱导体胚萌发，为荔枝转基因研究提供了良好的受体系统．利用此再生系统对荔枝转基因抗性愈伤组织进行体胚发生与再生植株研究，获得了大量再生植株．图1表7参11     

鞑靼荞麦离体再生体系的建立

研究了苗龄、外植体、激素配比对鞑靼荞麦(Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.)离体培养的影响,初步建立了鞑靼荞麦离体再生体系.结果表明,鞑靼荞麦离体再生的最佳取材时间为苗龄6～8 d;诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为Ms+2.0 mg/L 2,4.D+1.5 mg/L 6-BA,子叶诱愈率达75%左右,下胚轴诱愈率可高达86.62%;愈伤组织分化的最适培养基为MS+0.1 mg/L IAA+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L K1.+0.5 mg/L TDZ,来自下胚轴愈伤组织的分化率可达9.52%.下胚轴的诱愈率与分化率均高于子叶,更适于离体再生培养.培养基巾加入AgNO_3后,能有效降低褐化率.生根最适培养基为含有0.5 mg/L NAA的1/2MS培养基,生根率在50%左右.TDZ在诱导鞑靼荞麦的愈伤组织分化出芽的过程中起到明显的促进作用,可提高分化率约20%.表3图2参23     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.