天津纪庄子再生水厂改扩建工程总体设计

天津纪庄子再生水厂改扩建工程在不新增占地的情况下,在大量工程性试验的基础上,通过采取将砂滤池改造为浸没式微滤膜滤池等措施,成功地将全厂处理工艺统一为混凝沉淀、微滤、臭氧氧化和部分反渗透工艺,处理规模从5.0万m3/d增加到7.0万m3d,同时大幅度提高了出水水质。该工程是国家水专项示范工程,采用的先进技术和工程措施可供现有再生水厂、自来水厂的升级改造和扩建工程参考。     

UASB-接触氧化-微絮凝-砂滤工艺处理中药废水工程

采用UASB-接触氧化法处理天津某中药厂废水,处理后出水各项指标达到了国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)二级标准。同时对二级处理后出水采用微絮凝沉淀-砂滤-消毒工艺,出水达到中水绿化使用标准。     

预处理＋超滤技术处理饮用水

在查阅了大量的国内外文献资料基础上，主要介绍了超滤技术及预处理应用于饮用水净化的研究。尽管超滤是一种去除病原微生物（病原菌、病毒和病原原生动物）有效的消毒工艺，但因它的截留分子量比较高，去除天然有机物相对无效。试验证明，适当的预处理可使超滤膜不仅能去除天然水中大量颗粒状物质，同时也可去除溶解性有机物及THMFP。     

饮用水系统中抗生素抗性基因的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)在饮用水系统中的传播和扩散已成为全球公共健康的主要威胁之一.饮用水厂处理工艺对抗生素抗性基因的去除效果对保证饮用水水质安全具有重要意义,但是水处理工艺、消毒方式以及管网输配系统对不同抗生素抗性基因的影响差异较大.本文在总结了大量文献的基础上,阐述了饮用水系统中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征,综述了臭氧、混凝、砂滤、生物活性炭以及氯消毒和超滤膜等不同水处理工艺对抗生素抗性基因去除的影响及其机理.     

城镇污水二级处理和再生水三级处理过程的雌激素活性变化

环境雌激素污染与野生动物性别比例和繁殖密切相关,是人体生殖功能紊乱、发育异常、心血管疾病和癌症发生等的重要因素之一。针对污水处理厂排水造成的环境雌激素污染,采用重组酵母菌方法研究大连、沈阳、哈尔滨和天津的5个典型城市污水厂和再生水厂水处理过程中雌激素活性的变化规律,分析二级处理和再生水厂三级处理对环境雌激素的削减效率。4个采用活性污泥法和紫外消毒工艺的污水厂出水的雌激素当量(EEQ)为0.5～1.5 ng·L~(-1)。再生水厂三级处理工艺的出水雌激素活性低于检测限(0.02 ng·L~(-1))。分级组分测试结果显示,污水雌激素活性主要由强极性组分和弱极性组分引起,紫外消毒后强极性组分雌激素活性升高。4个城市污水处理厂一级处理和活性污泥处理对环境雌激素的削减率为46%～81%,紫外消毒的削减率为5.2%～22%。某再生水厂混凝、微滤和反渗透对环境雌激素的削减率分别为63%、16%和98%。研究表明,活性污泥法二级处理排水回用仍造成一定程度环境雌激素污染,三级处理工艺可有效提高环境雌激素污染物削减率。     

黄浦江原水中各类有机物在铝盐混凝过程中的去除效果

通过XAD-8/XAD-4吸附树脂联用技术将黄浦江微污染原水中溶解性有机物分为疏水酸、非酸疏水物质、弱疏水物质及亲水物质4类有机物,研究了铝盐混凝工艺对黄浦江水中4类有机物的去除效果.硫酸铝在最佳混凝条件下,即投加量为8 mg·l~(-1)(以Al计),pH=5.5时,水中的DOC和UV_(254)的去除率分别达到23%和32%.有机物的亲疏水性对混凝工艺有较大影响,混凝法倾向于优先去除水中疏水性有机物,而疏水性有机物的酸碱性对混凝工艺没有明显影响,酸性和非酸类疏水物质均能破混凝工艺所去除.疏水酸是水中最主要的三氯甲烷类消毒副产物的前体物质,混凝工艺对于三氯甲烷类消毒副产物有良好的控制作用,总体减少了 39%的生成量.而不同类的有机物之间,混凝工艺对消毒副产物控制效果不同,其中对疏水酸的控制三氯甲烷消毒副产物的效果最好,减少了63%的生成量,亲水物质的控制效果最差,三氯甲烷生成量仪减少了3%.疏水酸表现出比亲水物质更强的生物毒性,混凝工艺能明显降低原水的毒性.     

混凝-超滤处理径流雨水效果——以华南地区为例

采用超滤膜(UF)为核心,以混凝作为预处理措施,对混凝-超滤工艺处理径流雨水的特性和膜通量变化与污染现象进行了研究,并对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)单独混凝、UF、PFS-UF组合工艺进行了对比;在优化混凝基础上,考察了混凝-UF对常规水质指标及总磷、生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)等生物稳定性指标的去除效果.结果表明,混凝可有效去除TOC、UV254和总磷,混凝剂投加量与污染物去除近似呈线性关系.各混凝剂除浊效能均良好.综合考虑混凝处理效率与经济性,实验采用混凝方案为10 mg·L-1的PFS.PFS、UF、PFS-UF工艺除浊率均在95%以上,PFS和UF对TOC和UV254的去除较为接近,采用PFS-UF可提高去除率13%—15%;PFS-UF处理后雨水的AOC、BDOC分别降低至61.8μg·L-1、0.19 mg·L-1,残余总磷可降至3.8μg·L-1,雨水生物稳定性明显提高.PFS、UF和PFS-UF对颗粒物的去除率分别达80.5%、99.6%和99.9%.膜通量的变化和SEM图分析表明,混凝在一定程度上减轻了UF膜污染;形成的凝胶层具有一定整体强度,水力清洗时易于清除,膜通量恢复较好;但同时凝胶层的产生也增大了透膜阻力,PFS-UF工艺的周期内膜通量衰减有增加的趋势.     

饮用水处理过程中溶解性有机物表征方法的研究进展

溶解性有机物(DOM)结构、组分复杂,传统水处理工艺(混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒)、深度处理工艺等对DOM去除有限,在消毒过程中可能生成消毒副产物.DOM的结构、组分影响其在饮用水处理过程中的去除效果.为了深入了解DOM在饮用水处理过程中的结构、形态变化,需采用多种检测方法对其变化进行表征.本文围绕DOM在不同饮用水处理工艺中的分子量、馏分、芳香性及荧光组分等性质的变化,综述了当前饮用水研究较为广泛的预处理分级(物理分级-超滤膜过滤、化学分级-树脂吸附)、紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱等表征方法的研究进展,对不同表征方法的优点及局限性进行了详细探讨,以期为准确评估水处理过程中DOM的变化提供科学依据.     

膜技术在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的应用

介绍了膜技术应用在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的运行效果及成本分析的实例。将连续膜过滤技术（CMF）用于反渗透的预处理,采用微滤膜在线连续反冲洗技术,成功解决了传统中空纤维膜易堵塞,不能连续工作的难题,保证了系统连续稳定运行。采用一级二段式RO（反渗透）系统,产水率65%,制备纯水180 m3/d,既提高了产水率也可满足生产用水要求。将抑菌剂、阻垢剂、在线监测和控制系统等关键技术,系统性、集成性引入连续微滤和反渗透装置,为其应用于废水脱盐深度处理提供支撑和保障。     

Fenton氧化处理垃圾膜滤浓缩液

本文以混凝预处理后的上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液纳滤浓缩液为研究对象,采用混凝预处理、Fenton氧化法和生化法相结合的工艺对其进行处理,将其出水COD从2930 mg·L~(-1)降至100 mg·L~(-1)以下.采用响应曲面法研究了Fenton氧化法处理经过混凝预处理纳滤浓缩液过程中,各个影响因素之间的相互作用关系,并确定了最佳实验条件,即FeSO_4·7H_2O投加量为62.5 mmol·L~(-1)、H_2O_2投加量为121.8 mmol·L~(-1)、初始pH 3.0.在此条件下,Fenton氧化法可使混凝预处理出水的COD降低39.0%.进一步研究表明,Fenton氧化后纳滤浓缩液中芳香环类污染物减少、腐殖化程度降低.经过3 h的Fenton氧化法处理后,BOD5/COD从纳滤浓缩液原液的0.02上升到0.29.将垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液Fenton氧化法处理后出水与垃圾填埋场渗滤液的纳滤出水1∶1混合,进行序批式活性反应器(SBR)处理,在水力停留时间为2 d时,出水COD可降低至96.0 mg·L~(-1).     

聚芳醚酮超滤膜的研究

本文以国产聚芳醚酮为原料，研究了铸膜液组成，聚合物浓度，添加剂种类和用量等对超滤膜性能的影响，选择适宜组成的铸膜液，可以制得截留分子量为２０００，６０００，１００００的超滤膜。上述超滤膜对α－干扰素的分离浓缩效果较好，其截留率均可达到９９％以上。     

Effects of a dynamic membrane formed with polyethylene glycol on the ultrafiltration of natural organic matter

The formation of a dynamic membrane (DM) was investigated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) (molecular weight of 35000 g/mol, concentration of 1 g/L). Two natural organic matters (NOM), Dongbok Lake NOM (DLNOM) and Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) were used in the ultrafiltration experiments along with PEG. To evaluate the effects of the DM with PEG on ultrafiltration, various transport experiments were conducted, and the analyses of the NOM in the membrane feed and permeate were performed using high performance size exclusion chromatography, and the effective pore size distribution (effective PSD) and effective molecular weight cut off (effective MWCO) were determined. The advantages of DM formed with PEG can be summarized as follows: (1) PEG interferes with NOM transmission through the ultrafiltration membrane pores by increasing the retention coefficient of NOM in UF membranes, and (2) low removal of NOM by the DM is affected by external factors, such as pressure increases during UF membrane filtration, which decreases the effective PSD and effective MWCO of UF membranes. However, a disadvantage of the DM with PEG was severe flux decline; thus, one must be mindful of both the positive and negative influences of the DM when optimizing the UF performance of the membrane.     

超滤技术在环境工程中的应用现状

本文对国内外超滤技术在环境工程中的应用，主要是废水处理中的应用现状进行了综述。涉及的废水包括纺织工业，机械制造工业，石油化工工业，食品加工工业及其它工业污水，也包括部分生活污水，在这些污水治理过程中，不仅可消除或减轻污水对环境的污染，同时也可以回收有价值的物质，使水部分或全部回用。     

丙烯腈—醋酸乙烯二元共聚物超滤膜的制备及其性能表征

本文研究了丙烯腈-醋酸乙烯二元共聚物[P(AN-VAc)]超滤膜及其性能。研究了共聚物材料、铸膜液成份和成膜工艺条件对膜性能的影响,并对膜的物化稳定性和耐菌性能等进行了表征。实验表明,P(AN-VAc)是一种性能良好的膜材料,其对添加剂的适应性尤佳。本文还通过对红外光谱及电子显微镜扫描对膜的结构进行了初步探讨。     

Effectiveness of tertiary treatment processes in removing different classes of emerging contaminants from domestic wastewater

● Different advanced treatment processes were tested for ECs removal from wastewater. ● UV radiation showed low to moderate removal for 5 of the 38 micropollutants. ● Among tested membrane processes, nanofiltration showed the better performance. ● The use of PAC achieved high or partially removal for 31 out of the 38 compounds. ● The environmental and economical evaluation of a pilot-scale PAC unit is suggested. In this work, 38 different organic emerging contaminants (ECs), belonging to various chemical classes such as pharmaceuticals (PhCs), endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), benzotriazoles (BTRs), benzothiazoles (BTHs), and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), were initially identified and quantified in the biologically treated wastewater collected from Athens’ (Greece) Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). Processes already used in existing STPs such as microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), UV radiation, and powdered activated carbon (PAC) were assessed for ECs’ removal, under the conditions that represent their actual application for disinfection or advanced wastewater treatment. The results indicated that MF removed only one out of the 38 ECs and hence it was selected as pretreatment step for the other processes. UV radiation in the studied conditions showed low to moderate removal for 5 out of the 38 ECs. NF showed better results than UF due to the smaller pore sizes of the filtration system. However, this enhancement was observed mainly for 8 compounds originating from the classes of PhCs and PFCs, while the removal of EDCs was not statistically significant. Among the various studied technologies, PAC stands out due to its capability to sufficiently remove most ECs. In particular, removal rates higher than 70% were observed for 9 compounds, 22 were partially removed, while 7 demonstrated low removal rates. Based on our screening experiments, future research should focus on scaling-up PAC in actual conditions, combining PAC with other processes, and conduct a complete economic and environmental assessment of the treatment.     

Power,politics, and culture of marine conservation technology in fisheries

The term conservation technology is applied widely and loosely to any technology connected to conservation. This overly broad understanding can lead to confusion around the actual mechanisms of conservation in a technological system, which can result in neglect and underdevelopment of the human dimensions of conservation technology. Ultimately, this hinders its effectiveness as technological fixes for conservation problems. Through a process of concept mapping based on key case studies and literature, I devised precise definitions of marine conservation technology and technological marine conservation system. Concerns about the use of marine conservation technologies included unintended consequences, halfway technologies that address the symptoms but not the causes of problems, and misguided techno-optimism (i.e., technology is a panacea that can solve any problem). Technology and technological systems can have power, politics, and culture, and these characteristics can influence the contextual fit of a technology, requiring that technology be thoughtfully created or adapted to the circumstances in which it will be used. Power, politics, and culture inherent in technology can also influence the distribution of conservation risks and benefits and potentially widen gaps in wealth, privilege, opportunities, and justice. Addressing these concerns can potentially be achieved through the better integration of social sciences in marine conservation technology and technological marine conservation system design and development and the application of the social-ecological-technological systems framework. This framework melds key concepts from the socioecological systems framework and science and technology studies. It recognizes as and elevates technology to be a central actor that can shape societies and the natural world. Such a framework incorporates broader understanding, so that the values and concerns of society are more effectively addressed in the creation and implementation of marine conservation technologies and technological marine conservation systems.     

荷电超滤膜的研究——Ⅱ.季铵化聚砜超滤膜的研究

将氯甲基化聚砜(CMPS)超滤膜浸泡于三甲胺水溶液中制得季铵化聚砜(QMPS)超滤膜。本文就一些反应条件对季铵化聚砜超滤膜性能的影响进行了探讨,同时对季铵化聚砜超滤膜和氯甲基化聚砜超滤膜的形态结构作了对比,并研究了它们的亲水性能和电性能等方面的差异。     

Review on the study of mercury/silver ions-pyrimidine base pairs in DNA duplexes and their application in detection technology北大核心CSCD

Nucleic acids and their analogues are getting more and more attention. Metal-mediated base pairs as a kind of simple and functionalized nucleic acids in special positions have widened the scope of application of functional nucleic acids and their analogues. In this type of base pairs, the representative is the interaction between metal ions and pyrimidine bases, especially the research on thymine-Hg2+-thymine (T-Hg2+-T) and cytosine-Ag+-cytosine (C-Ag+-C) base pairs. This review summarizes the structure and mechanism of metal-mediate pyrimidine base pairs as well as the application in the biochemical analysis. It explores the mode and ratio of coordination between metal ions and base pairs, the effects on the stability of DNA helical structure, the related crystal structure and the three-dimensional configuration information in the DNA helix. The analytical application mainly includes various probes of metal ions, small molecules, protein and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. Among them the most widely used metal ions detection, and its combination with spectrum technology, visualization and amplification technology greatly promoted the rapid development of sensitive detection technology. In further studies, it is necessary to reveal the mechanism of interaction between T-Hg2+-T and C-Ag+-C, and more attention should be paid to combining of T-Hg2+-T and C-Ag+-C base pairs with other new technologies. The scope of practical application should also be further extended.     

抗生素菌渣处理技术研究进展

抗生素菌渣是制药企业在生产抗生素类药物时,由微生物发酵产生的固体废弃物.作为国家规定的危险废物,其产量大、含水率高、含氮、硫量高、残留抗生素的特点,使其具有巨大的环境危害性.抗生素菌渣的科学、无害处理是医药固废领域的热点难题.本文系统阐述了抗生素菌渣的类型、性质和危害,详细综述了目前主流的各类热化学处理技术和非热化学处理技术,重点对包括焚烧技术、水热技术和热解气化技术等在内的热化学处理技术进行了系统归纳,汇总分析其技术特点、环境影响、应用瓶颈及研究进展.同时,对抗生素菌渣处理的未来发展提出若干建议和展望,提出烘焙技术消除其生物危险性的处理理念,建立健全相关安全标准与法律规范,以更好地降低抗生素菌渣潜在的环境风险并实现资源利用,解决抗生素类药物生产工艺的后顾之忧,促进我国制药行业持续健康发展.     

Conversion of plant materials into hydroxymethylfurfural using ionic liquids

The use of fossil fuels now induces two major issues. First, fossil fuel burning is increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations and, in turn, global warming. Second, fossil fuel resources are limited and will thus decrease in the long run. As a potential solution, there is a need for ecological manufacturing processes that convert raw plant materials into chemical products. For instance, raw plants can be directly converted into hydroxymethylfurfural, which is a versatile intermediate for the synthesis of valuable biofuels such as dimethylfuran and 5-ethoxymethyl-2-furfural. This technology has two benefits for chemical sustainability. First, the pretreatment step is eliminated, thus contributing to reduction of CO₂ emissions. Second, plants are sustainable resources versus fossil fuels, which are limited. Here, we review current sustainable technologies for the production of biobased products and hydroxymethylfurfural from plants, using in particular ionic liquids. Plant sources include poplar, switchgrass, miscanthus, weed plants, and agave species.