太湖地区稻田氮素损失特征及环境效应分析

通过氮肥减量小区试验,研究了太湖地区稻田氮素径流损失、渗漏损失、氨挥发损失以及氨挥发通量的动态变化特征,阐述了氮素损失量、水稻产量与施氮量之间的关系。结果表明：稻季氮素径流损失和氨挥发损失均随施氮量的增加不断增加,而渗漏损失与施氮量没有显著相关性。综合整个稻季,氨挥发损失以分蘖肥期最高,基肥期次之,穗肥期最低。稻季氮素总损失为13.7～59.8 kg·hm-2,占总施氮量的16.5%～22.2%,且随施氮量的增加而不断增加,其中氨挥发损失占42.2%～72.0%,径流损失占22.2%～38.4%,渗漏损失占5.8%～22.7%。稻季181 kg·hm-2的氮肥用量,较常规施氮量减少了33%的氮肥,增加了10.3%的产量,降低了48.5%的氮素损失,较好地兼顾了粮食产量和环境效应;而对于重要环境区域或高污染区域,还可以尝试更低的氮肥投入,以达到更好的环境效益。     

太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作农田区氮素流失过程研究

太湖地区经济高度发达,劳动力紧缺,种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)经济效益不高,而且小麦-水稻(Oryza sativa)轮作中,麦季氮素淋洗损失高于稻季,为探讨和揭示太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作农田区氮素流失过程及平衡特征,选取典型太湖流域农田系统为研究对象,采用径流小区的研究方法,在太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作种植模式下,对太湖流域典型稻-麦轮作区进行连续3年(2007─2010年)原位监测,阐明了太湖流域典型稻麦轮作区氮素流失过程及其影响因素,分析了该区域氮素平衡特征,结果表明:大气氮干沉降量冬春季较多且分布较均匀;总氮(P0.001***)及铵态氮(P=0.02*)的大气湿沉降量和降雨量呈现极显著的相关性。地表径流中氮素的主要流失形态为可溶性氮素,同时,径流水量是引起氮素径流流失的主要驱动因子(P0.01)。雨水是驱动小麦季氮素下渗的唯一动力。铵态氮是氮素淋失的主要形态,在稻作期,铵态氮渗漏流失量约占总渗漏流失量的70%。太湖流域稻麦轮作区,各项氮素年平均流失去向分别为:作物收割290 kg·hm-2,占总输入量55.98%;反硝化流失130 kg·hm-2,占总输入量25.10%;径流流失59.5 kg·hm-2,占总输入量11.49%;氨气挥发22.28kg·hm-2,占总输入量4.30%;渗漏流失16.1 kg·hm-2,占总输入量3.11%。全年平均氮素流失总量为518 kg·hm-2,氮素的盈余量为91.9 kg·hm-2。该研究结果对于指导太湖农流域农田水肥管理,控制农业面源污染具有积极意义。     

华南湿润区坡地氮素流失规律比较试验研究

通过两个径流场的对比试验,研究了华南湿润地区针叶林坡面氮素随降雨径流的流失规律,结果表明,氮素流失量均与坡面径流量和降雨强度具有极显著的线性相关关系,在没有施肥的情况下,氮流失形态以氨氮、硝氮为主,总氮产出浓度随降雨径流的增大,逐步下降,最后趋于稳定。在施放尿素的情况下,氮素随径流的流失形态以氨氮、硝氮和溶解态的尿素为主,总氮的产出浓度呈先升高而后随降雨径流的增大逐渐减少最后趋于稳定的特性。     

基于RZWQM模型的华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米土壤硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发评估方法研究

硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发是华北平原农田因施肥所引起的最重要的氮损失途径,直接监测法的过程复杂且需要消耗大量人力物力,如何建立科学准确的损失量与土壤性质之间的关系,以支撑管理部门便捷快速估算各途径氮损失量成为迫切需要解决的问题。利用已经通过华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米长期定位试验数据进行参数率定验证的RZWQM模型,输出不同施肥水平下1 m内土壤硝态氮残留量、硝态氮淋溶量和氨挥发量,通过回归分析构建了土壤硝态氮淋溶量和氨挥发量分别与1 m内土壤硝态氮残留量之间的函数关系,并利用华北地区研究文献中实测数据对函数准确率进行分析,得出在华北平原2个函数平均准确率分别为70. 9%和71. 2%,该方法可供管理部门在估算和管理华北地区面源污染发生量过程中推广使用。     

麦季施用不同尿素的氮排水和渗漏损失

在太湖地区乌栅土的稻麦轮作条件下,利用大型原状土柱渗漏液采集器(monolithlysimeter),比较不同尿素品种和施肥量(普通尿素150、300kg·hm-2和包膜尿素100、150kg·hm-2)处理对麦季土壤氮随径流和渗漏损失的影响。结果表明:施用的包膜尿素当季氮不易随排水流失,但可能增加下季氮流失的风险。两麦季排水溶解氮均以NO-3 N为主,达76.7%以上,NH+4 N比例很小;麦季排水氮输出量年际差异明显,降雨产生排水与施肥时间间隔的不同是造成排水氮输出量差异的关键因素;施肥后20d内发生排水易产生较多的氮排放。渗漏液硝态氮浓度(最高为8.12mg·L-1)均未超过饮用水NO-3 N含量标准,但均已超过水体富营养化标准;对照处理麦季渗漏液量显著高于施肥处理;在150kg·hm-2的施N量水平下,普通尿素或包膜尿素均未显著增加氮的渗漏,但过量施用普通尿素则加大氮渗漏的风险。     

高寒人工草地土壤可溶性有机氮库和无机氮库动态变化

以青海省高寒区人工草地为研究对象,分析土壤可溶性有机氮库和无机氮库含量及其季节动态变化过程,确定牧草不同发育期土壤供氮能力,为研究高寒区人工牧草吸收土壤氮素提供依据。研究结果表明,(1)青海同德暗栗钙土种植禾本科牧草第1年土壤以硝态氮为主,占54%~59%,其次为可溶性有机氮,占22%~29%,铵态氮最低,仅占17%。1年人工草地土壤铵态氮含量随生长季延长逐渐增多,9月最高;土壤硝态氮在6月返青期最高,随生长季延长下降显著;土壤可溶性总氮和可溶性有机氮在返青期和枯黄期较高,生长旺盛期较低。(2)青海果洛州退化高寒草甸土种植禾本科牧草的人工草地土壤硝态氮和可溶性有机氮占优势,分别占49%和43%,铵态氮仅占8%。1年人工草地随生长季土壤铵态氮含量逐渐升高,9月最高;土壤硝态氮在7月初期最高,随生长季延长显著下降;土壤可溶性总氮和可溶性有机氮在生长季初期(7月)最高,随生长季延长而降低。表明高寒区人工草地土壤可溶性有机氮是植物可利用氮的重要组成成分,其含量仅次于硝态氮且远高于铵态氮。(3)与1年人工草地相比较,同德单播禾本科牧草生长3年后,土壤中植物可利用氮素迅速下降,尤其是硝态氮含量下降近80%,其次铵态氮下降近67%,可溶性总氮下降近60%2.5倍,仅可溶性有机氮下降不显著。说明单播模式下人工草地土壤有效养分下降是人工草地生产力难以持续的主要原因。(4)在1年人工草地种植的不同牧草种类的土壤各类氮素均无显著差异;而在3年草地,冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila)和星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)单播人工草地土壤表层硝态氮显著高于其他种单播人工草地,星星草和多叶老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)单播人工草地土壤可溶性总氮显著高于其他种类人工草地。初步推断:种植不同牧草可对不同形态土壤氮素产生影响,暗示不同牧草对不同形态氮素的需求存在一定差异性。     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明:自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥(T0)条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕(T2)处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹(T1)与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮(TN)平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%...     

氮肥运筹和少免耕对麦田氮素径流流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下氮肥运筹和少免耕措施对稻麦两熟农田麦季氮素径流流失特征的影响。结果表明：自然降雨后麦田耕层土壤平均水分质量分数26.34%为径流事件发生的临界土壤水分质量分数。常规施肥（T0）条件下,麦季径流水量达2185.05 m3·hm-2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达716.08 kg.hm-2,少免耕（T2）处理增加麦田径流水量达29.67%,减少径流侵蚀泥沙量达13.96%,而肥料运筹（T1）与T0处理差异不显著;就整个麦季而言,T0处理条件下,径流水全氮（TN）平均质量浓度和径流侵蚀泥沙TN平均质量分数分别为10.51 mg·L-1和1.19 g·kg-1,T1处理显著降低径流水TN质量浓度和侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数分别达11.63%和5.93%,T2处理显著降低径流侵蚀泥沙TN质量分数达7.95%;麦季氮素径流流失主要集中在小麦生育前期,包括径流水氮素流失量和径流侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的氮素量。T0处理条件下,氮素流失总量达31.76 kg·hm-2,其中,径流水氮素流失量占麦季氮素总流失量95%以上,T1处理减少麦季氮素总流失量达9.25%,而T2处理则增加麦季氮素总流失量达16.75%。     

应用HYDRUS-1D模型模拟农田土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失特征

在定位试验基础上,应用HYDRUS-1D模型对黄淮海平原典型土壤(黄潮土)中土壤水渗漏及硝态氮淋失动态进行了模拟分析。结果表明:在传统水氮管理模式下,黄潮土2m土体深处的土壤水渗漏和硝态氮淋失非常严重,2个轮作期内,土壤水渗漏总量占地表总入水量的23.7%,硝态氮淋失总量占总输入N量的15.9%,冬小麦生长季的硝态氮淋失量大于夏玉米生长季;改良灌溉和改良施肥模式下产生的硝态氮淋失量比传统灌溉和传统施肥模式减少74.7%,节约灌溉水211.5mm、节省施N423.5kg·hm-2。     

施肥对华北高产区土壤NO-3-N淋失与作物NO-3-N含量及产量的影响

利用4a的平衡施肥定位试验，研究太行山山前平原高产区冬小麦、夏玉米轮作制度下施肥对潮褐土中硝态氮的分布、移动、积累、植株吸收以及作物产量的影响。结果表明，土壤剖面中硝态氮含量与施肥量直接相关，过量施用氮肥使硝态氮在土壤中大量积累并向下层快速移动；氮磷对作物的养分供应存在着既相互促进又相互竞争的关系，施用适量磷肥可以促进小麦、玉米对氮素的吸收，提高作物产量，减少氮素在土壤中积累和淋失，但施磷量太高，由于氮磷之间的竞争作用，作物吸氮量反而下降，从而导致土壤中硝态氮的积累和淋失加剧，施用钾肥抑制了土壤硝态氮积累，促进了两季作物植株对氮素的吸收，从减少土壤硝态氮积累和淋失的角度，提出该区合理的施肥配比为组合N2P2K2，即ρA(N)=200kg hm^-2，ρA(P)=32．5kg hm^-2，ρA(K)=150kg hm^-2。图6参13。     

皖南低山丘陵地区流域氮磷径流输出特征

通过对安徽南部宣城地区梅村小流域的定位监测,研究了该小流域地表径流中氮磷输出特征。结果表明:氮输出以NO-3N为主,占氮素输出总量的60%,磷输出以悬浮颗粒结合态磷(PAP)为主,占磷输出总量的92%;各类形态氮素输出量间存在极显著线性正相关关系;PAP随悬浮颗粒输出量的增加而增加,PAP与水溶性磷(DP)输出量间存在着极显著的对数关系;氮磷输出具有明显的季节性变化规律,夏季输出量最大,其次是春季,再次是秋季,冬季最少,这是由降雨量的季节性变化所引起的。而且暴雨对氮磷输出的贡献率极大,因此控制雨季土壤侵蚀是有效控制氮磷通过径流输出的最重要方式。     

环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流输出特征

对环太湖丘陵地区农田氮素随地表径流的输出特征进行了研究,结果表明,地表径流中TN浓度随径流量而变化,浓度峰值出现时间滞后于径流量峰值;径流发生前期,NH3 N和NO-3 N浓度水平相当,后期NO-3 N浓度缓慢抬升,而NH3 N含量缓慢下降;NO-2 N浓度相对较低,随时间快速下降;对于TN和NO-3 N而言,溶解态含量高于悬浮态,而溶解态和悬浮态NH3 N的浓度相当;无机氮平均浓度高于有机氮,有机氮尤其是悬浮态有机氮浓度表现出随径流量而变化的特点。     

Case study on nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from paddy field in Taihu region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha(-1) for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha(-1), in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha(-1), distributed as 1.16 kg ha(-1) in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha(-1) in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH4-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO3-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

秸秆还田对农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失的影响

2009—2010年在大田试验条件下,小麦季和水稻季分别以扬麦16和运2645为供试材料,两季均设置常规处理（A）、秸秆还田（B）、秸秆还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和少免耕（E）5个处理组合。研究不同处理对稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失的影响。结果表明：（1）稻麦两季农田共发生地表径流20次,总地表径流水量为6.4×106kg·hm-2;（2）秸秆还田能够显著降低稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失量,不同处理周年地表径流总氮和钾的流失量由高到低均依次为少免耕、常规处理、肥料运筹、秸秆还田和秸秆还田减肥,不同处理周年地表径流总磷流失量由高到低依次为少免耕、肥料运筹、常规处理、秸秆还田和秸秆还田减肥,秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田地表径流氮、磷、钾流失量分别比常规处理下降7.7%、8.0%、6.8%;（3）水稻季农田地表径流总氮、总磷、钾流失量分别占稻麦两熟制周年总氮、总磷、钾流失量的61.5%、44.0%、73.3%;（4）秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失率显著降低;（5）秸秆还田使水稻成熟期土壤速效养分质量分数显著提高;（6）秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田周年作物产量比常规处理略有增加。     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

Phosphorus losses to water from lowland rice fields under rice-wheat double cropping system in the Tai Lake region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm2 for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm2 for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m2 and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/ hm2 in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm2 year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109-218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.