面向静脉产业的电子废弃资源信息管理系统研究——以天津子牙静脉产业园区为例

针对电子废弃资源的数量剧增与回收再利用的信息渠道和回收体系不完善的现状,分析了电子废弃资源信息综合管理和构建循环经济信息平台的必要性.以天津子牙静脉产业园区为例,使用网上报收和电话报收的方法,构建了电子废弃资源信息管理系统,实现电子废弃资源信息在循环经济示范园区内最大程度的共享和一定范围内电子废弃资源的有序流动,进而实现集中处理和利用,提高信息利用的效率,体现生态环保理念.     

环境资源市场配置在浙江省的实践与探索

全面总结了浙江省污染物排放总量管理和市场配置环境资源试点的主要实践措施(包括创新构建总量管理和激励制度、全面构建市场配置环境资源制度、探索建立协同管理和交易机制和深入推进监管执法机制建设)和实施成效(包括市场倒逼污染减排、促进经济转型升级、市场拓宽融资渠道、提升环境管理水平和增强生态环境保护意识),提出了完善环境资源市场配置模式总体设想,为全面推进中国环境资源市场配置实践提供借鉴。     

环保资源业务网络建设探索

通过对环保系统资源业务网络建设现状及需求分析 ,提出了在政府网平台上架构 VPN,构筑环保资源业务网络。随着省、地、县三级政府网络建成贯通 ,通过在政府网平台上架构 VPN,构筑环保系统资源业务网络是切实可行的 ,因为它符合环保系统经济承受能力 ,满足了环保网络应用的带宽需求 ,解决了涉密内容的传输问题 ,避免了网络的重复建设。     

快速城镇化背景下环渤海地区生态系统服务价值变化

在快速城镇化背景下,研究土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值(ESV)的影响具有重要意义。以环渤海地区为研究对象,对该地区1980、2000、2005、2013年的土地利用变化、ESV变化和流向损益进行了分析测算。结果表明:(1)1980—2013年,城镇化进程促使环渤海地区的土地利用结构发生明显变化,农田、森林、草地、湿地、荒漠的面积持续减少,建设用地一直增加,水域面积先增后降。(2)土地利用变化使环渤海地区ESV先略微增长后下降,2013年ESV为6 005亿元,相比1980年水平(6 504亿元)降低7.7%,其中建设用地转入造成ESV损失最大,1980—2013年建设用地转入造成损失585亿元,占ESV损失总量的45.9%;(3)调节服务是环渤海区域生态系统的主导性生态系统服务功能,其对ESV的贡献从1980年起一直超过65%。(4)环渤海地区ESV排名前3位的城市为丹东、天津和大连,除营口、东营、日照和潍坊外,其余城市的ESV一直处于下降趋势。(5)未来应通过避免"摊大饼式"发展和建立城镇化建设中生态补偿机制等方式推动环渤海地区城镇化建设和生态保护协调发展。     

环境污染问题对资源型城市发展的制约与应对策略分析

资源型城市经济快速发展的同时,存在的环境污染问题均较为严重.为维持城市经济的可持续发展,资源型城市实施战略转型势在必然,在这个过程中,环境保护必须纳入转型战略整体规划中.以"钢都"攀枝花为例,分析了资源型城市发展中的环境制约因素,强调在转型战略中应充分考虑环境保护和生态恢复等问题,并提出循环经济、清洁生产等是攀枝花市资源型城市战略转型中可采取的缓解环境危机、实现经济与环境协调发展的有效措施.     

贵州土地复垦发展现状及其对策研究

详细分析了贵州省土地复垦的发展现状以及近年来所做的工作及成效,研究了矿山开采等活动对贵州省土地资源造成的破坏及生态危害,提出了具体的土地复垦的技术措施.为了实现能源、环境、社会、人口和经济的可持续发展,土地复垦是必然选择.     

江苏省循环经济发展模式研究

从江苏省经济运行的资源利用效率和污染排放的现状出发，提出只有构建循环型经济的运行机制，才能更有效地推进江苏可持续发展战略的顺利实施和生态省的建设；通过比较分析循环型经济运行的7种主要模式，提出了推进江苏省循环经济发展的政策建议。     

基于数据仓库的环境数据资源整合研究——以广东省韶关市为例

如何有效整合环境数据资源是中国环境信息化建设中急需解决的问题.以广东省韶关市为例,在分析其数据现状的基础上,探讨了一种基于数据仓库的环境数据资源整合方案,并对韶关市环境信息数据仓库系统进行了框架设计.该方案能够有效整合异构的环境数据资源,实现环境数据资源共享,可以为管理层提供辅助决策支持.     

自然环境资源有偿使用的对策措施

从自然环境资源的自然再生产和社会再生产、以及直接劳动和间接劳动等方面,论证了自然环境资源具有价值,从而为有偿使用提供了理论依据;并进一步揭示了造成自然环境资源危机的重要原因是其价值实现不足。人类在长期发展过程中,以牺牲环境和浪费资源为代价,获取了“虚假利益”;最后提出了自然环境资源实行有偿使用的对策措施。     

造纸黑液处理与多糖资源分级利用研究——分离条件对多糖含量的影响

草浆造纸黑液中含有丰富的聚糖资源,对其中低聚糖进行提取与纯化也是获得功能性低聚糖经济、有效的途径.本文提出了在分离木素的同时,最大限度回收多糖资源的工艺路线,并探讨了pH值、温度、陈放时间等对分离液中多糖含量的影响规律.在酸析黑液pH为4.0～5.0,65～70 ℃并陈化3～4 h的条件下,可从黑液固含量为49.87 g/L的麦草浆中回收多糖7.43 g/L;稻草浆中回收多糖4.91 g/L.这可为草浆造纸黑液的资源多级利用提供技术支撑.     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

党的执政能力建设与环境保护——学习十六届四中全会决定的体会

阐述了环境保护与党的执政能力建设的内在联系。论述了加强环境保护是增强“党的领导能力”的题中之意；加强环境保护是“坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力”的重要内容；环境保护关系到社会和谐与国家安全。环境保护工作者应全面分析和妥善应对来自各方面的机遇和挑战，促使环境发展矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。