污水排海工程生物监测

本文阐述了污水排海工程及其生物监测的必要性和优越性，描述了污水排海工程纳污海域的分区和生物学要求，并讨论了污水排海工程生物监测的基本内容。     

污水排海设计中粪大肠菌群衰减率的测定与分析

在参照澳大利亚悉尼海域深水排海口粪大肠菌群衰减率测定方法的基础上,1990年9月,于大连市黑石礁湾两个预选深水污水排海口进行了粪大肠菌群T-90测试。结果表明,在一天的不同时间内粪大肠菌群衰减率差别极大,白天明显高于夜间。影响粪大肠菌群衰减率的主要因子为光辐射强度。同时还预测了深水排海口附近海滨浴场粪大肠菌群密度的日超标频率。     

我国城市生活污水排海构想及其研究

针对解决目前我国地面水污染问题，笔者运用经济学的分析方法，从对污水排海与二级处理后排江两种处理途径进行了比较。从两种途径的外部性、江河湖泊与海洋的自净化能力、污染以动度及两种途径所需的处理深度等方面论证了污水排海处理优于二级处理后排江。同时，在分析深圳近年来污水排海实践及国外经验的基础上，提出当前我国排海治污的战略构想，在对其所需投入进行测算后与二级处理后排江进行了比较，从理论上和现实分析上说明了污水排海是我国当前治污的更加合理的选择。     

含油污水海洋处置的混合区范围界定探讨

本文建立深度平均二维对流扩散模型进行含油污水排海的浓度场数值模拟,根据各时刻的最高瞬时浓度,得出了远区混合区的范围.利用验证良好的水动力模型的计算结果,Cormix模型选择最小的潮流流速,计算了近区混合区范围,并在计算机控制的潮汐流动水槽中进行了系统的排污试验,计算结果与试验值符合性良好.结合远区和近区模型的模拟结果,最终确定了混合区的位置、范围,为含油污水排海工程的混合区范围确定提供了一种较为高效、实用的解决途径.     

我国环保科研课题的进展(五) 环境污染治理技术研究

水污染治理技术研究(二十三)烟台市污水排海工程研究研究内容1. 采用 DO-BOD 指标建立海湾水质模型;2. 排海方案优化决策研究;3. 污水排海工程可行性研究。(二十四)水产品加工有机废水排海工程可行性研究     

超标概率场在污水海洋鼾工程浓度场分析中的应用

以深圳市宝安污水海洋处置工程为背景，针对目前国内外进行放口近区研究存在的问题，提出了一套解决这些问题的方法，建立了一套详细的采用超标概率场，侵袭频率场分析时域法的计算结果的方法，通过输入排放口丰、枯水期大、小潮的监测数据，计算得出这４种状况下，排放污水产生的超标概率场和侵袭频率场，并得出了相应的结论。     

黑石礁湾潮交换的数值研究

采用欧拉－拉格朗日方法对黑石礁湾水交换能力进行了数值研究。根据理论分析，潮流速度场的剪变和潮流迟角的空间分布的不均匀性导致水质点在周期性潮流场中产生净漂移，从而引起相邻水体之间发生交换。数值计算结果表明，黑石礁湾的水体具有较强的交换能力，有利于湾内水体的更新。     

对我国城市污水海洋处置的思索

本文结合国内外污水海洋处置趋势分析，针对甸沿海社会经济和环境特征，阐述排海工程在保护近海环境方面的作用和意义。并就海洋自净能力，城市污水处理设施和排海工程的效益等问题进行了讨论，提出了完善近岸海域环境功能区划，开展海洋生态效应和污水海洋处置规划研究以及开拓资金渠道建议。     

浅谈大连港大窑湾地区生活污水深水近岸排海工程问题

本文就大连港大窑湾地区生活污水深水近岸排海工程问题做了全面论述。该工程方案充分利用海洋环境的自净能力,由陆上排水管网、一级污水处理设施、排海泵站、海上污水放流管及污水扩散器等组成完整的排污系统,具有环境、陆上、水下工程相结合的特点,是一种经济和有效的污水处理方法。     

污水排海工程的扩散器水力设计与模型试验研究

通过SZ36-1油田二期终端污水排海工程扩散器的水力设计，比较了扩散器的水力设计的两种计算方法，对水力计算中有关参数及局部阻力系数进行了选用，并通过模型试验进行了验证。表明所用计算方法及其结果是可信的，阻力系数的选取是合适的。     

An infrared method for plume rise visualization and measurement

An infrared video camera and recording system were used to record near source plume rise from a low turbine stack at an oil gathering center at Prudhoe Bay, AK. The system provided real-time, continuous visualization of the plume using a color monitor while the images were recorded with a standard video tape recorder. Following the field study, single frame images were digitized using a micro-computer video system. As part of the digitization, the plume centerline was determined as well as an isotherm of the plume outline. In this application, one frame from each 2-min period in the record was digitized. The results were used to calculate the variability in plume centerline during each hour. During strong winds with blowing snow, the mean plume rise for the hour at 15 m downwind was 6±2 m. The observed plume rise from the turbine stack was greater than that calculated using momentum-only or buoyancy-only plume rise models and only slightly larger than that estimated from combined momentum-buoyancy plume rise models.     

Building wake dispersion at an Arctic industrial site: Field tracer observations and plume model evaluations

Ten multi-hour atmospheric dispersion SF₆ tracer experiments were conducted during October and November of 1987 near a large oil gathering facility in the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, oilfield reservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate dispersion under arctic conditions and in situations where building-generated airflow disturbances dominate downwind distributions of ground level pollutant concentrations. This was accomplished with a network of micrometeorological instruments, portable syringe tracer samplers, continuous tracer analyzers, and infrared visualization of near source plume behavior.Atmospheric stability and wind speed profiles at this arctic site are influenced by the smooth (surface roughness = 0.03 cm), snow covered tundra surface which receives negligible levels of solar isolation in winter. The dispersion of pollutants emitted from sources within the oil gathering facility, however, is dominated by the influence of nearby buildings when high winds generate elevated ground level concentrations. An order of magnitude increase in maximum ground level concentration was observed as wind speeds increased from 5 to 8 m s⁻¹ and another order of magnitude increase was observed as winds increased from 8 to 16 m s⁻¹. Variation in maximum concentrations was also observed with changes in wind direction. Vertical plume diffusion (σ_z) near the buildings was a factor of 2–3 greater than that observed in open terrain and was dependent on both wind speed and the projected building width and location of nearby buildings. Wind tunnel tracer distributions for east winds agree with field observations but also indicate that a significant increase in plume downwash occurs with other wind directions. Concentration distributions were calculated using several versions of the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model. Model estimates of ground level concentrations were within a factor of three depending on wind direction. The model predictions are extremely sensitive to the ratio of plume height to vertical plume diffusion which is significantly influenced by a complex aerodynamic wake in the field.     

CALPUFF在大气预测及环境容量核算中的应用

文章简要介绍了CALPUFF模型的组成结构、模型原理和使用方法,以大亚湾区近期规划环评为例,对处于规划指定产业规模下的大亚湾区进行了污染物扩散浓度场模拟的应用,并以此为基础,对使用A值法估算的区域大气环境容量进行核算.使用CALPUFF模型对环境容量进行核算,可以清晰地反映出规划污染源布局、地形特征、大气稳定度、对流条...     

辽东湾沿岸贝类和环境中的粪大肠菌和细菌总数

对辽东湾沿岸海域几种主要经济贝类体内及其生存环境中的粪大肠菌群和细菌总数进行了调查与研究。结果表明,贝类中粪大肠菌群超标率为53.8%;表层海水中超标率为46.2%;表层沉积物中超标率为12.5%。各种样品中细菌总数的检出结果也表明,该沿岸海域环境和贝类受到了一定的有机污染影响。     

溢油应急系统中的潮流快速预报

本文针对海上溢油动态预报可视系统中潮流场的预报提供了一种简便、快捷的预报方法。首先按潮流数值模拟计算出连续１５个周日各网格结点处整点时刻潮流的东、北分量、进而求出各结点的潮流调和常数。在溢油预报时，可用此调和常数迅速算出实时潮流场而不必进行数值计算，提高预报实效。经辽东湾海区试用表明，该方法可靠，快捷，特别适用于微机预报系统。     

辽东湾沿岸水域甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布

报道了2002年辽东湾3个沿岸海域表层海水中甲肝病毒和粪大肠菌群分布的检测结果。结果显示,5月份表层海水 中没有检出甲肝病毒,粪大肠菌群也符合卫生标准;8月份和10月份表层海水中的甲肝病毒loo％呈阳性,粪大肠菌群均超标。 结果表明,粪大肠菌群指示海水中肠道病毒污染程度仍具有很大程度的可靠性。     

核电站气载放射性流出物环境辐射剂量计算

计算大亚湾核电站正常工况下气载放射性流出物对80km的大气环境防护距离内的公众所致辐射剂量。根据大亚湾核电站2001年气载放射性流出物排放量,逐时观测气象数据及相关参数,选用修正的高斯烟羽模型和美国核管会导则1.109的食物链模型,运用美国橡树岭国家实验室编制的AIRDOS-EPA程序,程序经修改后适合于中国核设施的计算。计算得到2001年大亚湾核电站气态放射性流出物对周边80km范围内的公众所致的年均集体剂量为4.722E-3人·希,最大个人有效剂量为1.362E-8希。结果表明,2001年大亚湾核电站正常工况下,气载放射性流出物对周围公众造成的剂量当量远低于国家标准,对周边地区居民健康几乎没有影响。     

卡尔曼滤波方法在地下水污染源反演中的应用

采用卡尔曼滤波方法反演识别地下水污染源的个数和大概位置.借助一个假想算例,建立地下水系统水流和溶质运移模拟模型,利用灵敏度分析方法筛选出对模拟结果影响最大的参数作为随机变量,对该参数进行抽样,运用蒙特卡罗方法将抽样结果输入模拟模型,生成污染质浓度场.采用卡尔曼滤波方法构造迭代过程,逐个利用采样点处浓度的实测值不断更新综合浓度场.引入模糊集理论表示污染羽,对比综合污染羽和单个污染羽的模糊集来更新各潜在污染源的权重,根据潜在污染源权重大小和综合污染羽收敛形状判断真实污染源的个数和大概位置.算例结果表明：采用卡尔曼滤波方法可以成功反演识别出地下水污染中真实污染源的准确个数和大概位置;引入模糊集理论表示污染羽,通过对比综合污染羽和单个污染羽的模糊集,可以确定各潜在污染源的权重.     

A computational model for the rise and dispersion of wind-blown,buoyancy-driven plumes—I. Neutrally stratified atmosphere

A multi-dimensional computational model for the rise and dispersion of a wind-blown, buoyancy-driven plume in a calm, neutrally stratified atmosphere is presented. Lagrangian numerical techniques, based on the extension of the vortex method to variable density flows, are used to solve the governing equations. The plume rise trajectory and the dispersion of its material in the crosswind plane are predicted. It is found that the computed trajectory agrees well with the two-thirds power law of a buoyancy-dominated plume, modified to include the effect of the initial plume size. The effect of small-scale atmospheric turbulence, modeled in terms of eddy viscosity, on the plume trajectory is found to be negligible. For all values of buoyancy Reynolds number, the plume cross-section exhibits a kidney-shaped pattern, as observed in laboratory and field experiments. This pattern is due to the formation of two counter-rotating vortices which develop as baroclinically generated vorticity rolls up on both sides of the plume cross-section. Results show that the plume rise can be described in terms of three distinct stages: a short acceleration stage, a long double-vortex stage, and a breakup stage. The induced velocity field and engulfment are dominated by the two large vortices. The effect of a flat terrain on the plume trajectory and dispersion is found to be very small. The equivalent radii of plumes with different initial cross-sectional aspect ratios increase at almost the same rate. A large aspect-ratio plume rises slower initially and then catches up with smaller aspect-ratio plumes in the breakup stage. The Boussinesq approximation is found to be valid if the ratio of the density perturation to the reference density is less than 0.1.