氧化石墨烯/Fe_3O_4磁性纳米材料固定辣根过氧化物酶及其降解酚类物质

以原位沉淀法制备的氧化石墨烯/Fe3O4磁性纳米复合颗粒为固定化载体,1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐为交联剂,成功固载了辣根过氧化物酶。探讨了固定化条件对辣根过氧化酶活性的影响以及固定化酶的理化性质,实验结果表明,固定化最佳pH为6、温度为30℃、时间为11 h、交联剂浓度为1 mg/L。与游离酶相比,固定化酶具有良好的pH稳定性和热稳定性。最后将固定化酶用于降解水中的苯酚和2,4-二氯酚,并考察了固定化酶的重复利用性。     

胶原纤维固定酿酒酵母BOD传感器性能及应用

金属离子改性胶原纤维是一种新型细胞固定化材料,将其作为微生物固定化载体用于传感器可增加固定微生物数量并较好保持微生物活性。以金属离子锆(Zr)改性胶原纤维(ZICF)固定化酿酒酵母为响应元件制备BOD微生物传感器,考察不同温度、pH、NaCl浓度和固定化酿酒酵母用量对传感器性能的影响。结果显示,传感器在29℃、pH 6.0、NaCl浓度3.5%、400 mg固定化酿酒酵母时性能较佳;该条件下其BOD线性响应范围为2~200 mg/L,响应时间2~9min。固定化酿酒酵母用于传感器可连续使用200次以上,稳定使用42 d以上,于4℃保存7个月经活化后仍保持较好活性。OECD拟合废水较GGA标准溶液更适于作为传感器的标准溶液;测定单纯有机物质、河水及模拟海水时,本传感器法与标准BOD5法所测结果呈现出良好的相关性。     

沙雷氏苯酚降解菌固定化条件优化及降解性能研究

从首都钢铁集团焦化厂曝气池中的活性污泥中分离出一株沙雷氏菌属,利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-卡拉胶混合载体对该菌种进行固定化,并对实际焦化废水进行降解。结果表明:(1)以PVA为包埋材料,添加卡拉胶为辅助载体后,使得固定化苯酚降解菌小球在制备过程中不易出现凝集的现象,易于操作,固定化苯酚降解菌小球颗粒综合性能有所提高。(2)最佳的固定化条件:PVA质量分数为8%,卡拉胶质量分数为0.5%,KCl为0.4mol/L,菌体化包埋比(菌液和混合载体的体积比)为1.0∶5.0,固定化时间为24h。新制备的固定化苯酚降解菌在使用前需进行活化,以提高降解性能。(3)在焦化废水的实际降解中,固定化苯酚降解菌的降解性能明显优于游离苯酚降解菌,固定化的载体对固定于其中的菌种起到了保护作用。     

芦苇生物炭复合载体固定化微生物去除水中氨氮

为了去除水体中的氮素并实现水生植物的有效利用,以芦苇生物炭为无机载体,结合海藻酸钠(SA)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为复合载体,固定驯化后的硝化污泥制成固定化颗粒,去除水中氨氮。通过考察固定化颗粒机械强度、酸碱稳定性及传质性能,探究了生物炭添加量及生物炭粒径对固定化颗粒降解氨氮性能的影响。结果表明,芦苇生物炭有丰富的孔结构,表面含有较多的含氧官能团和胺基、磺酸基、羧基和酰胺基等基团,从而具有良好的吸附性能以及较强的酸碱缓冲能力,有利于微生物的黏附和增殖。以添加芦苇生物炭作为复合载体,固定化颗粒的破损率降低了2.4%,酸碱稳定性和传质性分别提升12.5%和55.8%;在72 h内,可以使氨氮降解率达到96.3%。此外,不同粒径生物炭的固定化颗粒对氨氮的吸附量有显著影响,随着生物炭粒径从0.60 mm减小至0.15 mm,氨氮的最大吸附量可以从0.30 mg·g~(-1)增加到0.46 mg·g~(-1)。因此,在固定化微生物的载体中添加生物炭,可以提升固定化颗粒性能,打通微孔孔道从而有利于基质的运输和扩散;同时减小生物炭粒径,为微生物提供更多的吸附位点,从而显著提高固定化微生物对氨氮的降解能力。     

微生物复合固定化颗粒特征分析及去除河水氨氮效果的研究

以炉渣和改性玉米芯2种基质作为吸附材料,海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)2种包埋剂为基本骨架,微生物为降解主体,制备得到微生物复合固定化颗粒,并分析了颗粒的物理特征、活性恢复方式、对河水中氨氮和其他氮素的去除效果。结果表明:添加不同吸附基质对固定化颗粒的影响不同;实际河水驯化是有效的活性恢复方式;微生物复合固定化颗粒反应24h后,河水中氨氮降至1mg/L以下,河水中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮和TN去除率均在90%左右,对河流中氮污染的治理有一定的意义。     

有机复合粘土颗粒处理乳化含油废水的研究

研究了有机凹凸棒石复合粘土颗粒吸附剂对乳化含油废水的处理及吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、振荡强度等因素对除油效果的影响.结果显示,在平衡浓度与吸附剂投加量之间符合Freundlich吸附等温式,平衡浓度与初始油浓度间符合Langmuir吸附等温式.对有机凹凸棒石复合粘土颗粒吸附剂与再生吸附剂、颗粒活性炭、未改性粘土进行了比较,发现有机复合粘土颗粒吸附剂对乳化含油废水的处理效果显著好于颗粒活性炭,并对此进行了解释.     

真菌漆酶在树脂D380上的固定及固定化漆酶的性质

为寻求一种廉价高效的漆酶固定化方法，以树脂D380为载体、戊二醛为交联剂，结合吸附法和交联法固定真菌漆酶，并研究固定化漆酶的性质。最优固定化条件：1g载体在20mL0．7％的戊二醛溶液中交联2h后，加入2mL稀释酶液和5mLpH为4的醋酸一醋酸钠缓冲溶液，在25℃下吸附反应6h，最终获得的酶活回收率为65．94％。固定化漆酶的最适温度为20℃，最适pH为4，在4℃下保存14d仍保持约80％的酶活力。自由漆酶和固定化漆酶的Km值分别为1．207mmol／L和1．616mmol／L，说明固定后漆酶对底物的亲和力有所下降。     

乳液电纺纤维膜固定化漆酶及其对水中酚类污染物的降解

为了提高漆酶在水体有机污染物控制中的实用性,以乳液电纺作为酶固定化方法,以电纺纤维膜作为载体制备固定化漆酶,考察并优化了纺丝电压、乳化剂和酶溶液添加量等因素对载漆酶电纺纤维膜形貌和酶学性能的影响。结果表明,在纺丝电压为12 k V、乳化剂F108添加量为10 wt%(相对于聚合物质量),漆酶溶液添加量为0.5 m L的最优条件下,所得电纺纤维膜固定化漆酶能保持78.6%的活性,且纤维呈壳-核结构,漆酶可以被成功包埋固定在电纺纤维的核部分,使漆酶具有良好的储存和操作稳定性。将固定化漆酶用于净化水中典型酚类污染物,结果表明,其对水中2,4-二氯酚、双酚A和三氯生的去除效率均高于75%;且得益于纤维膜对水中三氯生的强吸附作用,固定化漆酶对三氯生的降解率达到83.2%,甚至高于游离漆酶(74.3%)。乳液电纺纤维膜固定化漆酶在水中酚类污染物净化方面表现出良好的应用前景。     

固定化微生物技术及其处理废水机制的研究进展

固定化微生物技术利用物理或化学手段将具有特定生理功能的游离微生物固定于载体材料内部或表面,并加以有效利用。该技术具有微生物活性高、单位空间微生物密度高、耐受性好、抗冲击负荷能力强、处理效率高等优点,目前已被广泛应用于废水处理。综述了固定化载体、固定化方法、固定化装置,阐述了固定化微生物技术对废水中重金属、有机污染物及氨氮的去除机制,并展望了固定化微生物技术的发展趋势,为固定化微生物技术在废水领域的普遍应用提供了指导。     

改性聚丙烯酰胺固定化苯酚降解菌的研究

利用自制的改性聚丙烯酰胺为载体包埋苯酚降解菌,考查了该载体对细胞性能的影响,比较了4种固定化方法--改性聚丙烯酰胺法、聚丙烯酰胺法、海藻酸钙法和聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钙法包埋微生物细胞的优劣.实验结果表明,单体丙烯酰胺经改性后制得的改性聚丙烯酰胺对微生物细胞活性无影响.以其为载体固定苯酚降解菌,其细胞相对活性比聚丙烯酰胺法高出了42.4%;比海藻酸钙法高出了16.4%;比聚乙烯醇.海藻酸钙法高出了44.3%,表明改性聚丙烯酰胺包埋细胞更有利于细胞的增殖和活性恢复.重复应用实验表明,改性聚丙烯酰胺法得到的细胞凝胶,机械强度好,有弹性,可多次重复利用.改性聚丙烯酰胺作为细胞固定化载体其优点是交联速度快、聚合放热温度低、在侧链发生交联反应、抗水解能力强、无毒、凝胶寿命长.     

Comparison of commercial peroxidases for removing phenol from water solutions

This paper describes a comparison between horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and soybean peroxidase (SBP), the two most widely used commercial peroxidases for the removal of phenol from wastewater. Both enzymes achieve maximal removal efficiency in a neutral pH medium although they are still quite active in a pH range of between 6.0 and 8.0. The fact that both enzymes show similar phenol elimination levels at any temperature between 25 and 40 degrees C is also of interest. Studies were carried out in the absence and presence of different concentrations of a stabilisation additive, polyethylene glycol (PEG), in an attempt to optimise the phenol elimination procedure. The final choice of peroxidase will depend on the characteristics of the effluent, operational requirements and on economic considerations. Our findings show that HRP acts faster than SBP but is more susceptible to inactivation, although it is better protected by PEG. In consequence HRP will be the most suitable choice but the addition of a sufficient amount of PEG is critical.     

Coupled oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons by horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide

The oxidation capability of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) coupled oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons (o-xylene-d10 and naphthalene-d8) was investigated. Batch experiments were conducted using horseradish peroxidase prepared in potassium phosphate buffer in the presence of H2O2. The oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon was tested as a function of HRP at a fixed concentration of H2O2, and as a function of the concentration of H2O2 at a constant HRP activity (4000 units/ml). The mass removal of o-xylene-d10 and naphthalene-ds increased with increasing HRP enzymatic activity, and up to 54% and 51% of mass removal were observed for o-xylene-d10 and naphthalene-d8, respectively. Increasing the concentration of H2O2 resulted in increased mass removal of aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Chloroperoxidase-mediated transformation of highly halogenated monoaromatic compounds

Peroxidase transformations of widely distributed pollutants, tetra- and penta-chlorinated phenols and anilines, were studied using different peroxidases. Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago was able to transform tetra- and penta-chlorinated phenols and anilines, while horseradish peroxidase, lignin peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and versatile peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta were able only to transform the halogenated phenols. Chloroperoxidase showed a specific activity on pentachlorophenol two orders of magnitude higher than lignin peroxidase and horseradish peroxidase, and one order of magnitude higher than versatile peroxidase. The main product from peroxidase oxidation in all cases was a polymeric and insoluble material. The insolubilization of halogenated phenols and anilines permits their removal, reduces their bioavailability, and thus reduces their environmental impact. The other minor products from the enzymatic transformation of highly chlorinated compounds were determined by mass spectrometry. Tetrachloroquinone, dimers and trimers of halogenated compounds were also identified. Chloroperoxidase was able to halogenate tetrachloroaniline to form pentachloroaniline.     

Potential applications of immobilized bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidase in the removal of phenols from polluted water

The potential applications of immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase in the treatment of model wastewater contaminated with phenols have been investigated. The synthetic water was treated with soluble and immobilized enzyme preparations under various experimental conditions. Maximum removal of phenols was found in the buffers of pH values 5.0-6.0 and at 40 degrees C in the presence of 0.75 mM H(2)O(2). Fourteen different phenols were independently treated with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase in the buffer of pH 5.6 at 37 degrees C. Chlorinated phenols and native phenol were significantly removed while other substituted phenols were marginally removed by the treatment. Phloroglucinol and pyrogallol were recalcitrant to the action of bitter gourd peroxidase. Immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase preparation was capable of removing remarkably high percentage of phenols from the phenolic mixtures. Significantly higher level of total organic carbon was removed from the model wastewater containing individual phenol or complex mixture of phenols by immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase as compared to the soluble enzyme. 2,4-dichlorophenol and a phenolic mixture were also treated in a stirred batch reactor with fixed quantity of enzyme for longer duration. The soluble bitter gourd peroxidase ceased to function after 3h while the immobilized enzyme was active even after 6h of incubation with phenolic solutions.     

Impacts of horseradish peroxidase immobilization onto functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a biocatalyst for dye degradation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To enhance the dye removal efficiency by natural enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized onto amine-functionalized superparamagnetic iron...     

Comparison of the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and phenol from polluted water, by peroxidases from tomato hairy roots, and protective effect of polyethylene glycol

Multiple efforts have been directed towards optimized processes in which enzymes, like peroxidases, are used to remove phenolic compounds from polluted wastewater. Here we describe the use of peroxidase isoenzymes from tomato hairy roots, which were able to oxidise 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and phenol from aqueous solutions. This could be an interesting alternative for the removal of these compounds from contaminated sites. We used different enzyme fractions: total peroxidases (TP), ionically bound to cell wall peroxidases (IBP), basic (BP) and acidic peroxidases (AP). We analyzed the optimum conditions of removal, the effect of Polyethyleneglycol (PEG-3350) on the process and on the enzyme activities, to obtain the maximum efficiency. The optimal H2O2 concentrations for 2,4-DCP and phenol removal were 1 and 0.1mM, respectively. TP, IBP and BP showed better removal efficiencies than AP, for both contaminants. The addition of different concentrations (10-100mg l(-1)) of PEG-3350 to solutions containing 2,4-DCP showed no effect on the removal efficiencies of the isoenzymes. However, PEG (100mg l(-1)) increased the removal efficiency of phenol by BP and IBP fractions. On the other hand, peroxidase activities from BP and IBP fractions were 3 and 13 times higher, respectively, than those detected for the same fractions in phenol treated solutions without PEG. The protective effect of PEG, which depends on the contaminant as well as of the enzyme fraction used, would be important to improve the removal efficiency of phenol by some peroxidase isoenzymes.     

利用高炉水淬渣制作多孔吸声材料的研究

为了促进高炉炼铁水淬渣的二次利用,研究了以高炉炼铁水淬渣为原料,以硅微粉或水泥为粘结剂,采用压制成型方法制作的多孔吸声材料的吸声性能及力学性能。结果表明:用颗粒状的高炉炼铁水淬渣制作的多孔吸声材料具有良好的吸声性能,其平均吸声系数可以达到0.70以上;材料的抗压强度可以达到3.0 MPa以上。     

Removal of ammonia by biofilters: a study with flow-modified system and kinetics

The characteristics of ammonia removal by two types of biofilter (a standard biofilter with vertical gas flow and a modified biofilter with horizontal gas flow) were investigated. A mixture of organic materials such as compost, bark, and peat was used as the biofilter media based on the small-scale column test for media selection. Complete removal capacity, defined as the maximum inlet load of ammonia that was completely removed, was obtained. The modified biofilter showed complete removal up to 1.0 g N/kg dry material/day. However, the removal capacity of the standard biofilter started to deviate from complete removal around 0.4 g N/kg dry material/day, indicating that the modified biofilter system has higher removal efficiency than the standard upflow one. In kinetic analysis of the biological removal of ammonia in each biofilter system, the maximum removal rate, Vm, was 0.93 g N/kg dry material/day and the saturation constant, Ks, was 32.55 ppm in the standard biofilter. On the other hand, the values of Vm and Ks were 1.66 g N/kg dry material/day and 74.25 ppm, respectively, in the modified biofilter system.     

Phytoremediation of phenol using Vicia sativa L. plants and its antioxidative response

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a legume species with an extensive agricultural use. However, the phytoremediation potentiality of this species has not been sufficiently explored because little is known about its resistance to inorganic and organic pollutants. In the present work, phenol tolerance of common vetch was assayed at different stages of growth. Germination index and germination rate decreased only at high phenol concentrations (250 and 500 mg L(-1)), whereas 30-day-old plants were able to tolerate this pollutant, with high removal efficiencies. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase, increased significantly with the highest phenol concentration, whereas superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde, and H(2)O(2) levels remained unaltered. Besides, an increase in two basic isoforms of POD was observed in plants treated with phenol. The results suggested that common vetch has an efficient protection mechanism against phenol-induced oxidative damage. Moreover, it could tolerate and remove high phenol concentrations, avoiding serious phytotoxic effects. Thus, V. sativa could be considered an interesting tool in the field of phytoremediation.     

改性膨润土作为垃圾渗透液防渗层的实验研究

本文以天然钠基膨润土为原料，采用水溶液聚合法，在室温条件下，通过改性聚丙烯酰胺对膨润土进行直接插层改性，制备了一种新型聚丙烯酰胺改性膨润土防渗材料。以此防渗材料作为防渗层，选用沈阳大辛填埋场的垃圾渗透液为处理对象，在动态实验下，就其对实际垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物去除的有效性和控制垃圾渗滤液渗透的可行性进行研究。抗渗性能测试结果表明，改性膨润土防渗性能较好，渗透系数为1．0×10^-7cm/s，达到固体废物填埋场的防渗材料国家标准1．0×10^-7cm／s的使用要求。改性膨润土防渗层对COD、氨氮、重金属离子去除效果较好，吸附作用较强，COD和氨氮最大去除率分别达到81％和91％，TFe、Zn^2＋和TCr的最大去除率分别达到71％、58％和73％。实验结果验证了本研究所制备的改性膨润土防渗材料具有优良的抗渗、截污性能。