厦门市大气降尘中重金属形态分布及生物有效性

采集了2012年11月至2013年1月期间厦门市大气降尘样品,用改进的BCR四步连续提取法分析了12种重金属元素(Ba、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、Sr、V)的含量、赋存形态和生物有效性.结果显示,重金属元素四态含量之和均值(mg·kg~(-1))顺序为:Fe(43733)Zn(4495)Ti(2728)Ba(747)Mn(723)Cu(444.4)Sr(176)Cr(171)Pb(160)Ni(40.4)V(27.6)Co(11.2);Zn和Cu含量分别为我国土壤环境质量标准第二类标准限值(250和100 mg·kg~(-1))的18倍和4.4倍;除Fe、Ti、Ba、Cr和V外,大气降尘中其他元素生物有效态含量占有相当的比例(32.2%—88.6%).Zn、Sr主要以弱酸溶态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cu主要以可氧化态存在,其余元素主要以残渣态存在.大气降尘中重金属的平均生物有效性系数顺序为:Sr(0.87)Zn(0.85)Cu(0.80)Pb(0.67)Mn(0.50)Co(0.47)Ni(0.39)Ba(0.19)≈Cr(0.19)V(0.12)Fe(0.08)Ti(0.01),Ti、Fe、V、Cr和Ba为生物不可利用元素,Ni、Co、Mn和Pb为潜在生物可利用元素,Cu、Zn和Sr为生物可利用元素.     

贵州喀斯特山区植物营养元素含量特征

贵州喀斯特山区是我国乃至世界喀斯特分布面积最大的片区之一,由于其生态系统的脆弱性,加之人类活动的干扰,使得该区的植被退化较为严重。文章选择该区的12种主要植物作为研究对象,对其营养元素进行了研究。结果表明:>1000μg·g-1的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S,100～1000μg·g-1的元素有Fe、Mn、Al,10～100μg·g-1的元素有Zn、Sr,<10μg·g-1的元素为Cu、Mo,其中Mo含量最低,仅为0.17μg·g-1。这些元素中,Ca、P、K元素高于所报道的陆生植物的含量范围。元素含量特点是Ca>K>Mg型。N、P、K、Mg元素的频数分布为正态分布,Ca、Al、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Sr、S元素为对数正态分布。变异系数大于100%的元素有Al、Fe、Mn、Sr,变异系数小于60%的元素有N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu,其中Ca的变异系数最小,仅为11.8%。不同生境下相同植物的营养元素含量有较大的差异,石灰土上植物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Al、Cu、Mo元素含量要高于黄壤上植物的。元素间的相关分析表明:P和K、P和Cu、Al和Fe、Al和Zn、Fe和Zn元素具有显著相关关系;N和P、P和Mg、K和Al、K和Cu、Ca和Sr、S和Mo元素具有一般相关关系。     

不同地区何首乌无机元素含量的比较

采用ICP法测定了不同地区何首乌植物及其生境土壤中的15种元素(Al、B、Ba、Ca、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、P、Sr、Ti、Zn),分析比较了各种元素在不同地区何首乌体内和生境土壤中的分布规律及不同地区何首乌对无机元素的吸收富集能力.结果表明,不同地区何首乌和土壤中无机元素含量存在着显著差异,德庆、井冈山、靖西三地何首乌的Mn含量较高;不同地区何首乌对元素的富集系数无显著性差异,而何首乌对不同无机元素的富集系数则有显著差异,主要表现在对Ca、K、Mg、Sr的吸收富集能力较强.表6参14     

中国茶叶无机成份的多元素分析

本文采用ICP发射光谱法对中国产地不同的六种茶叶的无机成份进行了测定.讨论了中国茶叶无机成份的特性.其主成份元素(>100ppm)有K,P,ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Mn.少量成份元素(100ppm—10ppm)有Zn,Na,Ba,cu,Ti,Sr.微量成份元素(<10ppm)有Ni,Pb等.     

安徽宿州地区石灰岩-土壤元素迁移及质量评价

通过野外采样及室内分析测试,对宿州石灰岩土壤质量状况、成土作用过程中元素迁移规律及影响因素进行研究.结果表明,宿州地区石灰岩土壤P、Sr较缺乏,K、Ca、Fe、Mn和Cu含量丰富,S、Zn含量适中;在岩石-土壤作用过程中,Ca、Cu和Sr元素亏损,其他元素全部富集;主成分分析提取4个主成分,解释累计总方差77.03%,其中元素Si、Zr、Ca、Ti、Al、K、Mn主要受控于自身化学行为(PC1);Rb、Fe、V、Th、Cr主要受区域环境影响(PC2);PC3和PC4分别对元素Pb、Sr、As和Cu、Zn有较高的贡献,暗示此两种因素为后期人类活动.     

X-射线荧光光谱测定人发中微量元素锌、铜、铁、钙、钛、锰和锶

本文利用X射线荧光光谱仪,一次测定人发中Zn,Cu,Fe,Ca,Ti,Mn和Sr等七种元素.人工配制标样,回归法求取工作曲线常数,散射内标法校正基体效应.检出限低于人发微量元素的平均含量范围,准确度用国际人发标样NIES对比,结果令人满意.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

新疆博尔塔拉河湖流域土壤元素空间变异性及其影响因素

中国西北干旱区是典型的温带大陆性干旱气候区,随着人口增多、工农业的迅速发展,人类活动产生的污染物日愈增多,区域土壤环境安全受到威胁。为了解西北干旱区典型河湖流域表层土壤元素的空间变异性,利用经典统计学及地统计分析对博尔塔拉河湖流域地表40个采样点土壤样品中19种元素的空间变异特征及其影响因素进行分析,并通过富集系数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对重金属潜在生态风险进行评价。博尔塔拉河流域表层土壤样品中Ba、Mn、V、Pb、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu等元素含量平均值均低于新疆表层土壤元素背景值,其他元素含量平均值均偏高。通过系统聚类分析,可将19种元素分为二组:第一组元素主要包括Al、K、Be、Fe、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Ti、Ba、P、Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni等元素,其中Al、K、Be、Fe、Co、Cr、Mn、V、Ti、Ba等元素为第一亚组,元素P单独为第二亚组,重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni为第3亚组;第2组元素为Ca、Sr、Mg和Na,其中,Ca、Sr、Mg等表生环境中地球化学性质较为活跃的元素为第四亚组,Na单独为第五亚组。地统计学分析表明,Al、Fe、K、Ti、Ba、Be、Mn、V、Ti、Ba等稳定性元素表现为中等或较强的空间自相关。元素P和重金属元素Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu由于受到局部随机因素如耕作施肥、交通、工农业生产等小尺度因素影响,空间结构较为复杂,但整体上还没有破坏区域原有的空间格局。Ca、Mg、Sr在表生环境中地球化学活性较强,除受区域整体自然环境的控制外,还容易受人为耕作、径流等因素的影响导致空间结构性较差。Na由于受到区域自然环境变化和人为耕作的影响,空间结构性较差。最后通过富集系数计算得出研究区Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V和Zn等7种重金属的富集系数平均值均低于1.5,表明虽然受到人为活动影响,但富集程度较低。Hakanson潜在生态风险指数分析表明,7种重金属的riE值范围在0.8~25.7之间,平均值均小于5,为轻微污染风险。综合生态风险指数RI值表明博河流域表层土壤中重金属总体处于轻微污染风险水平,但局部采样点仍然存在中等生态风险程度。     

冀北山地山杨桦木林生态系统水化学特征研究

降水是森林生态系统的一个主要的养分输入源,观测并分析降水化学对于准确地估算森林生态系统养分循环的养分元素浓度与量显得极为重要。对冀北山地山杨桦木林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Zn共6种养分元素进行了测定。结果表明：（1）大气降水经过林冠层后其水化学特征明显发生了变化,化学元素含量均有不同程度增加,化学元素含量排序为Ca〉K〉Mg〉Fe〉Mn〉Zn,其中Mn元素的增长倍数最多。树干径流各项指标均增长很多,化学元素含量排序为K〉Ca〉Mg〉Fe〉Mn〉Zn。枯落物水中K和Ca元素浓度增加最大。（2）大气降雨中Zn的变异系数最大,达2.853;K和Ca元素的变异系数最小,为0.158、0.163。穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中最大变异系数分别为Mn元素0.717、Zn元素为1.588、Fe元素为0.553。（3）经过淋洗后水样中各元素的浓度均有所增加,穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中K、Ca增加较多,Fe、Zn的淋溶量较少。     

广西热带亚热带典型森林岩溶区土壤-植物系统元素分布特征

对广西热带亚热带典型岩溶区土壤-植物系统13种元素分布特征及相关性进行了研究.结果表明:与非岩溶区植物相比,岩溶植物Ca、Al含量比较高,Na、Fe、Mn、Si、K、P的含量较低.植物体内元素的分布特点是:叶>茎>根;石灰土更易富集Fe、P、K、Cu、Zn和Co.大多数土壤元素含量随纬度的降低而降低,Fe和Zn表现较为明显,而Mn和Si在热带较中亚热带的更易淋失.土壤中与Fe元素明显相关的元素最多,包括Mn、Zn、Co、S、Al,其相关性分别为Mn> Al > Co > Zn > S,其中,Fe与Mn、S呈负相关,与Zn、Co、Al呈正相关;植物中的Na、Fe、Si、P、Al与土壤中对应的元素相关性显著,呈正相关关系,主要体现在土壤的A层;植物对大量元素的吸收强于对微量元素的吸收,其中,对Mn的吸收能力最强(8229.38%),主要集中在根部的Al(0.57%)和Fe(0.0049%)的吸收能力最小.     

Löwenzahn Taraxacum officinale Web. als (städtischer) Bioindikator

Investigations of the dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Web. in Poland, Romania and Germany showed that the species concentrates various elements dependent on the intensity of the pollutants. In this study, we followed up the question of whether T. officinale enriches pollutants by the atmospheric deposition on the leaves or via the soil. Therefore, samples from at least 10 plants and a soil sample at 57 sample sites were collected from a grid of 500 m × 500 m. In addition to the analysis of the total soil sample, the (mobile) ion pool of the soil (DIN V 19739) was analysed. The elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Rb, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn were determined through the use of spectrometry with inductive coupled plasma (ICP-MS and ICP-OES). The results are compared with the element concentrations of washed and unwashed leaf samples in T. officinale. We could only find two direct correlations (Ti and Zn) between the element content, of the entire soil samples, but 14 correlations (As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Ga, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Rb, Ti, Tl und Zn) between the ion pool of the soil and the washed samples. The grid point data interpolation by ArcInfo showed a similar distribution pattern for the unwashed leaf elements Al, Ce, Fe, Ti and V (r≥0.75). The elements Al, Ce, Fe, Ti, and V are washed out at the same ratio. Thus, although the concentration of these elements were significantly reduced by the washing procedure, the correlations were not influenced. The admissibility of the grid point data interpolation for a distribution map of the town area was investigated, as well. It is shown that the element content varies with the land use (meadow, field, rural areas), the sampling point and the local pollutants. However, none of the discussed elements, Al, Ce, Fe, Ti, and V, is significantly influenced by the land use. The data allows one to make the conclusion that the elements of Al, Ce, Fe, Ti and V are dependent on the dry and wet deposition on the leaves of T. officinale. These elements are taken up not only by the roots, but also by the surface of the leaves. This is evident because there is no correlation between one of these elements in the leaves and the ion pool of the soil.     

Elemental concentrations in Jamaican peat

The peat of the Negril Morass in Western Jamaica was sampled at depths down to 7 m in directions parallel and perpendicular to the seashore, and the samples were analysed for Al, As, B, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, I, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ti, U and V by instrumental neutron activation analysis and by spectrophotometry. The peat is high in ash content, but the concentrations of most elements are below crustal abundances and therefore provide no evidence of nearby mineralisation. The elemental concentrations indicate that no particular environmental hazards are to expected from the use of this peat in electricity generation.     

Four-decade responses of soil trace elements to an aggrading old-field forest: B, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe

In the ancient and acidic Ultisol soils of the Southern Piedmont, USA, we studied changes in trace element biogeochemistry over four decades, a period during which formerly cultivated cotton fields were planted with pine seedlings that grew into mature forest stands. In 16 permanent plots, we estimated 40-year accumulations of trace elements in forest biomass and O horizons (between 1957 and 1997), and changes in bioavailable soil fractions indexed by extractions of 0.05 mol/L HCl and 0.2 mol/L acid ammonium oxalate (AAO). Element accumulations in 40-year tree biomass plus O horizons totaled 0.9, 2.9, 4.8, 49.6, and 501.3 kg/ha for Cu, B, Zn, Mn, and Fe, respectively. In response to this forest development, samples of the upper 0.6-m of mineral soil archived in 1962 and 1997 followed one of three patterns. (1) Extractable B and Mn were significantly depleted, by -4.1 and -57.7 kg/ha with AAO, depletions comparable to accumulations in biomass plus O horizons, 2.9 and 49.6 kg/ha, respectively. Tree uptake of B and Mn from mineral soil greatly outpaced resupplies from atmospheric deposition, mineral weathering, and deep-root uptake. (2) Extractable Zn and Cu changed little during forest growth, indicating that nutrient resupplies kept pace with accumulations by the aggrading forest. (3) Oxalate-extractable Fe increased substantially during forest growth, by 275.8 kg/ha, about 10-fold more than accumulations in tree biomass (28.7 kg/ha). The large increases in AAO-extractable Fe in surficial 0.35-m mineral soils were accompanied by substantial accretions of Fe in the forest's O horizon, by 473 kg/ha, amounts that dwarfed inputs via litterfall and canopy throughfall, indicating that forest Fe cycling is qualitatively different from that of other macro- and micronutrients. Bioturbation of surficial forest soil layers cannot account for these fractions and transformations of Fe, and we hypothesize that the secondary forest's large inputs of organic additions over four decades has fundamentally altered soil Fe oxides, potentially altering the bioavailability and retention of macro- and micronutrients, contaminants, and organic matter itself. The wide range of responses among the ecosystem's trace elements illustrates the great dynamics of the soil system over time scales of decades.     

A contribution to the distribution of some chemical elements inMolinia caerulea andEriophorum vaginatum during reinstatement of the Leegmoor,Emsland, FRG

The concentrations of Ag, Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn were determined by AES/ICP inMolinia caerulea andEriophorum vaginatum grown in the Leegmoor, which is in reinstatement. In the soil substrate analytical detection limits were obtained for Ag, Co, Li, Mo and Rb and additionally for Al, Be, Cd, Cr, La, Li, Ni, Pb, Ti and V in plants. Compared with mineral soils, the concentration of elements in peat is low. The elements K and P were enriched byMolinia caerulea andEriophorum vaginatum, and in addition Mn and Zn byEriophorum vaginatum. Altogether the ability of accumulation essential elements seem to be more efficient byEriophorum vaginatumthan byMolinia caerulea, which can be an ecophysiological advantage on peats, whereMolinia caerulea is normally not distributed.     

太阳辐射减弱麦田根际土壤酶与有效微量元素的相关性分析

由于大气气溶胶浓度增加地表太阳辐射减弱地球变暗。采用遮光网模拟太阳辐射减弱,设置60%、40%、20%、15%、0%的遮光递度,大田种植冬小麦,测定了冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期根际土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶的活性以及根际土壤Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效微量元素的含量。采用相关性分析、通径分析和主成分分析等方法分析了太阳辐射减弱后土壤酶活性和土壤有效微量元素的相关性。结果显示,太阳辐射减弱,降低了小麦根际有效Fe、Zn和Mn的含量以及脲酶活性。有效Cu元素除了孕穗期有所增加外其它时期也均为降低。过氧化氢酶和转化酶的活性的变化没有明显规律性。太阳辐射减弱使得土壤过氧化氢酶活性与有效Fe、Zn极显著的正相关,脲酶与Zn也达显著水平。Zn和Fe对土壤酶的直接通径系数和间接通径系数都较大。太阳辐射减弱改变了土壤酶和微量元素在土壤肥力中的权重,最大肥力权重脲酶被过氧化氢酶所取代。结果表明,太阳辐射减弱影响了土壤根际有效微量元素含量和土壤酶的活性,提高了土壤酶和微量元素之间的相关性,反映土壤肥力微小变化的敏感土壤质量指标有一定的变化,脲酶的肥力权重降低,过氧化氢酶的肥力权重增加。     

Reconnaissance soil geochemical survey of Gibraltar

The extreme density of population of Gibraltar, situated at the southern tip of Spain, exerts considerable pressure on land use and thus future planning is of utmost importance. An initial reconnaissance soil geochemical survey of Gibraltar was based on 120 surface samples (0–15 cm) taken from a wide range of exposed, either bare soil or vegetated sites, to provide the optimum geographical distribution. The total elemental concentrations of 26 elements (Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, La, Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb, P, S, As) were determined by nitric/percholric acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis. The reconnaissance data shows that the spatial distribution of various elements depended on previous and present land use. Most elements (Ca, Cr, Mg and Mn excluded) exhibited relatively high concentrations in civilian and natural soils. Trends have been established for many elements, and concentrations exceeding guideline values have been found in certain areas of Gibraltar. This reconnaissance of Gibraltar is at present being followed by a more detailed baseline geochemical survey, which will establish the extent and magnitude of the variations in major and trace elements in soils and dusts, assess the impact of industrial, commercial and urban development on the geochemical landscape and to make recommendations concerning sustainable development.     

福建丰产荔枝园土壤微量元素含量的研究

与我国红壤平均水平相比，福建丰产荔枝园土壤有效态锌、钼及水溶态硼含量较高，而活性锰及有效铜含量较低；土壤全锌、锰、钢量亦较低。在土壤ｐＨ４．５４—８．７６时，ｐＨ值与有效态钼含量呈较显著正相关，而与代换态锰、水溶态硼、有效态铁含量呈显著或极显著负相关。本文初步提出福建荔枝园土壤微量元素含量的适宜指标，可供土壤营养诊断及平衡施肥之参考。     

Detection of elements and radioactivity in pellets from long-eared owls (Asio otus) inhabiting the city of Belgrade (Serbia)

In this study, we analysed pellets from long-eared owls (Asio otus) collected from four localities in Belgrade (Serbia). The pellets contained the remains of prey, namely voles (Arvicola terrestris) and field mice (Apodemus agrarius). The concentrations of 14 elements (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Sr, Ba, Mn, Ti, Cu, Si, B) were evaluated in whole pellets and in samples containing only bone tissue, which were dissected from the whole pellet. The increased levels of certain elements, including Mn, Zn, Ba, Cu and radioactive ⁴⁰K, indicate contamination of the soil by various sources, such as industrial plants and agricultural practices. From the results presented in this article, we suggest that the analysis of owl pellets may indicate the quality of the local environment.     

An exploratory study with the proton microprobe of the ontogenetic distribution of 16 elements in the shell of living oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

Study of the chemical composition of shell of exoskeletonous organisms in the past has required the sacrifice of the organism. Because the beam of the proton microprobe is relatively nondestructive and analyzes the surface layer of the shell, organisms do not have to be killed. The present paper presents results of a preliminary experiment in which distribution of elements (Na to Sr) in shell of living juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), was studied in situ with a proton microprobe at monthly intervals for four months. The relative concentration of 16 elements was measured in the newly deposited prismatic edge of the right valve of three oysters reared in controlled laboratory conditions. Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, and Sr were detected in concentrations as low as a few parts per million relative to the concentration of standards added to pure CaCO₃. Concentration of elements varied nominally among shells of the three individual oysters and in their successive ontogenetic stages. Fluctuations in concentration of Na, Mg, S, Cl, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were generally similar in the two normally growing oysters, but differed from those in the oyster that stopped growing. Trends in concentration of Al, Si, and Sr were similar in the three oysters: those of Br were variable. Relative concentrations of Na, Cl, S, Mn, Fe, and Zn increased slightly with age of oysters, that of the other elements stayed relatively constant. Concentration of most elements was higher in shell than in seawater. Variable concentrations, especially of Na, Cl, and Si in valve edges, tend to support the hypothesis of earlier workers that separate mineral phases are present as impurities entrapped within the shell during calcification.