2000—2013年东北三省城乡居民膳食水足迹研究

研究居民膳食水足迹消耗对区域水资源保护具有重要意义。通过对2000—2013年我国东北三省城乡居民膳食水足迹量化,探讨了东北三省城乡居民膳食水足迹时空变化特征及城乡差异。结果表明,东北三省城镇居民年人均膳食水足迹呈上升趋势,农村则有下降势头;城镇居民肉类和油脂类水足迹所占比重较大,而农村居民粮食水足迹则占绝对比重,且城乡均呈现出粮食水足迹比重缓慢下降、油脂和肉类略有上升的趋势;城乡居民膳食水足迹空间布局为"中高、北低",哈尔滨市达最大值。     

河南省2006-2012年居民虚拟水消费计算与分析

以虚拟水计算为基础,计算了2006-2012年河南省城乡居民在饮食方面的人均虚拟水消费量和年虚拟水消费量.结果显示,河南省城市人均虚拟水消费量远高于农村,这主要是由于收入差距造成的;农村虚拟水总量远高于城市,这是由于人口总数造成的.在此基础上,深入分析了河南省城市与农村各收入阶层的人均虚拟水消费量差异,计算了虚拟水消费多样性指数多年变化.结果显示,城市各收入阶层虚拟水消费量总体变化不大,农村各收入阶层虚拟水消费多样性指数呈下降趋势,城市与农村虚拟水消费量均随收入增长而增加,城市与农村虚拟水消费多样性指数均随收入增长而变大.因此,应从缩小城乡差距、改善消费模式和控制人口等方面做到减少虚拟水消费量.     

水资源短缺的有效解决途径——虚拟水战略

针对中国水资源利用现状，系统论述了水足迹、虚拟水以及虚拟水战略的概念和内涵。通过水足迹来揭示人类对水资源的实际需求和占用，介绍了虚拟水战略的研究展望及存在的不足，通过应用虚拟水战略可以缓解水资源短缺现状，保证水资源与人口、耕地的地域组合均衡。     

水足迹分析理论与方法

水资源危机已成为全球可持续发展的一个日益突出的问题。为创新水资源问题的研究思路和完善水资源管理,引进了国际水资源领域较先进的水足迹分析法,系统地介绍了水足迹分析法的基本理论和计算方法,并计算了世界20个国家和地区的水足迹。结果表明,大部分国家水足迹过高、水资源压力过大,虚拟水贸易增加、水进口依赖明显。最后分析了产生高水足迹的原因,提出了降低水足迹的措施,并对该方法及其应用前景进行了评价。     

虚拟水视角下居民消费特征分析——2006-2012年河南省与甘肃省的比较

21世纪人类面临的最为严峻的现实问题之一是水资源危机,如何在迅速变革的世界中实现水资源安全迫在眉睫.人口增长、经济发展和生活方式改变,使水资源更加紧张,实际上造成这种情况的主要原因各个地区有所不同.通过计算与比较中部河南省、西部甘肃省典型地区2006-2012年城镇各收入群体虚拟水消费量,分析了地区间虚拟水消费的特征与差异性,并通过收入群组的虚拟水消费多样性指数与虚拟消费掠夺现象分析,初步揭示了通过调整消费模式,实施地区内部与区域间虚拟水战略,实现趋向可持续性消费模式的空间与潜力.     

吉林省玉米虚拟水地域分异研究

虚拟水是解决水资源短缺和水资源安全的新概念,已成为国际水资源研究的新动向.通过对吉林省48个县（市、区）1998-2010年玉米虚拟水含量的计算,分析和探讨了其时空分异特征.吉林省1998-2010年玉米虚拟水总量呈波动趋势,2010年达最大值.各县（市、区）玉米虚拟水含量差别较大,中部地区玉米虚拟水含量较低,东部和西部地区玉米虚拟水含量较高.梨树县玉米虚拟水含量明显低于其他县（市、区）,玉米种植耗水量最小;白城市市辖区玉米虚拟水含量最高,玉米种植耗水量最大.     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

虚拟水在我国水资源管理领域的应用和探讨

虚拟水以其形象的表达和丰富的内涵,成为2000年以后全球水科学研究领域的热点,被广泛认为是深入研究水资源管理的重要概念,也是衡量人类对水资源系统真实占有量的有效工具。文章系统介绍了虚拟水的基本概念,并对其目前在我国水资源管理领域的应用做了系统性的阐述和探讨。     

基于水资源承载力的内蒙古虚拟水贸易研究

运用水资源生态足迹公式对内蒙古自治区2007—2012年的水资源状况进行分析,得出内蒙古一直处于生态赤字状态,并在过度消耗地下水资源。通过联合国粮农组织推荐的CROPWAT软件计算内蒙古2011年主要农畜产品的虚拟水含量,发现内蒙古的支柱产业都是虚拟水消耗较大的产品,农牧产品贸易也随着大量的虚拟水流出。基于内蒙古虚拟水贸易存在的问题,提出单位产值虚拟水消耗的概念,从经济和虚拟水的整体出发寻找解决水资源紧缺的合理方法,实现内蒙古经济的可持续发展。     

水资源生态足迹分析——以安康市为例

根据生态足迹分析方法,建立了水资源生态足迹概念模型,确定了计算水资源帐户生态足迹所需的3个关键参数,即平均水资源产量、均衡因子和地区产量因子,计算了安康市1996—2007年水资源生态足迹和生态承载力。引入水资源生态足迹压力指数、万元GDP水资源生态足迹、累积水资源生态足迹等指标,利用水足迹模型评价水资源可持续发展程度的全面性和对比性。结果表明,计算结果可客观评价安康市水资源可持续发展与利用情况,为地区水资源的可持续利用与管理提供了科学的依据。     

Water Footprint of 65 Mid‐ to Large‐Sized U.S. Cities and Their Metropolitan Areas

Conventional indicators of water use for urban areas account primarily for direct water use. In contrast, our objective here is to employ the water footprint (WF) concept and methodology to include the virtual or indirect water use to assess the production‐side and consumption‐side WF of 65 United States (U.S.) cities. The 65 cities include the largest metropolitan areas and some of the major mid‐sized cities in the U.S. We use metropolitan areas to define our city boundaries as this is the native spatial resolution of the main datasets used. To estimate the urban WFs, we integrated large and disparate datasets, including commodity flow (agricultural, livestock, and industrial commodities), water use, and socioeconomic data. By analyzing the estimated WF values, we found indirect water use accounts on average for 66% of the WF of consumption. We found some cities are net virtual water exporters (11 of 65) because they rely heavily on direct water uses or are heavy producers of industrial commodities. Also, WF patterns vary widely across the U.S. but regional patterns seem to emerge. For example, the dense cities of the U.S. northeast megaregion have a significantly low per capita WF relative to the other cities, while cities in the Gulf Coast megaregion have a significantly higher industrial WF of production and consumption. Furthermore, there is inequality in the WF of consumption where a few cities account for a disproportionate share of the total U.S. urban water uses.     

Water Footprint of the Palestinians in the West Bank1

Abstract: Water in the West Bank of Palestine is a key issue due to its limited availability. Water is used from own sources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Moreover, water is consumed in its virtual form through consumption of imported goods, such as crops and livestock, the production of which used water in the country of production. In addition, wastewater in many parts of the West Bank is disposed off without treatment into the wadis, deteriorating the quality of the water resources in the area and, therefore, further reducing the quantity of good quality water available. This paper calculates the water footprint for the West Bank. The consumption component of the water footprint of the West Bank was found to be 2,791 million m³/year. Approximately 52% of this is virtual water consumed through imported goods. The West Bank per capita consumption component of the water footprint was found to be 1,116 m³/cap/year, while the global average is 1,243 m³/cap/year. Out of this number 50 m³/cap/year was withdrawn from water resources available in the area. Only 16 m³/cap/year (1.4%) was used for domestic purposes. This number is extremely low and only 28% of the global average and 21% of the Israeli domestic water use. The contamination component of the water footprint was not quantified but was believed to be many times larger than the consumption component. According to the official definition of water scarcity, the West Bank is suffering from a severe water scarcity. Therefore, there is a need for a completely new approach towards water management in the West Bank, whereby return flows are viewed as a resource and that is geared towards a conservation oriented approach of “use, treat, and reuse.”     

水资源足迹计算模型研究——以南京市为例

在生态足迹理论的基础上探讨了水资源足迹的概念。基于水资源生产力，推导出水资源足迹和水资源承载力的计算公式，用水资源赤字和水资源盈余来衡量水资源利用的可持续性。以南京市为例进行模型实证研究，计算了2003～2007年南京市水资源足迹和水资源承载力，结果表明南京市水资源足迹增长明显，水资源承载力总体平稳，赤字从2004—2007年呈指数增长趋势。实证研究表明模型结果可以在一定程度上衡量生产消费对水资源的影响。     

Quantifying the influence of environmental and water conservation attitudes on household end use water consumption

Within the research field of urban water demand management, understanding the link between environmental and water conservation attitudes and observed end use water consumption has been limited. Through a mixed method research design incorporating field-based smart metering technology and questionnaire surveys, this paper reveals the relationship between environmental and water conservation attitudes and a domestic water end use break down for 132 detached households located in Gold Coast city, Australia. Using confirmatory factor analysis, attitudinal factors were developed and refined; households were then categorised based on these factors through cluster analysis technique. Results indicated that residents with very positive environmental and water conservation attitudes consumed significantly less water in total and across the behaviourally influenced end uses of shower, clothes washer, irrigation and tap, than those with moderately positive attitudinal concern. The paper concluded with implications for urban water demand management planning, policy and practice.     

川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

Residents’ Assessment of an Urban Outdoor Water Conservation Program in Guelph,Ontario1

Abstract: Many municipalities have implemented demand management of outdoor water use. Measures such as restrictions on lawn watering and promotion of xeriscaping are effective in reducing water demand during summer months, especially during dry spells. However, little research examines a key factor shaping the success of these programs: residents’ perceptions of and satisfaction with such conservation measures. This article describes an urban outdoor water conservation program in Guelph, Ontario, assesses that program from the perspective of residents, and explores socio‐economic, attitudinal and other factors associated with residents’ assessment of the program. A survey of Guelph residents revealed broad support for the program, which includes restrictions on various outdoor water uses and, under certain circumstances, a ban on lawn watering. However, there was much uncertainty among residents about the effectiveness of the program in reducing water use and the effectiveness of program enforcement. Key factors influencing residents’ assessment of the program were neighborhood, gender and environmental attitude. Implications for the design and implementation of outdoor water conservation programs are discussed, including the importance of better communication of information on program effectiveness and enforcement.     

基于碳足迹分析法的湖南省低碳发展研究

在阐述碳足迹概念及其影响因素的基础上,构建了碳足迹计算模型.运用湖南省各市州2005-2009年的相关数据进行实证研究,分析了碳足迹与人口数量、经济发展水平、产业结构、能源结构之间的关系,从低碳发展机制、能源结构、低碳生活方式、人才培养方面提出了推进湖南低碳发展的有效途径.