造纸工业漂白段污染的治理研究进展

简要介绍了造纸工业漂白工段地环境的污染问题，叙述了采用絮凝法、吸附法、膜分离法、好氧处理法、厌氧处理法、酶处理法及多种方法配合使用等途径来净化治理漂白废水的最新研究进展。认为要彻底治理漂白工段对环境的污染，需要从推广使用无、少污染制浆漂白技术和大力治理传统制浆漂白污染两方面入手。     

两种铝盐处理纸浆CEH漂白废水的混凝特性的研究

运用Ｚｅｔａ电位测定技术研究了聚合铝ＰＡＣ、聚硅铝ＰＳＡ两种不同形态铝盐对漂白废水絮凝反应特性，通过絮凝过程中Ｚｅｔａ电位及傅立叶红外光谱对原水及两种铝盐沉淀物进行了分析，结果表明：吸附架桥为其反应的主要机理，两种铝盐与漂白废水中污染物之间反应均以铝的羟基化合物与漂白废水中氯化木素氢键缔合的形式相结合     

含氯漂白废水在厌氧过程中脱氯机理的研究

厌氧法能有效地去除废水中的氯代有机物，通过GC－MS测试漂白废水厌氧处理过程中污染物组分的变化证实了厌氧过程中还原脱氯机制，而废水厌氧过程中产生的硫化物和pH值对厌氧过程中氯代有机物脱氯的影响，则证实厌氧过程中还存在亲核取代和碱性水解非生物脱氯机制。     

小纸厂废水污染防治技术

造纸工业废水共有蒸煮黑液、筛洗废水、漂白废水及纸机白水等4种废水，经测定：     

造纸废水的毒性研究

造纸工业是世界上六大污染工业之一。在纸浆漂白操作中相继使用氯、次氯酸盐、二氧化氯等漂白剂降解木素,排水中含大量的有机氯化物,具有很大的毒性。在硫酸盐法和亚硫酸盐法制浆造纸废水中含有较高的硫化物。该类废水在厌氧生物处理过程中,由于硫酸盐还原菌的作用,会产生大量的H2S。     

造纸废水的毒性研究

造纸工业是世界上六大污染工业之一.在纸浆漂白操作中相继使用氯、次氯酸盐、二氧化氯等漂白剂降解木素,排水中含大量的有机氯化物,具有很大的毒性.在硫酸盐法和亚硫酸盐法制浆造纸废水中含有较高的硫化物.该类废水在厌氧生物处理过程中,由于硫酸盐还原茵的作用,会产生大量的H2S.     

絮凝法处理纸浆漂白废水的研究

研究了无机絮凝剂ＰＡＣ，ＰＳＡ，ＰＥＳ，ＭｇＣｌ２，ＣａＯ及其与有机高分子絮凝剂ＣＧＡ复全使用对两种不同工艺漂白废水的混凝处理特性，结果表明，水质１ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＡＯＸ去除率分别为６３．２％，４５．３％，水质２ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＡＯＸ去除率达７３．１￥％，５３．４％。化钙与碳酸钠具有相同的降解ＡＯＸ能力，硫离子在中性ｐＨ条件下可显著提高ＡＯＸ的去除率。     

CEH3段漂白废水的毒性研究

采用发光细菌法对某造纸厂的漂白废水(CEH3段)进行了毒性研究,其中C段废水的毒性最大,其EC50为24.67属于强毒级别;E段、H段以及CEH混合废水的EC50分别为94.10%、98.39%、53.79%,分别属于微毒、微毒、毒性级别;C毒性排放负荷约占废水总毒性排放负荷的78%左右。实验结果表明,漂白废水的毒性排放负荷较大,纸浆废水的TEF(毒性排放因子)约为106.52TU·m3/t,相当于每吨纸浆含10.65gHgCl2的毒性,故对其治理不容忽视。     

微库仑法测定制浆造纸漂白废水的AOX研究

介绍Multi X2500总有机卤素分析仪对制浆造纸漂白废水中可吸附有机卤素(AOX)的测定;水样用硝酸调pH ＜2后,以双根活性炭玻璃填充柱法或振荡法进行吸附;将吸附有机物的活性炭在氧气流中燃烧热解、用微库仑法测定其卤化氢.试验结果显示,双根活性炭玻璃填充柱吸附法优于振荡吸附法.纯水中不同含氯量的加标实验平均回收率为86.0％～ 108％,实际水样加标实验回收率为86.3％～ 107％.     

AOX漂白废水对黑鲷鱼卵及仔鱼的毒性效应

用含AOX的造纸漂白废水对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和早期仔鱼进行了毒性实验.结果表明:对于AOX漂白废水的毒性,黑鲷鱼卵胚胎阶段比早期仔鱼阶段更为敏感.高浓度的AOX漂白废水对鱼卵孵化产生一定的抑制作用,对仔鱼产生尾部畸形和致死现象,鱼卵孵化的EC50和95%置信区间分别为0.018和0～0.087 mL/mL;仔鱼72 h LC50和96h LC50分别为0.557和0.774 mL/mL,72 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.032和0.001 mL/mL,96 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.003和0.001 mL/mL.表明仔鱼对AOX漂白废水的毒性敏感性随着时间的推移而逐渐减弱.      

Deployment of Trichoderma harzianum WL1 laccase in pulp bleaching and paper industry effluent treatment

The ability of Trichoderma harzianum WL1 crude laccase and the fungal system for the biobleaching of wastepaper pulp and treatment of paper industry effluent was investigated. Three different modes of treatment, enzyme, enzyme-alkali and enzyme-EDED were employed for the bleaching of wastepaper pulp. The process parameters such as treatment period, pulp consistency, temperature and enzyme charge had a great influence on the quality of paper pulp. The paper industry effluent was subjected to eight different treatments via. aerobic, anaerobic, fungal and combination of these treatments. Fungal followed by anaerobic treatment was found to be effective in paper industry effluent treatment.     

造纸漂白废水中多氯联苯的测定

介绍了造纸氯化漂白废水中痕量多氯联苯的测定方法,采用国产ＧＤＸ－５０１树脂进行富集,经素氏提取,浓硫酸洗涤和去活化的氧化铝－硝酸银硅胶层析柱净化后,用毛细管气相色谱法测定,实验结果表明,造纸氯化漂白废水中产生的ＰＣＢｓ为１０＾－９级,且以低氯取代产物为主,方法回收率在６０％以上。     

助剂在石灰法造纸中的应用

在造纸生产中应用助剂,可以把抄纸排水中原本泄漏掉的细小纸浆纤维回收并转化为产品.一方面削减了造纸废水中的污染负荷、减轻了水处理的压力,同时提高了纸品的质量和产量,给企业带来了显著的经济效益.因此,应该大力提倡在造纸生产中使用造纸助剂.     

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp by non-white-rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent (abbreviated as OBE) and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp (OKP) were conducted using a non-white rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 (abbreviated as Dec 1) which has ability to decolorize various synthetic dyes and molasses. Dec 1 decolorized up to 77% of OBE for 6 days. In addition, Dec 1 increased the brightness of OKP from 47.8% to 51.2% and decreased the kappa value of OKP from 12.4 to 10.4 points during a 6-day incubation period at a 25% of pulp-concentration. At 2% pulp-concentration, the brightness of OKP increased by 13% and the kappa value of OKP decreased by 4 points only for a 3-day incubation period. When the decolorized OBE was used for bleaching of OKP, the brightness of OKP increased to 62.7% under the shaking culture to a 2% pulp-concentration using culture fluid of decolorized OBE. It was revealed that Dec 1 is a potential to apply for decolorization of wastewater and biobleaching of pulp in paper-mills.     

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp by non-white-rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent (abbreviated as OBE) and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp (OKP) were conducted using a non-white rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 (abbreviated as Dec 1) which has ability to decolorize various synthetic dyes and molasses. Dec 1 decolorized up to 77% of OBE for 6 days. In addition, Dec 1 increased the brightness of OKP from 47.8% to 51.2% and decreased the kappa value of OKP from 12.4 to 10.4 points during a 6-day incubation period at a 25% of pulpconcentration. At 2% pulp-concentration, the brightness of OKP increased by 13% and the kappa value of OKP decreased by 4 points only for a 3-day incubation period. When the decolorized OBE was used for bleaching of OKP, the brightness of OKP increased to 62.7% under the shaking culture to a 2% pulp-concentration using culture fluid of decolorized OBE. It was revealed that Dec 1 is a potential to apply for decolorization of wastewater and biobleaching of pulp in paper-mills.     

Environmental impact assessment of total chlorine free pulp from Eucalyptus globulus in Spain

Pulp industry plays an important role in the structure of European economy and society. Paper pulp manufacture, the industrial utilization of plant biomass, is increasing every year. In Spain, Eucalyptus is the dominant raw material and the Kraft cooking and total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching processes lead the procedures of Eucalyptus paper pulp production. This paper aims to identify and quantify the environmental impacts associated to Eucalyptus TCF pulp manufacture by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an analytical tool. The system has been defined using a cradle-to-gate perspective, that is to say from forest activities to the exit gate of the pulp mill. The production of chemicals consumed in the cooking and bleaching stages as well as the on-site energy production system is the elements that contribute the most to all impact categories analyzed (more than 50% of total contributions), except for the eutrophication potential where forest activities and waste treatment play an important roles (about 52% of total). Specific actions associated to the recovery boiler, lime kiln and digestion stage could considerably reduce the environmental impact and improve the environmental performance of the Spanish paper pulp industry.     

纸浆造纸废水与城市污水厂进水混合处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺模拟污水厂活性污泥法处理纸浆造纸废水。试验结果表明,活性污泥法处理纸浆造纸废水效果良好,对NH3-N、TP、SS、COD以及BOD5的去除率分别达到99%,88%,99%,93%,97%。证明纸浆造纸废水与城市污水混合处理是可行的。     

造纸中段废水强氧化深度处理技术原理及应用

针对造纸废水的特点,应用水解酸化＋氧化沟生物处理＋强氧化深度处理的治理工艺对造纸中段废水进行处理。对实际运行效果的检测表明,经处理后的中段废水可达标排放,实现中段水的循环利用,具有较大的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益。