一种灾害性天气应急管理水平的评价方法——以杭州上城区为例

为考察政府的应急管理水平,保证防灾减灾工作的有效开展,本文提出灾害性天气应急管理水平评价的计算模型。通过选取15个影响应急管理水平的因素,分析其相互影响性,提出了权重的计算模型。以震害指数的概念为纽带,提出了灾害性天气应急管理能力评价的划分标准。结合平均震害指数形式,提出平均优劣度的概念。最后,结合专家问卷,给出了上城区的灾害性天气应急管理能力等级为良好,以及提升相应等级应该优先考虑的因素。     

灾害性天气如何注意驾车安全

近年来,我国私家车大幅度增加,市政建设尚待匹配,道路经常堵车,汽车交通事故时有发生。其原因之一是有些司机不太懂得在灾害性天气怎样安全驾驶汽车。     

城市高温灾害性天气影响分析与危害评估——以长春市为例

以长春市1951-2008年的气象资料为基础,分析了长春市高温灾害性天气的时空分布特征及气温变暖趋势,总结了长春市温度变化与城市人口数量、GDP及供电量之间的关系,最终建立了长春市高温灾害性天气影响及危害评估的指标体系。     

灾害性天气影响下的交通气象服务进展研究

详细研究了各种灾害性天气气候如何对高速公路的运输及安全造成影响,以及由这些恶劣天气引起的交通事故造成的人员伤亡和财产经济损失。研究了国内外的交通气象服务现状,通过分析比较的方法找到了我国交通气象服务存在的一些不足。对如何更好发展交通气象服务提出了对策和建议,以期达到降低交通安全事故,提高高速公路的运输效率,减少财产经济损失和减少人员伤亡的目的,为我国的国民经济和社会发展做出贡献。     

九十年代以来全球重大天气气候事件回顾

本文首先揭示了九十年代全球变暖背景下北半球中高纬度地区冬季的异常冷暖气候事件及其相应的环流形势。着重回顾了全球热浪、暴雨洪涝、大范围持续干旱及热带风暴等重大灾害性天气气候事件及其影响，并对其形成的可能原因进行了一些诊断分析。     

西安世园会开、闭幕式期间灾害性天气风险分析

为了给有关部门应对可能出现的灾害性天气提供科学依据,利用西安气象站1951-2010年各种气象要素逐日观测资料,应用极值统计、单日概率计算和易损性分析等方法,分析了西安世界园艺博览会开、闭幕式期间出现各种灾害性天气的可能性,以及可能带来的风险及影响。结果表明:开幕式期间,尤其是2011年4月28日开幕式当日,西安出现暴雨的可能性小,出现干旱、沙尘天气可能性大,出现连续降水天气可能性较大,出现其它灾害性天气可能性小。闭幕式期间,尤其是2011年10月22日闭幕式当日,西安出现暴雨的可能性小,出现连续降水可能性大,出现沙尘、强降温、霜冻可能性较小,出现其它灾害性天气可能性小,但闭幕式前出现初霜可能性大。连续降水天气可能对参加开、闭幕式游客数量和经济收入产生明显影响。     

贵州农业“两旱”的气候特征及其防御

研究了对贵州农业有重要影响的春旱、夏旱两种灾害性天气的气候规律，指出了贵州春旱呈西重东轻，夏旱则呈东重西轻的地区分布特点．并在分析其危害的基础上，提出了“两旱”灾害的防御措施。     

基于多普勒天气雷达数据的台风灾害评估系统

台风是影响我国的主要气象灾害之一,多普勒天气雷达是研究灾害性天气形成机理、结构特征的最重要手段。为进一步提高台风灾害评估的准确性和及时性,基于先进的多普勒天气雷达探测技术及时获取台风过程中的降水量、降水强度、最大风速作为动态因子,选取相对高度、坡度、经济易损性作为静态因子,利用可拓理论建立台风灾害评估模型,以ARCGIS作为开发平台,开发了台风灾害评估系统,实现了台风灾害评估的可视化和实时评估,为台风防灾减灾提供及时的决策服务。     

宁夏40年灾害性冰雹天气分析

利用1961-2000年5-9月常规地面观测资料及相应时段的NCEP／NCAR逐日全球再分析资料，分析了宁夏灾害性冰雹天气的时空分布和环流特征，然后对74次有灾情记录的冰雹天气过程的环流背景、影响系统等进行了合成对比分析。结果表明：宁夏冰雹主要分布在南部六盘山区和北部贺兰山区，集中出现在6-7月；冰雹发生于“西高东低”环流背景下；产生冰雹天气主要有平直气流、两槽一脊、一槽一脊和一脊一槽等4种环流形势；影响系统主要有切变线、低涡和冷槽，这几种系统往往是共同作用、共同影响的；同时也表明，在不同的环流背景下，不同影响系统造成的冰雹天气落区有较大的差异。     

基于Level Set方法的风暴追踪

利用现代计算机技术和信息处理技术,建立灾害性天气预警系统,是对灾害性天气进行识别和预报的最有效手段之一.研究探索风暴运动过程中多普勒雷达图像的数据处理和算法优化,是预警系统工作中的关键技术.基于计算机技术,应用TITAN算法及改进的Level set方法可以较好地实现对雷达图像中风暴体的追踪,提高灾害性天气预警效率.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。