湿式密集纤维栅对矿山粉尘的过滤效率

金属矿山粉尘净化一直是深井空气环境治理的技术难题,为解决单层纤维栅并列插板结构体积大、孔隙率高等问题,在毛细管润湿效应产生水膜的净化理论基础上,建立了湿式密集纤维栅净化机制的物理模型,利用等效假设推出了湿式密集纤维栅的过滤净化效率式。采用正交实验分析了各因素对密集纤维栅净化效率的影响。根据分级净化效率的实验结果对理论效率公式进行了量纲一的修正,应用湿式密集栅纤维层过滤实验系统进行粉尘净化实验,实验结果表明:湿式密集纤维栅在实验最优组合情况下对粒径小于5μm的呼吸性粉尘净化效率可达92.36%,具有良好的实际应用效果。     

湿式金属网过滤除尘性能的研究

通过对湿式金属网过滤除尘机理的分析和实验研究，设计了两种湿式金属网层的组合，其除尘效率可达９９％，并得出除尘效率与阻力、网孔大小、层数、喷水量、过滤风速的系列关系，为设计和应用这种除尘器提供了可靠的参数。     

家居环境PM_(2.5)控制用空气滤料

针对目前家居环境净化PM2.5的要求,在现有空气过滤材料的基础上,探讨一种适合于家居环境移动式空气净化装置用低阻、高效和长寿命的过滤材料。采用实验研究的方法对常用玻纤滤纸以及驻极体空气过滤材料进行了过滤特性、电镜、孔径测试的对比实验研究。结果表明,当过滤风速为5 cm/s时,3种驻极体滤料对粒径≤4.5μm的颗粒物的分级过滤效率要高于玻纤滤纸且都在90%以上,其过滤阻力在4.9~6.4 Pa之间,而高效滤纸的过滤阻力在57.8~78.6 Pa之间;在实验风速条件下,驻极体滤料对PM2.5的过滤效率和过滤阻力分别高于和低于高效玻纤滤纸;对驻极体滤料进行蒸馏水洗涤后,其对颗粒物的过滤效率下降,驻极体滤料静电效应具有不稳定特性;电镜测试发现,玻纤滤纸纤维层排布致密,纤维存在断裂现象,而驻极体滤料较为蓬松,无纤维断裂现象;孔径实验表明,驻极体滤料的平均孔径为玻纤滤纸的11.9~14.7倍,驻极体滤料具有良好的透气和容尘特性。     

长纤维过滤器过滤过程的数值模拟

在长纤维束过滤器动力学模型和现场实验数据的基础上,利用Comsol Mulitiphysics仿真软件对长纤维束过滤器过滤过程进行数值模拟。将3类仿真曲线(滤出水颗粒浓度随时间的变化曲线、滤液浓度沿滤层的变化曲线、滤床各层比积泥量的变化曲线)与实验所得的真实曲线分别进行对比,两者比较接近。说明该过滤过程模型可用于影响长纤维束过滤器运行特性中单个或多个变化因素(初始滤速、纤维束装填密度、流入浓度和纤维丝直径等)实验结果的估算,可作为长纤维过滤器的实验研究、操作优化和结构设计的参考。     

颗粒层非稳态过滤捕集效率的研究

为计算颗粒层非稳态过滤效率，通过改进经典过滤理论模型，考虑颗粒在过滤介质中的沉积，理论推导得出非稳态过滤效率的计算公式，而经典颗粒层过滤效率计算公式仅为此计算公式的特例。因为理论计算公式是隐函数，不便于工程实际应用，所以，在常温条件下，对非稳态过滤时的过滤时间、过滤风速、过滤层厚度、粉尘浓度和颗粒层滤料均粒径等五个因素进行了正交实验研究。采用多元回归的方法得出各影响因素与过滤效率呈显性关系的效率关联计算公式，其计算结果与实验测试结果基本吻合。     

不同超滤膜过滤天然有机物的膜污染特性研究

超滤膜的截留分子量、天然有机物的分子量分布以及两者之间的相对关系对于膜污染以及过滤阻力的组成有很大的影响。MWCO140kDa、70kDa、30kDa、10kDa、4kDa和1kDa的超滤膜过滤10mg/L腐殖酸溶液和未名湖湖水的试验结果表明,在过滤初始时刻就发生了膜污染,膜的截留分子量越大,膜污染越显著。在长期过滤的过程中,截留分子量>10kDa的超滤膜的过滤阻力受到膜污染的控制,膜孔堵塞和膜面形成凝胶层是造成膜污染的主要原因;当膜的截留分子量≤10kDa时,过滤阻力主要由膜本身固有的阻力决定,膜污染影响较小。不同浓度、类型的腐殖酸溶液和不同种类的超滤膜过滤试验数据分析表明,当膜对腐殖酸分子的截留率超过40%时,膜污染的程度会逐渐减小,过滤阻力将由膜本身固有的阻力控制。     

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜处理水中悬浮物的抗污染特性

粉煤灰基陶瓷微滤膜是一种新型的廉价无机膜,为研究其抗污染性能,研究了自制的管式膜在处理几种典型料液中的分离性能和渗透性能.考察了过滤不同料液过程中的阻力构成和膜的抗污染特性,并且和文献报道的同类过程中其他膜材料的性能进行了比较.实验进行了2～45 h无反冲、无清洗的连续运行.在过滤粉煤灰悬浮液、高龄土悬浮液和斜生栅藻悬浮液过程中,截留率可以达到100％,过滤阻力低于类似条件下的其他膜材料,在长时间运行后仍能保持较高的通量,表现出良好的抗污染性能.在过滤活性污泥时,截留率达到99.8％,单位压力下过滤通量达到1 170 L/(m·h·MPa).和其他膜材料相比,单位压力下的过滤通量表现出明显的优势.     

无机微滤膜过滤阻力的研究

本文采用孔径为 0 .8μm、0 .2 μm和 5 0nm的无机微滤膜 ,考察了不同情况下膜的过滤阻力分布情况。对于造纸黑液 ,当浓度较低时 ,过滤阻力由膜阻力、吸附阻力、堵孔阻力和浓差极化阻力共同控制 ;当浓度较高时 ,吸附阻力起主要作用。过滤 1g/L聚乙二醇溶液的试验结果表明 ,不同孔径膜的过滤阻力构成是不同的 ,孔径越小则吸附阻力越小 ,但浓差极化阻力会显著增加     

新型颗粒层过滤性能的宏观数学模型

根据固定床颗粒层内气流含尘浓度的连续方程、颗粒层过滤规律和新型颗粒层的过滤特点，建立了固定床颗粒层过滤过程和新型颗粒层过滤性能的宏观数学模型；根据颗粒层的过滤机理和实际灰尘颗粒粒径的分布状态，在实验的基础上，修正了过滤速度对颗粒层过滤效率的影响；根据实验结果对过滤效率方程式、床层压降方程式中的特征参数进行了回归，得到了具体过滤介质的颗粒层宏观过滤数学模型。模型表明新型颗粒层过滤过程是一个不随过滤时间变化的准稳态过程，只与过滤介质特性和循环清灰周期有关，模型计算值能准确地反映颗粒层的过滤性能。     

无机微滤膜过滤阻力的研究

本文采用孔径为0.8μm,0.2μm和50nm的无机微滤膜，考察了不同情况下膜的过滤阻力分析情况，对于造纸黑液，当浓度较低时，过滤阻力由膜阻力，吸附阻力，堵孔阻力和浓差极化阻力共同控制，当浓度较高时，吸附阻力起主要作用，过滤1g/L聚乙二醇溶液的试验结果表明，不同孔径膜的过滤阻力构成是不同的，孔径越小则吸附阻力越小，但浓差极化阻力会显著增加。     

陶瓷纤维滤管在烟气净化一体化技术中的应用

在对国内外现有的一体化烟气处理工艺系统梳理的基础上,重点分析了基于陶瓷纤维滤管的烟气净化一体化技术,对其技术原理、应用特性、应用现状进行了分析总结,并以江苏某垃圾焚烧发电厂中试示范项目为例进行验证.结果表明,NOx、SO2、HCl、颗粒物、二噁英类去除效率分别为97.6％、84.1％、74.8％、>99.9％、99.9...     

滤料负载粉尘层对气态汞脱除性能的实验研究

通过不同性能纤维滤料负载燃煤飞灰粉尘层,来模拟袋式除尘器滤袋表面粉尘附着层,进而研究袋滤器用不同性能纤维滤料和粉尘附着层对燃煤烟气中Hg0的联合脱除性能。在固定床实验系统上分别进行了不同纤维滤料和燃煤飞灰粉尘层,以及经实验优选得到的华博特滤料负载燃煤飞灰粉尘层脱除燃煤烟气中Hg0的实验研究。结果表明,燃煤飞灰粉尘层和华博特滤料对Hg0分别有一定的脱除作用,脱除效率可达35%和42.5%,它们对Hg0的脱除是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果;同时,华博特滤料负载燃煤飞灰粉尘层对Hg0的联合脱除效率受到吸附反应温度、入口汞浓度和烟气停留时间等因素的影响,最佳脱汞率可达64.4%;吸附反应温度越高,脱除效率越低;烟气停留时间越大,脱除效率越高;入口汞浓度的提高并不一定提高华博特滤料负载飞灰粉尘层的脱汞效果。     

光照对低浓度硫化氢气体生物法净化的影响

和种进行光照和避光的对比试验表明,光照能提高微生物对硫化氢废气的净化效率,最终产物为硫酸,净化效率和液相硫酸极的浓度随光照强度的增加而增加。避光时微生物对硫化氢废气的净化效率较低,但最终产物为单质硫。根据上述结果适宜的工艺流程应是首先将硫化氢废气通入避光的生物膜填料塔,把硫化氢转化为能回收的单质硫,然后再将废气通入光照的生物膜填料塔净化,进一步降低硫化氢废气的排放浓度。     

Characterization of activated carbon fiber filters for pressure drop, submicrometer particulate collection, and mercury capture

The use of activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters for the capture of particulate matter and elemental Hg is demonstrated. The pressure drop and particle collection efficiency characteristics of the ACF filters were established at two different face velocities and for two different aerosols: spherical NaCl and combustion-generated silica particles. The clean ACF filter specific resistance was 153 kg m-2 sec-1. The experimental specific resistance for cake filtration was 1.6 x 10(6) sec-1 and 2.4 x 10(5) sec-1 for 0.5- and 1.5-micron mass median diameter particles, respectively. The resistance factor R was approximately 2, similar to that for the high-efficiency particulate air filters. There was a discrepancy in the measured particle collection efficiencies and those predicted by theory. The use of the ACF filter for elemental Hg capture was illustrated, and the breakthrough characteristic was established. The capacity of the ACF filter for Hg capture was similar to other powdered activated carbons.     

Investigation of the role of biopolymer clusters in MBR membrane fouling using flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy

The technique that employs flash freezing and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was utilised for detailed investigation of the fouling materials in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The method involves the flash freezing of a wet sample in liquid nitrogen for 10 s to preserve its structure for direct ESEM observation with a high image resolution. ESEM images show that the sludge cake formed by simple filtration of the MBR bulk sludge has a highly porous, sponge-like structure with a fairly low resistance. However, the fouling layer attached to the membrane surface contains a thin gel layer under the main body of the sponge-like sludge cake, which is similar to that formed by filtration of a dispersion of biopolymer clusters (BPCs). It is apparent that BPCs tend to accumulate on the membrane surface, and the gel layer is largely responsible for the high filtration resistance of the cake layer on the fouled membranes.     

改良型慢滤池处理垃圾渗滤液

为了对慢滤池处理垃圾渗滤液工艺的基本参数进行研究,实验采用改良的小试规模的慢滤池模型,处理来自济南生活垃圾卫生填埋场中后期年龄段高浓度的垃圾渗滤液。重点考察活性炭粉末添加层的厚度、细粗滤料配比以及滤料层上部水层的高度等诸多因素对系统去除污染物效果的影响。实验结果表明,在垃圾渗滤液经过预处理进入慢滤池系统之后,此时调节细粗滤料配比例为2,水层高度为30 cm,活性炭粉末添加层厚度为1 cm,使得系统对各种污染的整体去除效果较好。此时,氨氮、总磷、浊度、色度和COD的去除率分别为75%、65%、90%、97%和81%。     

Efficient bio-deodorization of aniline vapor in a biotrickling filter: metabolic mineralization and bacterial community analysis

A biotrickling filter inoculated with commercial mixed microorganisms B350 was employed to treat N-containing odorous vapor - aniline. Results indicated no aniline could be detected when empty bed residence time (EBRT) was larger than 110s at inlet concentration of 0.30 g m(-3). The variation of inlet concentration did not change removal efficiencies when concentration is less than 0.21 g m(-3) at fixed EBRT 110s. Biodegradation mechanism of aniline was tentatively proposed based on identified intermediates and predicted biodegradation pathway as well as final mineralized products. Aniline was firstly biodegraded to catechol, and then to levulinic acid and subsequently to succinic acid. Finally, about 62% aniline carbon was completely mineralized to CO(2), while about 91% aniline nitrogen was converted into ammonia and nitrate. Bacterial community in biotrickling filter was found that at least seven bands microbes were identified for high efficiencies of bioreactor at stable state. In all, biotrickling filter seeded with B350 would be a better choice for the purification odorous gas containing high concentration aniline.     

Characterization of Activated Carbon Fiber Filters for Pressure Drop,Submicrometer Particulate Collection,and Mercury Capture

ABSTRACT

The use of activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters for the capture of particulate matter and elemental Hg is demonstrated. The pressure drop and particle collection efficiency characteristics of the ACF filters were established at two different face velocities and for two different aerosols: spherical NaCl and combustion-generated silica particles. The clean ACF filter specific resistance was 153 kg m^-2 sec^-1. The experimental specific resistance for cake filtration was 1.6 × 10⁶ sec^-1 and 2.4 × 10⁵ sec^-1 for 0.5- and 1.5-μm mass median diameter particles, respectively. The resistance factor R was approximately 2, similar to that for the high-efficiency particulate air filters. There was a discrepancy in the measured particle collection efficiencies and those predicted by theory. The use of the ACF filter for elemental Hg capture was illustrated, and the breakthrough characteristic was established. The capacity of the ACF filter for Hg capture was similar to other powdered activated carbons.     

Evaluation of alternative filter media for particulate matter emission testing of residential wood heating devices

The performance of Teflon-coated glass fiber filter media (Pallflex Emfab TX40) is evaluated for particulate matter (PM) sampling of residential wood heating devices in a dilution tunnel. Thirty samples of varying duration and PM loading and concentration were collected from an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 28 dilution tunnel using dual Method 5G sample trains with untreated glass fiber and Emfab filters. Filters were weighed soon after the end of sampling and again the next day after equilibration at 35% relative humidity (RH). PM concentrations from both types of filters agreed very well with 1-day equilibration, demonstrating that Emfab filters are appropriate for use in measuring PM from residential wood burning appliances in a dilution tunnel and have performance equal to or better than the glass fiber filter media. Agreement between filter media without equilibration was erratic, with PM from glass fiber filter samples varying from slightly less than the Emfab samples to as much as 2.8 times higher. Some of the glass fiber filters lost substantial mass with equilibration, with the highest percent loss at lower filter mass loadings. Mass loss for Emfab samples was a small percentage of the mass and very consistent across the range of mass loadings. Taken together, these results may indicate water uptake on the glass fiber media that is readily removed with 1-day equilibration at moderate RH conditions.

Implications: EPA regulations now allow the use of either glass fiber or Teflon filter media for wood appliance PM emission testing. Teflon filter media minimizes the potential for acid-gas PM artifacts on glass fiber filters; this is important as EPA moves toward the use of locally sourced cordwood for testing that may have higher sulfur content. This work demonstrates that the use of Teflon-coated glass fiber filters can give similar PM measurement results to glass fiber filters after 1 day of equilibration. With no equilibration, measured PM from glass fiber filters was usually higher than from Teflon-coated glass fiber filters.