壳聚糖对烟草抗黑胫病的作用

研究表明，壳聚糖除了对烟草黑胫病菌（Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ ｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ）有抑制作用外，还能诱导烟草植株的抗病性。烟苗经浓度为０．５ｇＬ＾－１和１ｇＬ＾－１的壳聚糖处理４ｄ后，诱导效应分别为７８．５６％和１００％，用浓度为１ｇＬ＾－１的壳聚糖处理烟草幼苗，叶片中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯ）和多酶氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）３种防御酶的活性均比ＣＫ有所提高。     

一种海生黄藻的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成

对一种海生超微型藻类,品系ＰＰ９８３,的分类学地位、生长和生化组成进行了研究．形态学观察和色素分析表明,ＰＰ９８３ 是一种黄藻．在２５ ℃和１００ μｍｏｌ ｍ － ２ ｓ－１ 的条件下,ＰＰ９８３ 的生长速率为１．１５ ｄｉｖｄ,其对数生长期的蛋白质、脂肪和糖类质量分数分别为干重的４０ ．２％ 、２５ ．０ ％ 和１１ ．１％ ;共检出了１７ 种氨基酸,其总量为干重的２７．８ ％ ．ＰＰ９８３ 的多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡｓ）占总可提取脂肪酸的２６．４％ ,其中主要是ＥＰＡ,占干重的４．６％ ,而ＤＨＡ未检出．结果显示,ＰＰ９８３ 不仅可作为海生动物的优良饵料,而且是ＥＰＡ的重要潜在资源     

青霉菌P－93对偶氮染料的降解特性研究

采用富集培养的方法，从土壤中分离得到一株对偶氮染料酸性大红（ＧＲ）和酸性黑（ＡＴＴ）有较强脱色能力的青霉菌Ｐ－９３（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｓｐ．Ｐ－９３）。该菌以ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ作为唯一Ｃ源和唯一Ｎ源均能生长。Ｐ－９３在ｐＨ４．０─８．０的范围内对ＡＴＴ的脱色率都在８０％以上，在２８－３７℃的温度范围内对ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ的脱色率也都超过８０％。对降解产物的紫外─可见光光谱分析表明，对ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ在可见光区的吸收峰（４８７．１ｎｍ，４８６．２ｎｍ和５９６．５ｎｍ）明显消失，而在紫外区的光吸收有所加强。Ｐ－９３中降解ＧＲ和ＡＴＴ的酶主要存在于细胞内，其生物合成不受染料的诱导。     

微生物降解蔬菜残留农药研究

从富集培养物中筛选到以甲胺磷为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＪ５和以乐果为唯一碳源生长的菌株ＮＭＬ３，经鉴定分别为芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）和假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐ．）．它们利用甲胺磷、乐果生长的最适条件及在无机盐培养基中农药最大耐受浓度分别为ｐＨ７．５，ｔ＝３５℃，ρ＝１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ和ｐＨ７．５，ｔ＝３０℃，ρ＝２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ．在无碳基础培养基内单菌株培养８ｄ，５２４ｍｇ／Ｌ的甲胺磷好气降解４２．５％，厌气降解３５．９％，２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的乐果好气降解５０．２％，厌气降解１６．４％．小区试验表明，ＮＭＪ５、ＮＭＬ３的菌液制剂对普通白菜的变种南农矮脚黄（Ｂｒａｓｉｃａｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓｓｐ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓＴｓｅｎｅｔＬｅｅ）中残留的甲胺磷、乐果有明显的去除作用．     

城市生活垃圾中酞酸酯的微生物降解

从酞酸酯生产厂排污沟中分离到４株酞酸酯降解菌，分属镰孢属（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｓｐ．）、醇母属（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ　ｓｐ．）、不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ　ｓｐ．）、黄单孢菌属（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ　ｓｐ．）。在酞酸酯剂量为５０、２５μｇ／ｍＬ水平的纯培养条件下，４株单菌对酞酸酯的降解率达到７２％－７７％，混合菌的降解率还可提高近１０％。在垃圾堆肥中酞酸酯剂量为１９７μｇ／ｇ的水平下，将降解菌回接堆肥后，不动杆菌属和混合菌对酞酸酯的降解率最高，分别达到７２％和６９％。     

氨的干沉降速度测定

通过对南昌郊区一片樟树林上空氨浓度的实地监测，用微气象学浓度梯度法计算了氨的干沉降速度，在稳定和中性大气情况下，氨的干沉降速度范围为－０．９６－２．０９ｃｍ．ｓ＾－１，平均值为０．６２ｃｍ．ｓ＾－１。     

一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌的分离及生理特性研究

本文从四川自贡盐厂卤水污泥中，分离出一株中度嗜盐硫酸盐还原菌。菌体为短杆状，０．９－１．１×２．０－２．５μｍ，革兰氏染色阴性，形成芽孢，不含脱硫孤菌素。固体培养基上无Ｆｅ２＋时，菌落为半透明状；有Ｆｅ２＋时菌落为黑色，直径为１－３ｍｍ。利用乳酸盐作为碳源，利用乙酸盐时必须添加生长因子。能在５％－２５％（Ｗ／Ｖ）Ｎａｃｌ浓度范围内生长，最适生长浓度为９％－１３％（Ｗ／Ｖ）。最适生长温度为３５℃。最适生长ｐＨ值为７．０．根据形态和生理生化特征，该菌为脱硫肠状菌属，但与该属已报导的硫酸盐还原菌在嗜盐、碳源利用、最适生长温度以及其它一些特征上均有不同，因此可能是个新种。该菌是目前已报道的嗜盐浓度最高的硫酸盐还原菌。     

岷江上游茂县半干旱河谷灌丛优势种间关系的研究

采用２×２列联表，通过方差分析、Ｘ２检验、Ｏｃｈｉｎｉ关联指数和Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ积矩相关系数，分别对岷江上游茂县半干旱柯谷灌丛的１０个主要优势种的种间关联和种间协变进行了定量分析．研究结果表明：茂县半干旱河谷灌丛的优势种间关系较复杂．多物种间里显著的复合正相关关系，４５个种对中的７个种对具有显著的正关联，其关联程度较高（Ｏｃｈｉａｉ指数为０．６４５～０．８５８），这些关联的种对分别对环境的要求相同；５个种对存在显著的正协变，它们都是非显著关联的种对，表明在某一具体的植被类型中，种间关联与协变并无明显的内在联系．小角柱花（Ｃｅｒａｔｏｓｔｉｇｍａｍｉｎｕｓ）与其它优势种间的关联性最广泛，而刺族花（Ｃｏｎｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓｔｒａｇａｃａｎｔｈｏｉｄｅｓ）则无显著的关联和协变，是一个相对独立的成分．     

三株产甲烷细菌表面层研究

用电子显微镜的负染色技术,对史氏甲烷短杆菌Ｈ１３（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｓｍｉｔｈｉｉ Ｈ１３）、嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｈｅｒｍｏｆｏｒｍｉｃｉｃｕｍ ＣＢ１２） 、拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ（ Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｃｏｒｐｕｓｃｕｌｕｍ ｌａｂｒｅａｎｕｍ Ｚ） 的表面结构观察比较结果表明：史氏甲烷短杆菌Ｈ１３ 和嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２ 的表面层由规则排列的四边形亚单位组成;前者每个亚单位直径为５～７ ｎｍ ,亚单位之间的中心距离为５ ～８ ｎｍ ,后者亚单位直径为９～１２ ｎｍ ,亚单位之间的中心距离为１１～１４ ｎｍ ．拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ的表面层是条纹和颗粒状或丝状组成的网状结构．每根条纹宽３～４ ｎｍ ,条纹之间的距离为６～８ ｎｍ ．３ 株产甲烷细菌的表面层各不相同,其中嗜热甲酸甲烷杆菌ＣＢ１２ 和拉布雷甲烷粒菌Ｚ的表面层结构十分独特,明显不同于已报道的产甲烷细菌和古细菌的表面层结构．     

十字花科植物中的芥子碱对果蝇的抗衰老作用

芥子碱对Ｏ－２和ＯＨ的清除效率达５０％时的质量浓度（ρ）分别为５ｍｇＬ－１和３３０ｍｇＬ－１,４０ｍｇＬ－１的芥子碱对Ｏ－２的清除效率即可达８９．７％,证明芥子碱是一Ｏ－２与ＯＨ的清除剂．分别以ρ为１０ｍｇＬ－１和５０ｍｇＬ－１芥子碱的培养基饲喂果蝇,对果蝇的最高寿命、平均寿命及半数寿命均有一定的延长作用,其中１０ｍｇＬ－１的芥子碱组可明显延长雄性果蝇的最高寿命（１１．９０％）、平均寿命（１１．２４％）及半数寿命（１７．２１％）,两种浓度的芥子碱溶液对果蝇的平均寿命的延长作用的差异显著．芥子碱对果蝇的延寿作用有一定的性别差异,对雄蝇的效果好于雌蝇     

Effects of molecular weight and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose on morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as prepared with one-step wet chemical method

Nano-sized apatite particles (nAP) synthesized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have shown great application potentials in in situ heavy metal remediation. However, differences in CMC’s properties effects on the size of nAP produced are not well understood. In this paper, two types of CMC, with respective molecular weights (MW) of ～120000 and ～240000 Dalton or respective polymerization degrees of 500 (CMC-500) and 1050 (CMC-1050), were studied in a concentration range of 0.05%–0.5% (w/w) for nAP synthesis. Morphology of the particles was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that 0.05% CMC-500 solution gave an average particle size of 148.7±134.9 nm, 0.25% CMC-500 solution produced particles of 21.8±20.4 nm, and, 0.5% CMC-500 solution contained particles of 15.8±7.7 nm. In comparison, 0.05% CMC-1050 solution produced nanoparticles of 6.8±3.2 nm, 0.25% CMC-1050 produced smaller nAP of 4.3±3.2 nm, and 0.5% CMC-1050 synthesized the smallest nanoparticles in this study, with an average diameter of 3.0±2.1 nm. Chemical composition of the products was identified with X-ray diffraction (XRD) as pure hydroxyapatite. Interactions between nAP and CMC were discussed with help of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATRFTIR) spectroscopic data. This study showed that CMC at higher concentration as well as higher MW facilitated to produce finer nanoparticles, showing that nAP size could be manipulated by selecting appropriate CMC MW and/or applying appropriate CMC concentration.     

动物园中褐马鸡生理生化指标的研究

褐马鸡（Ｃｒｏｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎｍａｎｔｃｈｕｒｉｃｕｎ）是我国一类保护动物，世界濒危物种．建立自然保护区和动物园饲养是保护濒危动物的有效措施．因此，了解在不同生态环境中褐马鸡生理生化指标的变化对它的饲养、繁殖和疾病防治及其保护都具有一定的实际意义．迄...     

PCB 105-induced ultrastructural alterations in the rat liver: A stereological study

Liver alterations were stereologically determined in five groups, each of 10 male and female Sprague–Dawley weanling rats fed PCB 105 (2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl) for 13 weeks at concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50?ppm mixed with corn oil. Animals from two groups receiving the oil in diets served as controls for each gender. A significant increase in mean volume fraction (VF) of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) profiles was estimated in hepatocytes of female rats in 0.5, 5, and 50?ppm groups. A significant decrease in VF of mitochondria in female rats at 50?ppm was detected. In addition, a decrease in VF of lipid droplets was measured in female rats at 0.5, 5, and 50?ppm groups. No difference was found in VF of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae, and peroxisome profiles at any concentration of the PCB in either male or female animals as compared to baseline values from controls. A significant elevation of baseline VF for RER in female rats was detected in comparison with males. In the present study, no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for PCB 105 was estimated at <0.5?ppm for hepatocyte alterations in female Sprague–Dawley rats.     

Reproduction and growth of Euterpina acutifrons (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) under experimental conditions

Individual specimens of Euterpina acutifrons (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) taken from the mass cultures of the C.N.E.N.-EURATOM Laboratory at Fiascherino, Italy, were reared in new culture media prepared with suspensions of several species of algae in filtered and sterilized sea water. All the experiments were carried out at a temperature of 18°C±1 C°. The influence of food concentrations on adult life-span and reproductive activity of E. acutifrons was analyzed. A good correlation was found between concentration of algal suspension and egg production. Maximum life-span was observed at intermediate values of food concentration. Other experiments were carried out to determine egg fertility and duration of the various embryonic and postembryonic development stages. Embryonic development time was calculated as approximately 2 days; the adult females appeared 10 to 12 days after hatching of Nauplius I. Production of nauplii by 6 females reared under conditions of excess food supply was also studied. These conditions were achieved by supplying high concentrations of a mixture of 4 different algal species and by completely renewing the culture medium at frequent intervals. Under these conditions, each female laid an average of 12.5 sacs and produced an average of 294.3 nauplii. An average production of 355.5 eggs per female was estimated. An analysis was made of growth in size and weight of the females: the average daily egg production in terms of dry weight corresponded to about 32% of the biomass of the adult female. Birch's (1948) method was used to calculate net reproduction rate (R _o=70.89), intrinsic rate of increase (r _m=0.161) and mean generation time (T=26.5 days).This study was performed at: Laboratorio per lo Studio della Contaminazione Radioattiva del Mare, C.N.E.N.-EURATOM, Fiascherino, I-19030 La Spezia, Italy.     

气态甲醛致雌性小鼠生殖细胞DNA-蛋白质交联的研究

为了研究气态甲醛对雌性小鼠生殖细胞的影响,以昆明雌性小鼠卵巢为实验材料,采取动态吸入式染毒方式,应用KCl-SDS沉淀法检测了气态甲醛染毒后所引起的小鼠卵巢生殖细胞DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)效应.结果表明,较低浓度的甲醛(0.5mg·m-3),即可导致明显的DPC效应(与对照相比,p<0.05),并且随着染毒浓度的升高(0.5、1.0、3.0mg·m-3),DPC系数也逐渐升高.上述结果表明在实验所设浓度范围内,甲醛对小鼠卵巢生殖细胞的DNA损伤可以引起DNA-蛋白质的交联,并且DPC系数随着染毒浓度的增大而增大.DNA-蛋白质交联是DNA分子的一种严重损伤,气态甲醛对雌性小鼠生殖细胞具有一定的影响.     

全氟辛磺酸（PFOS）对非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）生长发育、甲状腺和性腺组织学的影响

为了揭示全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)的甲状腺激素和性激素干扰效应,并探索运用爪蟾动物模型同时检测多种环境内分泌干扰效应的可能性,将NF48阶段非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)蝌蚪暴露于0.01、0.1和1mg·L-1PFOS中6个月,检测PFOS对爪蟾生长、变态、甲状腺和性腺的影响.结果表明,在各取样时间,PFOS组爪蟾体长、体重和蝌蚪尾长与对照组均无显著差异(p>0.05);2个月后,PFOS组比对照组平均慢1个发育阶段,4和6个月后,0.01mg·L-1PFOS组反而比对照组分别快1和2个发育阶段.6个月后,PFOS组甲状腺出现滤泡上皮细胞增生、胶质减少甚至空泡化等现象,且随着PFOS浓度的增加而加重;各组幼蛙性腺出现间性、睾丸珍珠状和先天性萎缩等畸形现象,外观为间性的性腺主要表现为睾丸组织中产生类似雌性个体的卵巢腔.对照组幼蛙的雌雄比为0.5:1,而暴露组分别为2.3:1(0.01mg·L-1组)、4.5:1(0.1mg·L-1组)和5:1(1mg·L-1组).上述结果表明,PFOS对爪蟾的变态过程具有小剂量刺激效应,能引起甲状腺组织结构的损伤,导致睾丸组织的雌性化和雌雄性比的异常升高,表现出明显的甲状腺激素和性激素干扰效应,可以认定为一种环境内分泌干扰物.实验同时表明非洲爪蟾可以用于多种环境内分泌干扰效应的同时检测.     

Preference for male traits in female wolf spiders varies with the choice of available males,female age and reproductive state

Individual variation in female preference for male traits may influence mate choice, especially if benefits and costs of choosiness vary with the range of available males or reproductive timing. We examined variation in female preference for male leg tuft size in Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) wolf spiders with video playback. Dichotomous (simultaneous) choice test experiments included all possible combinations of four stimuli (i.e., modified versions of the same video male stimulus): average tuft size (control), reduced (−25%), enlarged (+25%), and no tufts (removed). Females exhibited a directional preference for larger tuft size independent of the nature of the choice (except for reduced tufts vs no tufts where no difference was seen). Female preference in the short term (over a period of 4 days) was also highly repeatable for control vs reduced tufts, but not for control vs enlarged tufts. Responses of females in ‘no-choice’ presentations of a single (control) male stimulus varied with age post-maturity; females were less receptive in weeks 1 and 2, highly receptive at week 3, and less thereafter. Mated females were least receptive and most aggressive towards a male stimulus. Females offered choices repeatedly at different ages post-maturity consistently preferred the control male vs reduced tufts over all 3 weeks but varied in their preference for enlarged tufts vs control male. In the first 2 weeks, females preferred the enlarged tuft male stimulus, but showed no preference by the third week. Females tested in week 4 showed no preference in either choice. Results suggest that the potential interaction between female preference for male traits and female reproductive timing may be a critical consideration in mate choice.     

Aggregation pheromone compounds of the black larder beetle Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kuster (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionisation and electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis (GC–MS) of abdominal extracts of adult male Dermestes haemorrhoidalis Kuster (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) revealed the presence of electrophysiologically and behaviourally active compounds to its conspecific males and females. Isopropyl dodecanoate (3), isopropyl (Z)-9-tetradecenoate (5), isopropyl tetradecanoate (6), isopropyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate (7) and isopropyl hexadecanoate (8) were detected in male abdominal extracts only. Analysis of collected male headspace volatiles revealed the presence of six EAD-active compounds (3), (5), (6) and isopropyl tridecanoate (4) plus two unidentified compounds (1) and (9). Synthetic compounds (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) showed EAD activity with antennae of both sexes in contrast to synthetic (8) which showed EAD activity with female antennae only. Male and female antennae of D. haemorrhoidalis reacted with high receptor potentials to isopropyl (Z)-9-dodecenoate (2), although this compound itself was detected in neither male nor female abdominal extracts or headspace volatiles. Petri dish bioassays indicated that male abdominal extracts and compounds (2), (3), (5) and (6) aroused and attracted conspecific male and female beetles significantly (P < 0.05) compared to female extracts. These results suggested the presence of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in D. haemorrhoidalis. Field assays with any of the described compounds, however, did not result in attraction of this beetle in significant numbers.     

大玉竹低聚糖硫酸酯抗HSV-2病毒活性的研究

从传统中药大玉竹中提取低聚糖Ｐｏｏｓ，用吡啶－氯磺酸法制备了它的硫酸酯衍生物Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ，产物经红外鉴定，证实Ｐｏｏｓ硫酸酯化后羟基连上硫酸基，硫含量为８．４７％，取代度（Ｄｓ）为０．６体外实验研究了Ｐｏｏｓ、Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ对非洲绿猴肾细胞（Ｖｅｒｏ）的细胞毒怀和抗单纯疱疹病毒２型（ＨＳＶ－２）活性。结果表明，Ｐｏｏｓ和Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ都无细胞毒性。Ｐｏｏｓ本身无抗病毒活性，对ＨＳＶ－２引起的细胞病变和     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜结构与氨水分离性能的研究

本文研究了聚丙烯中空纤维膜成型的工艺条件与结构性能的关系，并利用聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件进行了氨／水分离和影响分离效果的各种因素的研究。结果表明：在制膜工艺中，聚丙烯分子链在应力场下的结晶过程对后续的轴向拉伸形成微孔结构是非常重要的；伸长率为１６０％时的聚丙烯中空纤维膜，具有最大的孔隙率、平均孔径和透气率；其组件在氨／水分离中具有较好的分离效果，脱氨率可达９９％以上。进一步对氨／水分离的研究表明：分离