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1.
The Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, North Myanmar and three contiguous protected areas, comprise some of the largest expanses
of natural forest remaining in the region. Demand for wildlife products has resulted in unsustainable exploitation of commercially
valuable species resulting in local extirpation of vulnerable species. Camera trap, track and sign, and questionnaire-based
surveys were used to examine (a) wildlife species targeted by hunters, (b) the importance of wild meat for household consumption,
and (c) the significance of hunting as a livelihood activity for resident villages. Certain commercially valuable species
highly preferred by hunters were either completely absent from hunt records (tiger, musk deer and otter) or infrequently obtained
during actual hunts (bear, pangolin). Species obtained by hunters were commonly occurring species such as muntjacs with low
commercial value and not highly preferred by hunters. Fifty eight percent of respondents (n = 84) indicated trade, 27% listed subsistence use and 14% listed human-wildlife conflict as the main reason for hunting (n = 84). Average amount of wild meat consumed per month is not significantly higher during the hunting season compared to the
planting season (paired t-test, P > 0.05). Throughout the year, the average amount of fish consumed per month was higher than livestock or wild meat (Friedman
test, P < 0.0001). Hunting is driven largely by trade and wild meat, while not a critical source of food for a large number of families
could potentially be an important, indirect source of access to food for hunting families. Findings and trends from this study
are potentially useful in helping design effective conservation strategies to address globally prevalent problems of declining
wildlife populations and dependent human communities. The study provides recommendations to reduce illegal hunting and protect
vulnerable species by strengthening park management through enforcement, increasing the opportunity costs of poaching, establishing
no-take zones and research to determine the economic significance of hunting for livelihoods. 相似文献
2.
According to the National Wild Turkey Federation, there has been a 450% increase in the number of licensed wild turkey hunters since 1973. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of research articles focusing specifically on turkey hunting. Most human dimensions of wildlife research have focused on either deer or waterfowl hunting. In this study, dimensions of hunting quality, days afield, and harvest were examined among a sample of 739 Virginia fall turkey hunters. Quality of a hunting season, rather than a specific hunt, was examined. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed five domains of attributes of a high-quality turkey-hunting season: wildlife interaction, education, being away, social interaction, and hunting skills. The domains of hunting quality revealed by the PCA are similar to domains found previously for spring turkey hunters as well as other types of hunters. Also examined were hunter perceptions of overall hunting quality, the number of days spent hunting turkeys during the fall season, and harvest success. For comparative purposes and agency needs, hunters were segmented into three categories based on days spent hunting: low frequency (1 to 2 days), medium frequency (3 to 4 days), and high frequency (≥5 days). The influence of these variables to respondents’ perceptions of overall quality was examined using a series of regression models. Variables found to be significant predictors of quality were wildlife interaction and harvest success. Hunters who killed a turkey reported a significantly higher quality season than those who did not kill a turkey. 相似文献
3.
随着全球工业化和城市化的快速发展,野生动物及其栖息地保护面临着前所未有的挑战。本文识别了我国的野生动物保护存在的主要问题:(1)现行《野生动物保护法》对野生动物保护范围界定过窄,资源利用主导思维干扰了野生动物保护,缺乏对生态系统与生物安全的足够重视。(2)由于现行野生动物保护立法、执法和管理制度不健全甚至缺失,导致野生动物驯养繁殖交易市场长期混乱,甚至成为非法野生动物交易的"洗白工具"。(3)社会公众群体尊重和保护野生动物意识淡薄,全民参与和监督举报机制不健全。本文认为,我国应该实施最严格的野生动物保护制度,实现人与野生动物平等、文明、和谐相处,建议:(1)树立尊重野生动物物种生存权、人与野生动物文明和谐相处的理念,摒弃野生动物资源利用观,重构人与野生动物平等共存关系。(2)清晰界定野生动物法律定义,扩大野生动物保护范围,围绕捕猎、繁育、运输、储存、转让、食用等环节,全面、科学、精准地构建最严格的野生动物保护制度。(3)立足于全面保护野生动物,严格禁止滥食滥用野生动物和过度商业化利用,实行野生动物保护利用特许制度,并大幅提高标准严格控制交易和利用,建立职责清晰的执法监管和惩治体系。(4)建立最严格的野生动物保护公众参与和司法治理体系,实施野生动物非法贸易、猎杀的行政公益诉讼制度,引导公众建立爱护保护野生动物、不食不用野生动物的文明行为,最终实现人类社会与野生动物的文明和谐共处。 相似文献
4.
Kirk W. Davies Jonathan D. Bates Dustin D. Johnson Aleta M. Nafus 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):84-92
Mowing is commonly implemented to Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis (Beetle & A. Young) S.L. Welsh (Wyoming big sagebrush) plant communities to improve wildlife habitat, increase forage production
for livestock, and create fuel breaks for fire suppression. However, information detailing the influence of mowing on winter
habitat for wildlife is lacking. This information is crucial because many wildlife species depended on A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis plant communities for winter habitat and consume significant quantities of Artemisia during this time. Furthermore, information is generally limited describing the recovery of A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis to mowing and the impacts of mowing on stand structure. Stand characteristics and Artemisia leaf tissue crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations were measured
in midwinter on 0-, 2-, 4-, and 6-year-old fall-applied mechanical (mowed at 20 cm height) treatments and compared to adjacent
untreated (control) areas. Mowing compared to the control decreased Artemisia cover, density, canopy volume, canopy elliptical area, and height (P < 0.05), but all characteristics were recovering (P < 0.05). Mowing A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis plant communities slightly increases the nutritional quality of Artemisia leaves (P < 0.05), but it simultaneously results in up to 20 years of decrease in Artemisia structural characteristics. Because of the large reduction in A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis for potentially 20 years following mowing, mowing should not be applied in Artemisia facultative and obligate wildlife winter habitat. Considering the decline in A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis-dominated landscapes, we caution against mowing these communities. 相似文献
5.
Deer hunter satisfaction is investigated from two perspectives, (1) satisfaction with the hunt/harvest and (2) satisfaction with the overall hunting trip experience. Regression analysis is used to determine what variables best predict satisfaction with the hunt and the hunting experience. Results indicate that animal population variables (number of deer seen, shot at, bagged) are the best determinants of a quality deer hunt, while environmental (outdoors) and social (crowding and hunter behavior) are the best predictors of a quality hunting trip experience. Wildlife managers and researchers need to realize that deer hunters view the hunt/harvest as different from the hunting trip experience and need to manage for both aspects of hunter satisfaction. 相似文献
6.
Indian wildlife has been neglected and if India is to save its vanishing heritage, active endeavours are essential for conserving the Indian forests. Laws exist to protect the wildlife from slaughter and to regulate hunting, but unfortunately, the legal measures do not fully serve the desired purpose. The destruction deplorably continues, at times, at an alarming rate. The depletion of the wildlife can be attributed largely to deforestation and inroads of human civilization into the forest areas and, the destruction of the forest automatically leads to the decline of the wildlife. Illicit axing of India's magnificent forests continues unchecked. A number of important and immediate actions are recommended. 相似文献
7.
Control of Tamarix in the Western United States: Implications for Water Salvage, Wildlife Use, and Riparian Restoration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shafroth PB Cleverly JR Dudley TL Taylor JP van Riper C Weeks EP Stuart JN 《Environmental management》2005,35(3):231-246
Non-native shrub species in the genus Tamarix (saltcedar, tamarisk) have colonized hundreds of thousands of hectares of floodplains, reservoir margins, and other wetlands in western North America. Many resource managers seek to reduce saltcedar abundance and control its spread to increase the flow of water in streams that might otherwise be lost to evapotranspiration, to restore native riparian (streamside) vegetation, and to improve wildlife habitat. However, increased water yield might not always occur and has been substantially lower than expected in water salvage experiments, the potential for successful revegetation is variable, and not all wildlife taxa clearly prefer native plant habitats over saltcedar. As a result, there is considerable debate surrounding saltcedar control efforts. We review the literature on saltcedar control, water use, wildlife use, and riparian restoration to provide resource managers, researchers, and policy-makers with a balanced summary of the state of the science. To best ensure that the desired outcomes of removal programs are met, scientists and resource managers should use existing information and methodologies to carefully select and prioritize sites for removal, apply the most appropriate and cost-effective control methods, and then rigorously monitor control efficacy, revegetation success, water yield changes, and wildlife use. 相似文献
8.
Wildlife resource utilisation at Moremi Game Reserve and Khwai community area in the Okavango Delta, Botswana 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mbaiwa JE 《Journal of environmental management》2005,77(2):144-156
This paper uses the concept of sustainable development to examine the utilisation of wildlife resources at Moremi Game Reserve (MGR) and Khwai community area (NG 18/19) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both secondary and primary data sources, results show that the establishment of MGR in 1963 led to the displacement of Khwai residents from their land; affected Basarwa's hunting and gathering economy; marked the beginning of resource conflicts between Khwai residents and wildlife managers; and, led to the development of negative attitudes of Khwai residents towards wildlife conservation. Since the late 1980s, a predominantly foreign owned tourism industry developed in and around MGR, however, Khwai residents derive insignificant benefits from it and hence resource conflicts increased. In an attempt to address problems of resource conflicts and promote sustainable wildlife utilisation, the Botswana Government adopted the Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programme, which started operating at Khwai village in 2000. The CBNRM programme promotes local participation in natural resource management and rural development through tourism. It is beginning to have benefits to Khwai residents such as income generation, employment opportunities and local participation in wildlife management. These benefits from CBNRM are thus having an impact in the development of positive attitudes of Khwai residents towards wildlife conservation and tourism development. This paper argues that if extended to MGR, CBNRM has the potential of minimising wildlife conflicts between Khwai residents and the wildlife-tourism sectors. This approach may in the process promote the sustainable wildlife use in and around MGR. 相似文献
9.
Corace RG Shartell LM Schulte LA Brininger WL McDowell MK Kashian DM 《Environmental management》2012,49(2):359-371
To facilitate forest planning and management on National Wildlife Refuges, we synthesized multiple data sources to describe
land ownership patterns, land cover, landscape pattern, and changes in forest composition for four ecoregions and their associated
refuges of the Upper Midwest. We related observed patterns to ecological processes important for forest conservation and restoration,
with specific attention to refuge patterns of importance for forest landbirds of conservation priority. The large amount of
public land within the ecoregions (31–80%) suggests that opportunities exist for coarse and meso-scale approaches to conserving
and restoring ecological processes affecting the refuges, particularly historical fire regimes. Forests dominate both ecoregions
and refuges, but refuge forest patches are generally larger and more aggregated than in associated ecoregions. Broadleaf taxa
have increased in dominance in the ecoregions and displaced fire-dependent taxa such as pine (Pinus spp.) and other coniferous species; these changes in forest composition have likely also affected refuge forests. Despite
compositional changes, larger forest patches on refuges suggests that they may provide better habitat for area-sensitive forest
landbirds of mature, compositionally diverse forests than surrounding lands if management continues to promote increased patch
size. We reason that although fine-scale research and monitoring for species of conservation priority is important, broad
scale (ecoregional) assessments provide crucial context for effective forest and wildlife management in protected areas. 相似文献
10.
Organic farming is expected to contribute to conserving national biodiversity on farms, especially remnant, old, and undisturbed small biotopes, forests, and permanent grassland. This objective cannot rely on the legislation of organic farming solely, and to succeed, farmers need to understand the goals behind it. A set of indicators with the purpose of facilitating dialogues between expert and farmer on wildlife quality has been developed and tested on eight organic farms. “Weed cover in cereal fields,” was used as an indicator of floral and faunal biodiversity in the cultivated land, and “uncultivated biotope area” on the farm was used as a general measure of wildlife habitats. Functional grouping of herbaceous plants (discriminating between “high conservation value” plant species and “competitive”/“ruderal” species) and low mobility butterflies were used as indicators of conservation value, especially focusing on the few sites left with considerable remnant conservation value. The dialog processes revealed that the organic farmers’ ideas and goals of conservation of wildlife quality were not necessarily the same as for biologists; the farmers expressed very different opinions on the biological rooted idea, that wildlife quality is related to the absence of agricultural impact. However, farmers also stated that the information given by the indicators and especially the dialogue with the biologist had influenced their perception and awareness of wildlife. We conclude that, combined with a dialogue process, using these indicators when mapping wildlife quality could be an important key component of a farm wildlife management advisory tool at farm level. 相似文献
11.
Prato T 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):142-149
Wildlife managers have little or no control over climate change. However, they may be able to alleviate potential adverse
impacts of future climate change by adaptively managing wildlife for climate change. In particular, wildlife managers can
evaluate the efficacy of compensatory management actions (CMAs) in alleviating potential adverse impacts of future climate
change on wildlife species using probability-based or fuzzy decision rules. Application of probability-based decision rules
requires managers to specify certain probabilities, which is not possible when they are uncertain about the relationships
between observed and true ecological conditions for a species. Under such uncertainty, the efficacy of CMAs can be evaluated
and the best CMA selected using fuzzy decision rules. The latter are described and demonstrated using three constructed cases
that assume: (1) a single ecological indicator (e.g., population size for a species) in a single time period; (2) multiple
ecological indicators for a species in a single time period; and (3) multiple ecological conditions for a species in multiple
time periods. 相似文献
12.
Marcelo Mazzolli 《Environmental management》2010,46(2):237-253
There is a general lack of information on the impact of forest plantations and the presence of urban settlements on populations
of resource-demanding species such as large felids. To partially address this problem, a project study was conducted to find
out whether mosaics of forest plantations and native vegetation can function as an adequate habitat for pumas (Puma concolor) in southern Brazil. The study was conducted within a 1255-km2 area, managed for planted stands of Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. Individual identification of pumas was carried out using a combination of track-matching analysis (discriminant analysis)
and camera-trapping. Both techniques recorded closely similar numbers of individual pumas, either total (9–10 individuals)
or resident (5–6 individuals). A new approach, developed during this study, was used to individualize pumas by their markings
around the muzzle. The estimated density varied from 6.2 to 6.9 individuals/100 km2, ranking among the highest across the entire puma range and indicating a potential total population of up to 87 individuals
in the study site. In spite of the availability of extensive areas without human disturbance, a radio-tracked female used
a core home range that included forest plantations, an urbanized village, and a two-lane paved road with regular vehicular
traffic. The high density of pumas and the species’ intensive use of modified landscapes are interpreted here as deriving
from conditions rarely found near human settlements: mutual tolerance by pumas and humans and an adequate habitat (regardless
of plantations) largely due to the inhibition of invasions and hunting and maintenance of sizable extents of native forest
patches. More widely, it suggests the potential of careful management in forestry operations to provide habitat conditions
for resource-demanding species such as the puma. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of curbing invasions and hunting,
in this case provided by the presence of company employees, for the maintenance of wildlife populations. 相似文献
13.
A factor analytic study of attitudinal structure and its impact on rural landowners' access policies
Previous research has shown that rural landowners' hunter access policies are determined in large part by their attitudes
towards hunters, legal liability, conservation, and economic incentives. The results of this study support this research and
indicate that East Texas, USA, landowners' decisions to allow or restrict access are based, in part, on attitudes toward hunter
behavior, hunting as a social activity, leasing as a management practice, and a perceived obligation toward wildlife stewardship.
Attitude-based profiles of landowners who adopted one of four access policies are compared. 相似文献
14.
Analysis tools that combine large spatial and temporal scales are necessary for efficient management of wildlife species,
such as the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). We assessed the ability of Ripley’s K-function analysis integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to determine changes in burrowing owl nest clustering
over two years at NASA Ames Research Center. Specifically, we used these tools to detect changes in spatial and temporal nest
clustering before, during, and after conducting management by mowing to maintain low vegetation height at nest burrows. We
found that the scale and timing of owl nest clustering matched the scale and timing of our conservation management actions
over a short time frame. While this study could not determine a causal link between mowing and nest clustering, we did find
that Ripley’s K and GIS were effective in detecting owl nest clustering and show promise for future conservation uses. 相似文献
15.
In a landscape of fragmented private ownership, the need to coordinate game management across large areas presents challenges for landowners and public agencies alike. This paper describes how a recent reorganization of moose management in Norway achieves landscape-level planning while maintaining a tradition of local management by hunting teams. These two seemingly contradictory imperatives – coordinating wildlife management across large areas while keeping benefits and control in the hands of local resource users – are resolved through a nesting of management institutions, wherein the state serves a regulatory function and mid-level government (the county) serves to facilitate inter-local cooperation. This paper documents how the system is structured and describes the balance of incentives that enable the system to work. Information was gathered via interviews with staff at the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (now called the Norwegian Environment Agency), with wildlife management officials at the municipal level, with hunters, and from the most recent regulatory documents. 相似文献
16.
Given the popularity of feeding white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Texas and the increasing amount of corn that is distributed, more information is needed on the impacts of this activity on non-target wildlife. Our objectives were to report visitation, intra- and interspecific contact, and contact rates of wildlife at artificial feeding sites in Texas. Our study was conducted at three sites in Kleberg and Nueces counties, Texas. We trapped animals from February to April and August to September, 2009 and marked animals with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. At each site and season, we placed one feeder system containing a PIT tag reader within 600 m of trap locations. Readers detected PIT tags from a distance of 25 cm. We determined a contact event to occur when two different PIT tags were detected by feeder systems within 5 s. We recorded 62,719 passes by raccoons (Procyon lotor), 103,512 passes by collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), 2,923 passes by feral swine (Sus scrofa), 1,336 passes by fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), and no passes by opossums (Didelphis virginiana) at feeder systems. For site–season combinations in which contact events occurred, we found intraspecific contact rates (contacts per day) for raccoons, collared peccaries, and feral swine to be 0.81–124.77, 0.69–38.08, and 0.0–0.66, respectively. Throughout our study we distributed ~2,625 kg of whole kernel corn, which resulted in 6,351 contact events between marked wildlife (2.4 contacts per kg of corn). If 136 million kg of corn is distributed in Texas annually, we would expect >5.2 billion unnatural contact events between wildlife would result from this activity each year in Texas. Consequently, we do not believe that it is wise for natural resource managers to maintain artificial feeding sites for white-tailed deer or other wildlife due to pathogen transmission risks. 相似文献
17.
An Approach Toward Understanding Wildlife-Vehicle Collisions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Among the most conspicuous environmental effects of roads are vehicle-related mortalities of wildlife. Research to understand
the factors that contribute to wildlife-vehicle collisions can be partitioned into several major themes, including (i) characteristics
associated with roadkill hot spots, (ii) identification of road-density thresholds that limit wildlife populations, and (iii)
species-specific models of vehicle collision rates that incorporate information on roads (e.g., proximity, width, and traffic
volume) and animal movements. We suggest that collision models offer substantial opportunities to understand the effects of
roads on a diverse suite of species. We conducted simulations using collision models and information on Blanding’s turtles
(Emydoidea blandingii), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and moose (Alces alces), species endemic to the northeastern United States that are of particular concern relative to collisions with vehicles.
Results revealed important species-specific differences, with traffic volume and rate of movement by candidate species having
the greatest influence on collision rates. We recommend that future efforts to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions be more
proactive and suggest the following protocol. For species that pose hazards to drivers (e.g., ungulates), identify collision
hot spots and implement suitable mitigation to redirect animal movements (e.g., underpasses, fencing, and habitat modification),
reduce populations of problematic game species via hunting, or modify driver behavior (e.g., dynamic signage that warns drivers
when animals are near roads). Next, identify those species that are likely to experience additive (as opposed to compensatory)
mortality from vehicle collisions and rank them according to vulnerability to extirpation. Then combine information on the
distribution of at-risk species with information on existing road networks to identify areas where immediate actions are warranted. 相似文献
18.
R. Gerald Wright 《Environmental management》1984,8(2):121-124
Legislation settling the Alaska Native Lands Claims also resulted in the establishment of ten new parks and preserves in Alaska. This settlement was the result of a long and often bitter legislative struggle between pro- and antidevelopment groups. The planning history of the Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve is used as a case example of this debate. One particular source of conflict was the curtailment of sport hunting that would result under national park classification. A preserve classification was introduced to resolve this conflict. Data on wildlife resources and sport hunting were instrumental in defining the areas so classified. 相似文献
19.
Sean A. Weaver 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2006,19(4):367-389
Sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) is a mammalian pesticide used in different parts of the world for the control of mammalian pest species. In New Zealand it is used extensively and very successfully as a conservation management tool for the control of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) – an introduced marsupial that has become a substantial agricultural and conservation management pest. Possums pose a threat to cattle farming in New Zealand as they are a vector for bovine tuberculosis. In protected natural areas, possum browsing is responsible for large scale defoliation of native vegetation. As with many other pesticides, there has been some degree of popular concern about the use of this toxin and its safety, with particular reference to non-target effects. These concerns have been associated with potential non-target effects on human health, and the health of animals of recreational value (e.g., hunting dogs and game animals). This has led to the development of a strong “anti-1080” lobby in New Zealand. In contrast, this study encompasses a science-based risk analysis focusing on the potential risks to non-target native wildlife with a particular focus on chronic toxicity. It finds that there is evidence that 1080 may have endocrine disrupting capabilities (with potential relevance for non-target wildlife) but that this still needs more detailed investigation. This can be clarified by further targeted research. Further research is also needed to test the degradation rates of 1080 and its breakdown products at ecologically-relevant temperatures (i.e., winter stream temperatures – below 11 °C). Such research may demonstrate that some adjustment to 1080 risk management is warranted in New Zealand, or it may help to put to rest the current controversy over the use of this cost effective conservation management tool. 相似文献
20.
We compared the composition and structural characteristics of reclaimed and native woody plant communities near Fairfield,
Texas, to evaluate the effectiveness of woodland reclamation 3–11 years since establishment. Species composition, foliage
density, canopy cover, and woody plant densities were recorded in plots randomly placed along transects bisecting blocks of
reclaimed and native woodlands. During summer, vertical foliage densities at heights ≤2 m were similar among native and reclaimed
areas. Foliage density and canopy cover declined in reclaimed blocks during winter, but remained relatively constant in native
woodlands, where evergreens and vines were more common. Canopy cover was absent in reclaimed woodlands <6 years old but increased
with age in 6 to 11-year-old blocks. These data indicated that approximately 27 years will be needed before trees in reclaimed
blocks will achieve the stature of canopy trees in native woodlands. Reclaimed woodlands contained different woody plant species
and had lower woody stem densities compared to native woodlands. On average, stem densities in reclaimed blocks were six times
lower than densities in native woodlands. Comparisons with planting records indicate that survival of most commonly planted
woody species was low. Only green ash(Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Russian oliver(Elaeagnus commutata), smooth sumac(Rhus glabra), and redbud(Cercis canadensis) had estimated survival rates >50%. Reclamation procedures used at Big Brown Mine (BBM) during 1981–1988 have not produced
woodland habitats with vegetative characteristics comparable to premined woodlands and may not be providing the cover needed
to encourage use by certain wildlife species. Procedures for improving woodland reclamation are recommended. 相似文献