城市土地置换过程中土壤多环芳烃污染的健康风险评价

利用健康风险评价方法判定污染土壤是否需要修复或再次开发已成为一个新的研究领域。以某区域土地置换开发为案例，结合区域未来土地利用类型，采用健康风险评价模型对土壤多环芳烃（PAHs）污染可能给未来入住人群带来的健康风险进行初步评价。结果显示，在正常情况与极端情况两种暴露场合下，考虑直接接触不慎摄入、呼吸土壤尘和皮肤直接接触土壤3种途径，计算出的土壤PAHs污染的致癌风险相对较高，部分点位已经超过了人体健康可接受的致癌风险程度。且以敏感人群儿童为例，利用摄入量和风险评价反推得出，当土壤中PAHs含量低于634 μg/kg时，在极端情况下，儿童致癌风险可降低到可接受的致癌风险水平。随着环境管理工作的深入发展，在城市土地置换过程中应逐步加强环境健康风险评价方面的研究。     

中国主要城市土壤重金属污染状况及风险评估

城市土壤重金属会对生态环境和人体健康产生潜在危害。为研究我国主要城市土壤中重金属污染现状,本文搜集2007—2016年最新发表的关于我国城市土壤重金属污染的科研论文,筛选出23个城市10种重金属的污染信息,分析其含量分布特征,定量评估其可能存在的生态风险和健康风险。研究表明我国城市土壤重金属污染较为严重,工业越发达含量越高。Nemerrow综合污染指数法研究表明我国城市土壤重金属存在潜在的生态风险。健康风险评价表明,全国各城市土壤中重金属对人体有潜在的非致癌风险,儿童的非致癌风险高于成人,As和Cr是非致癌风险的主要来源。致癌风险研究表明,城市土壤重金属会对人体产生致癌效应。本研究可为我国城市发展提供借鉴。     

南昌市街道灰尘重金属时空分布特征及健康风险评估

分析了南昌市夏季和冬季街道104个灰尘样品中的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb含量,并利用地积累指数（Igeo）计算其污染程度,并参考美国国家环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险模型评价灰尘重金属暴露的人体致癌和非致癌风险,通过主成分和相关分析识别南昌市灰尘重金属的可能来源。结果表明：南昌市街道灰尘中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均显著高于江西省土壤背景值,而V、Co和As含量与江西省土壤背景值含量相近。重金属V、Co和As含量无显著季节差异,但冬夏季节含量的空间异质性较高,而Cu在季节和空间分布上均表现出显著的季节差异,其它重金属的高值区均分布在南昌市中心及老工业园附近;Igeo结果表明Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的污染程度相对较高,而V、As和Co污染程度较轻;重金属3种暴露途径的风险排序为手-口暴露>皮肤接触暴露>呼吸暴露,其中儿童会遭受更大的非致癌风险。除了灰尘As和Cr对儿童的暴露在局部区域HQ和HI值大于1,其它重金属对不同人群的HQ和HI值均小于1。总体而言,南昌市灰尘重金属的致癌风险CR均在安全阈值范围内,大小排序为Cr > As > Co > Ni > Cd。南昌市灰尘重金属的来源广泛,其中As、Co和V主要来源于岩石风化,其它重金属元素主要来源于交通和工业等人类活动。 关键词： 街道灰尘;重金属;时空分布;健康风险;南昌市     

老工业基地搬迁改造污染场地再开发利用修复规划案例研究

某老工业基地搬迁改造战略规划需要充分考虑区域场地污染的环境风险,合理规划未来用地类型,提出满足土地再利用环境要求的污染场地修复规划。本研究选取了老工业基地典型代表性污染区域,对土地再利用规划进行环境敏感分析;根据现状场地污染特征,确定场地污染概念模型并评估污染风险水平;建议以风险控制为基础的污染场地修复策略,并根据未来用地环境要求提出污染场地修复方案;提出区域搬迁改造土地再利用的优化建议,环境风险较低的地块优先用于居住、文教等敏感用地类型,环境风险较高的地块则尽量用于工业、商业等非敏感用地类型。     

城市土壤重金属含量及其对儿童健康风险的初步评价——以四川省宜宾市为例

通过对宜宾市主要街道47个土壤样中Pb、As、Zn和Cu含量的调查研究,并利用健康风险评价模型,初步评价了城市土壤中重金属对儿童(6~12岁)的健康风险。Pb、Zn和Cu采用火焰 原子吸收光谱仪测定,As采用氢化物发生 原子荧光光谱测定。结果表明,宜宾市城市土壤中Pb、Zn和Cu含量显著高于四川省土壤背景值,表现出明显的累积效应(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗=0000),As含量显著低于四川省土壤背景值(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗=002);与四川省土壤基线值相比,土壤中Pb、Zn和Cu含量的超标率分别为362%、297%和511%,As含量尚未超标。城市土壤中Pb、As、Zn和Cu的单危害指数大小(〖WTBX〗HI)依次为HIAs>HIPb>HICu>HIZn,总危害指数THI〖WTBZ〗为346×10-1。单危害指数和总危害指数均低于可接受水平1,未对儿童表现出非致癌危害。土壤中As的总致癌风险〖WTBX〗TCR〖WTBZ〗为872×10-6,在可接受水平内(1×10-6~1×10-4),未对儿童表现出致癌风险。     

农药企业场地土壤重金属污染状况及风险评价

为了解典型农药化工厂区及周边土壤的重金属含量分布及其环境风险,本研究选择京津渤地区某农药企业,对其厂区和周边表层土壤中Cu、Ni、Cd、Zn、Cr、Pb、Hg和As等重金属进行了监测,并采用内梅罗综合指数法、Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法和美国环保署(USEPA)的人体暴露风险评价方法进行了生态风险和健康风险评价。结果表明,企业内部存在明显的As污染,尤其是生产区土壤中As的浓度达到土壤三级标准的2.59倍,企业周边土壤也存在普遍的Cd、Pb和Hg累积现象,历史生产过程含砷辅料的使用是造成厂区As污染的关键原因。从潜在生态风险指数来看,企业内部生活区及周边土壤重金属平均总潜在生态风险水平为低度;生产区土壤的重金属总潜在生态风险水平为重度。所有重金属各种途径的非致癌风险叠加均未超过1,非致癌风险在安全范围内,其中主要的非致癌风险贡献元素为Cr、As和Pb。四种致癌重金属Ni、Cd、Cr和As的致癌风险指数从大到小排序为As>Cr>Ni>Cd,Cr、Cd和Ni在企业厂内以及周边土壤中的健康风险值均小于10-6,致癌风险较低,不会对人体造成致癌危害;As在厂内生活区以及厂外周边土壤的致癌风险水平在10-6-10-4之间,存在一定程度的致癌危害;然而,厂内生产区土壤中As的致癌风险值为1.2×10-4,有显著致癌风险。     

华东某铀矿区稻米中放射性核素铀污染特征及健康风险评价

为查明华东某铀矿区稻米中放射性核素铀污染现状及健康风险问题,测定铀矿区和对照区共136件稻米样品中放射性核素U含量,采用单因子污染指数法评价放射性铀污染,并开展U元素健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)研究区稻米中U含量平均值为1.46 ng·g~(–1),各亚区稻米中U含量平均值从大到小顺序为:开采矿井区水冶场区含矿未采区废弃矿井区江西省背景值对照区;(2)稻米单因子污染指数为1.25,属于轻度污染。其中,开采矿井区和水冶厂区为轻度污染,废弃矿井区和对照区未受污染;(3)首次计算提出江西省大米U元素致癌风险最大斜率系数为1.04×10~3(d·kg)·mg~(–1)。各亚区稻米中成人和儿童致癌风险指数高低顺序均为:开采矿井区水冶厂区含矿未采区废弃矿井区对照区。儿童直接饮食稻米具有一定的致癌风险;开采矿井区和水冶厂区的成人存在一定致癌风险,含矿未采区和废弃矿井区以及对照区均无致癌风险。     

江阴市典型河流沉积物重金属污染和风险评价

在摸清河流表层沉积物重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As)含量的基础上,利用综合污染指数和地累积指数评价其污染状况,计算潜在生态风险和人体健康风险。结果表明,江阴市河流沉积物已经受到重金属污染企业和城市径流双重影响,Cu、Zn、Pb峰值在汛期,As、Cr峰值在非汛期;污染负荷指数和地累积指数评价结果显示非汛期污染略轻,地累积指数法引入背景波动参数而使其评价结果较乐观。重金属潜在生态风险都为轻微风险级别;致癌风险处于10~(-3)数量级,非致癌风险数量级为10~(-7),致癌风险为人体健康风险主要承担者。潜在生态风险汛期高,人体健康风险非汛期高,这可能是重金属元素对致癌风险以及生态风险的贡献不同所致。     

南京市典型工业区耕地中多环芳烃源解析

多环芳烃作为重要的环境激素类物质,对环境和人类健康具有严重危害而受到人们的广泛重视。选择南京市某一大型钢铁集团周边耕地土壤为研究对象,对研究区域内多环芳烃（PAHs）残留量进行调查,并对其污染来源进行解析,为该区域土壤PAHs的综合防治提供参考依据。结果表明：PAHs总残留量范围为312.2~27 580.9 ng/g,且以4环以上多环芳烃组分为主。单一污染物以芘、屈、荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、蒽、菲、苯并［a］蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、茚并［1,2,3 cd］芘、苯并［g,h,i］苝为主。不同样区土壤PAHs残留量受常年风向影响明显。推测工业区的气体性排放物是本研究区域土壤中PAHs的主要来源。大气沉降可能是导致本研究区PAHs污染的重要途径之一。另外,地表径流、固体废弃物排放、生活燃煤等导致部分采样点含量较高。在对下风向区域中距中心污染源不同距离采样点PAHs含量分析时发现,高环PAHs总量总体表现出随污染源距离的增加,污染程度递减的规律。在对多环芳烃源成分谱轮廓特征的分析基础上,利用各种参数,从分子量优势度、环数相对丰度、特征指数等方面,分别对各区域土壤中多环芳烃来源进行比较分析,据此推断,四区域PAHs污染均在不同程度上受化石的燃烧所致,但各区域的PAHs污染源不同。钢铁企业内的炼焦厂是该区域多环芳烃主要污染源之一.     

湖北大冶铜绿山矿区蔬菜重金属污染特征及健康风险研究

为了解湖北大冶铜绿山矿山周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量水平、富集能力及通过蔬菜摄入导致的人群健康风险,采用对应采样方法采集矿山周围土壤、蔬菜样品共104件,利用ICP-MS测定上述样品中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量,通过综合质量评价法、富集系数和目标危险系数对研究区土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属的污染状况、富集能力及人群暴露的健康风险进行了分析。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属污染严重,Cd、Cu、Pb和As平均含量分别达2.56、363.23、121.25和35.96 mg/kg,分别为湖北省对应元素土壤背景值的15.06、11.83、4.54和2.92倍,表现为以Cd、Cu为主的多种重金属共同污染。与《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762 2012）标准比较,蔬菜中Cd、Cu和Pb含量的样本超标率分别为40%、6%和2%,而As的含量均不超标。土壤-蔬菜系统中重金属的综合质量指数达9.76,为重度污染。蔬菜中重金属富集能力的排序为：Cd > Cu > As > Pb,叶菜类蔬菜对Cd、Cu、As和Pb的富集系数均高于非叶菜类蔬菜。研究区人群通过蔬菜摄入As的目标危险系数均大于1,存在As暴露的健康风险;成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的总体目标危险系数分别为1.71~3.98和2.20~5.10,儿童比成人遭受的健康风险更大,并且距离矿山越近,所遭受的健康风险越大。蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已使大冶铜绿山矿山周围居民面临潜在的健康风险。 关键词： 铜绿山;蔬菜;重金属;健康风险;大冶     

A systemic health risk assessment for the chromium cycle in Taiwan

Health risk assessment (HRA) has been recognized as a useful tool for identifying health risks of human activities. In particular, this method has been well applied to spatially defined units, such as a production plant, a treatment facility, and a contaminated site. However, the management strategies based on the risk information will be more efficient if the comprehensive picture of total risks from all kinds of sources is depicted. In principle, the total risks can be obtained when all risk sources are assessed individually. Apparently, this approach demands huge amount of efforts. This study develops a methodology that combines substance flow and risk estimation to facilitate examination of risk in a systemic way and provide comprehensive understanding of risk generation and distribution corresponding to flows of substances in the anthroposphere and the environment. Substance flow analysis (SFA) and HRA method is integrated to produce a systemic risk assessment method, from which substance management schemes can be derived. In this study, the chromium cycle in Taiwan is used as an example to demonstrate the method, by which the associated substance flow in the economy and the risk caused by the substance in the environmental system is determined. The concentrations of pollutants in the environmental media, the resultant risks and hazard quotients are calculated with the widely-used CalTOX multimedia model.     

An approach to comparative assessments of potential health risks from exposure to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals

The need to compare potential health risks to the public associated with different activities that can result in releases of hazardous substances to the environment is becoming increasingly important in decision-making. In making such comparisons, it is desirable to use equivalent indicators of potential health risks for radionuclides, chemical carcinogens, and noncarcinogenic hazardous chemicals. Current approaches to risk assessment that were developed for purposes of protecting human health do not provide equivalent indicators of potential risks from exposure to radionuclides and hazardous chemicals. Comparisons of environmental concentrations or calculated exposures or risks with standards for protection of public health also do not provide equivalent indicators of potential risks. We propose a simple approach to comparative risk assessments in which calculated exposures to any hazardous substances are expressed relative to no-observed-effect levels (NOELs) or, preferably, lower confidence limits of benchmark doses (BMDLs) in humans. This approach provides an equivalent, science-based indicator of the relative risks posed by different exposures to any hazardous substances.     

GRADE: Assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health

There is high demand in environmental health for adoption of a structured process that evaluates and integrates evidence while making decisions and recommendations transparent. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework holds promise to address this demand. For over a decade, GRADE has been applied successfully to areas of clinical medicine, public health, and health policy, but experience with GRADE in environmental and occupational health is just beginning. Environmental and occupational health questions focus on understanding whether an exposure is a potential health hazard or risk, assessing the exposure to understand the extent and magnitude of risk, and exploring interventions to mitigate exposure or risk. Although GRADE offers many advantages, including its flexibility and methodological rigor, there are features of the different sources of evidence used in environmental and occupational health that will require further consideration to assess the need for method refinement. An issue that requires particular attention is the evaluation and integration of evidence from human, animal, in vitro, and in silico (computer modeling) studies when determining whether an environmental factor represents a potential health hazard or risk. Assessment of the hazard of exposures can produce analyses for use in the GRADE evidence-to-decision (EtD) framework to inform risk-management decisions about removing harmful exposures or mitigating risks. The EtD framework allows for grading the strength of the recommendations based on judgments of the certainty in the evidence (also known as quality of the evidence), as well as other factors that inform recommendations such as social values and preferences, resource implications, and benefits. GRADE represents an untapped opportunity for environmental and occupational health to make evidence-based recommendations in a systematic and transparent manner. The objectives of this article are to provide an overview of GRADE, discuss GRADE's applicability to environmental health, and identify priority areas for method assessment and development.     

Modeling human exposures to air pollution control (APC) residues released from landfills in England and Wales

Human exposures to air pollution control (APC) residues released from 6 landfills were modeled and assessed. Following a qualitative risk characterisation, direct and indirect exposures were quantified. Site-specific air dispersion modeling was conducted for PM(10), PCDDs/PCDFs, Pb, Cd, As and Cr(VI) concentrations at the closest residential points of exposure for 4 landfill sites accepting, in total, 75% w/w of the APC residues disposed of in 2000-2001 (UK). Inhalation risks, assessed by reference to air quality standards at residential exposure points, were assessed as insignificant. Preliminary modeling suggested that indirect exposures from PCDDs/PCDFs at the 95th percentile level for the site where APC deposition rates were highest could potentially exceed the tolerable daily soil intake (TDSI) but this warrants further study given the model limitations. These results offer an initial screen of the significance of potential risks from APC disposal, which is of value in addressing concerns about the uncertainty of potential risks to human health from bulk APC disposal at strategic locations.     

Exposure to bushfire smoke during prescribed burns and wildfires: firefighters' exposure risks and options

Firefighters are exposed to known health-damaging air pollutants present in bushfire smoke and poorly managed exposure can result in serious health issues. A better understanding of exposure levels and the major factors influencing exposures is crucial for the development of mitigation strategies to minimise exposure risks and adverse health impacts. This study monitored air toxics within the breathing zone of firefighters at prescribed burns and at wildfires in Australia. The results showed that exposure levels were highly variable, with higher exposures (sometimes exceeding occupational exposure standards) associated with particular work tasks (such as patrol and suppression) and with certain burn conditions. The majority of firefighter's exposures were at low and moderate levels (~60%), however considerable attention should be given to the high (~30%) and very high (6%) exposure risk situations for which acute and chronic health risks are very likely and for which control strategies should be developed and implemented to minimise health risks.     

Quantitative Evaluation and Analysis on Human Health Risk

Health condition is related to the economic and social development of a country and the whole world. We concluded that the influencing factors of health risk include environment pollution, food security, disease threat and health care condition, and then an indicators system is put forward in the paper. Based on the foundation of the indicators system, 40 countries were chosen to evaluate the condition of human health risk. With the method of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, 40 countries were divided into four groups, and we analyzed the characteristic of each group. Compared with other countries at the similar development level of economy, the human health risk of China is much higher. We analyzed the correlation between human health risk and the economy development level, and then we concluded that a country should attach importance to improving the condition of human health, when the GNI per capita is between $ 1000 and 3000 US dollars. The stage is vital for economy development, and also for the improvement of the human health condition. We found that countries with high human health risk are mostly in Africa and Asia. The developed countries should help the developing countries reduce the human health risk for a win-win situation of the development of the whole humanity.     

人类健康风险的定量评估与分析

通过深入研究．将人类健康风险解析环境污染、食物安全、疾病流行和医疗保障四个方面。在建立一套评价人类健康风险指标体系的基础上。对40个样本国家进行评估。用聚类分析的方法．将40个国家分为四类，在对每一类国家的人类健康风险特点进行对比发现，在同等经济发展水平下，中国的人类健康风险相对较高。通过分析人类健康风险与经济发展水平的关系得出,人均GNI 1000，3000美元是国家经济发展的关键时期。同样也是改善人类健康状况的关键时期，这一时期国家要高度重视改善人类健康状况。     

Modelling microbial health risk of wastewater reuse: A systems perspective

There is a widespread need for the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine reclaimed water quality for specific uses, however neither faecal indicator levels nor pathogen concentrations alone are adequate for assessing exposure health risk. The aim of this study was to build a conceptual model representing factors contributing to the microbiological health risks of reusing water treated in maturation ponds. This paper describes the development of an unparameterised model that provides a visual representation of theoretical constructs and variables of interest. Information was collected from the peer-reviewed literature and through consultation with experts from regulatory authorities and academic disciplines. In this paper we explore how, considering microbial risk as a modular system, following the QMRA framework enables incorporation of the many factors influencing human exposure and dose response, to better characterise likely human health impacts. By using and expanding upon the QMRA framework we deliver new insights into this important field of environmental exposures. We present a conceptual model of health risk of microbial exposure which can be used for maturation ponds and, more importantly, as a generic tool to assess health risk in diverse wastewater reuse scenarios.     

Approaches for describing and communicating overall uncertainty in toxicity characterizations: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) as a case study

Single point estimates of human health hazard/toxicity values such as a reference dose (RfD) are generally used in chemical hazard and risk assessment programs for assessing potential risks associated with site- or use-specific exposures. The resulting point estimates are often used by risk managers for regulatory decision-making, including standard setting, determination of emission controls, and mitigation of exposures to chemical substances. Risk managers, as well as stakeholders (interested and affected parties), often have limited information regarding assumptions and uncertainty factors in numerical estimates of both hazards and risks. Further, the use of different approaches for addressing uncertainty, which vary in transparency, can lead to a lack of confidence in the scientific underpinning of regulatory decision-making. The overarching goal of this paper, which was developed from an invited participant workshop, is to offer five approaches for presenting toxicity values in a transparent manner in order to improve the understanding, consideration, and informed use of uncertainty by risk assessors, risk managers, and stakeholders. The five approaches for improving the presentation and communication of uncertainty are described using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) as a case study. These approaches will ensure transparency in the documentation, development, and use of toxicity values at EPA, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and other similar assessment programs in the public and private sector. Further empirical testing will help to inform the approaches that will work best for specific audiences and situations.