微波解吸技术及其应用

通过实验数据对活性炭的升温行为进行了定量描述并对微波解吸动力学模式进行了分析。结果表明,活性炭升温行为可分为2个阶段进行描述,微波解吸再生载乙醇活性炭的速度很快,1 min即可达到80％以上的脱附率,一般3～4 min后脱附率达90％以上,整个解吸过程所用的时间不到6 min.     

发酵麸皮对酸性含铬废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附与解吸研究

以发酵行业产生的发酵麸皮废弃物为生物吸附剂处理酸性含铬废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),研究了pH、吸附时间、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、发酵麸皮投加量对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响,确定发酵麸皮吸附去除Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件。分别以NaOH、HCl、NaCl为解吸剂处理吸附饱和的发酵麸皮,利用正交实验研究解吸剂种类、解吸时间、解吸剂浓度、发酵麸皮投加量等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响。结果表明,在强酸条件下发酵麸皮对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最好,发酵麸皮吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为pH=1,吸附时间90min,Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度20mg/L,发酵麸皮投加量0.35g。发酵麸皮解吸Cr(Ⅵ)的正交实验结果表明,最佳解吸条件为以0.20mol/L NaOH为解吸剂,发酵麸皮投加量0.50g,解吸时间60min。各因素对Cr(Ⅵ)解吸效果的影响程度排序为解吸剂种类解吸时间解吸剂摩尔浓度发酵麸皮投加量。吸附饱和后的发酵麸皮可以通过解吸再生,但再生第4次已经失去了重复利用的价值。     

微波解吸技术及其应用

通过实验数据对活性炭的升温行为进行了定量描述并对微波解吸动力学模式进行了分析。结果表明，活性炭升温行为可分为2个阶段进行描述，微波解吸再生载乙醇活性炭的速度很快，1 min即可达到80％以上的脱附率，一般3～4min后脱附率达90％以上，整个解吸过程所用的时间不到6min。     

粉煤灰及沸石对污泥回流液中磷的吸附研究

以粉煤灰和沸石作为吸附材料,研究了两者在静态吸附、动态吸附及流化吸附3种运行状态下,对模拟污泥回流液中磷的吸附情况.试验结果表明,粉煤灰及沸石在3种吸附状态下,达到吸附平衡时TP去除率大小为静态吸附>流化吸附>动态吸附.静态吸附效果最好,但达到吸附平衡所需时间最长,相对效率较低;动态吸附吸附平衡时间短,但TP去除率较低.通过对比粉煤灰及沸石在3种不同吸附状态下的吸附特点及效果,得出宜采用中等粒级的沸石颗粒流化吸附处理污泥回流液.     

微波预处理和微生物联合煤炭脱硫技术初探

将微波技术应用于微生物法煤炭脱硫,研究了煤粉粒径、煤浆浓度、初始pH值、嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)接种量、微波辐照时间、脱硫周期等因素对微波预处理和微生物联合脱硫效果的影响,同时以单纯Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans煤炭脱硫作对照.在煤样粒径为200目(＜0.074 mm)、煤浆浓度为10%、初始pH为2.5、菌体接种量为10%、微波辐照时间3 min、脱硫周期4 d、温度30℃、摇床转速为160 r/min条件下,微波预处理和微生物联合作用对煤炭中全硫的脱除率可达51.3%.该结果表明,微波预处理和微生物联合煤炭脱硫技术可以大大缩短微生物脱硫周期.该研究结果可为开发新脱硫工艺提供参考.     

甲苯气体的动态吸附净化及吸附剂再生实验研究

研究了活性炭纤维(ACF)对甲苯气体的动态吸附净化过程及热空气解吸脱附再生过程.采用3种经验方程对ACF的吸附等温线进行拟合,其中Langmuir方程拟合效果最好,拟合相关系数R2 =0.9960,说明在给定的浓度范围内,ACF对甲苯的吸附是以单分子层吸附为主.穿透曲线实验表明,ACF对甲苯吸附效果较好,Yoon-Ne...     

微波修复氯丹污染土壤中氯丹降解的影响因素研究

对微波修复氯丹污染土壤进行研究,重点考察了含水率、微波辐射时间、碱浓度、活性炭添加量和土壤量对其中氯丹降解的影响。结果表明:(1)总体上,氯丹降解率随着含水率的增加而先增加后减少,随着微波辐射时间的延长而增加。当含水率为20%、微波辐射15min后,α-氯丹和γ-氯丹的降解率分别增加到65%和56%。(2)总体上,氯丹降解率随着微波辐射时间的延长而不断增加,7min后氯丹的降解过程基本趋于平衡。10mol/L氢氧化钠溶液存在条件下氯丹降解效果最好,15min时α-氯丹和γ-氯丹的降解率分别为94%和82%。(3)氢氧化钠溶液最佳摩尔浓度为10mol/L。(4)添加1.0g活性炭条件下,氯丹降解率随着微波辐射时间延长而迅速增加,15min时α-氯丹和γ-氯丹的降解率分别为98%和94%。(5)当土壤和活性炭的质量比固定为15∶1时,随着土壤量的增加,氯丹降解率明显增加。     

微波解吸柠檬酸盐溶液中SO2实验研究

结合微波具有的热效应、非热效应特性,利用经改装的微波反应装置,研究了微波场下柠檬酸浓度、微波作用时间、微波功率、SO2初始浓度和搅拌速率对解吸柠檬酸盐溶液中SO2的影响,得出了影响SO2解吸率的基本规律和最佳解吸条件,并进行了分析.     

桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料表面的磷动态解吸过程研究

以饱和吸附磷后的桉树遗态Fe/C复合材料(PBGC-Fe/C)为解吸对象,选择解吸液种类、解吸液浓度、流速和温度为影响因素开展动态解吸实验研究。结果表明:NaOH溶液为适宜的解吸液;0.10mol/L NaOH的动态解吸率可达85.39%;增大流速可缩短解吸时间,但过高的流速易导致流出液体积增加而带来二次污染风险;温度对解吸过程有轻微影响。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征分析可知,PBGC-Fe/C表面的含氧官能团在解吸过程中至关重要,解吸过程主要由静电斥力作用以及表面配位协同完成。     

微波促进含Cr(Ⅵ)-H2O2体系降解甲基橙溶液的研究

研究了微波辐射下Cr(Ⅵ)-H2O2催化降解甲基橙溶液的行为,探索了微波功率、微波辐射时间、pH值、H2O2浓度、Cr(Ⅵ)等对甲基橙溶液脱色率和COD去除率的影响.研究结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)-H2O2能形成类Fenton体系;微波辐射可提高H2O2产生羟基自由基(·OH)的效率.1000 mg/L的甲基橙溶液,在Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为10.0 mmol/L、pH值为2.5、H2O2浓度为20.0 mmol/L、微波功率为700W下加热2 min,甲基橙溶液的脱色率为99.2%,COD去除率为82.8%.     

光催化降解模拟室内挥发性有机污染物研究

用浸渍-提拉法制备玻璃弹簧负载型TiO2薄膜催化剂,在自制的反应器中进行光催化降解由丙酮、甲苯、对二甲苯组成的模拟室内挥发性有机污染物VOCs研究.研究发现:催化剂中掺杂金属离子能影响催化剂的降解效果,降解效果依次为掺铈TiO2＞纯TiO2＞掺银TiO2;气体流量显著影响降解效果,丙酮、甲苯和对二甲苯的最佳降解流量分别为3、5、7 L/min;混合气体中非对称性的极性分子的降解效率高于对称性分子,导致丙酮、对二甲苯组分降解率降低,甲苯降解率增高.     

扩体错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用自行设计制作的扩体错流式生物滴滤床,以甲苯为目标污染物、陶粒为填料、恶臭假单胞菌为菌源进行实验,研究了扩体错流式生物滴滤床的挂膜启动情况、甲苯进口浓度、停留时间对净化效率的影响.结果表明:(1)环境温度为17～23℃,扩体错流式生物滴滤床在10 d内完成挂膜启动,比传统生物滴滤床缩短了4 d.(2)甲苯净化效率随进口浓度的增加而逐渐下降.当甲苯进口质量浓度为1 100 mg/m~3时,净化效率为95%;当甲苯进口质量浓度维持在1 100～1 200 mg/m~3时,随停留时间的缩短,甲苯净化效率下降.(3)当停留时间分别为94、63、48 s时,甲苯净化效率分别为87%～92%、70%～74%、60%～62%.     

A fungal vapor-phase bioreactor for the removal of nitric oxide from waste gas streams.

Ground-level O3 formation is becoming a major concern in many cities due to recent tightening of O3 regulations. To control O3 formation, more efficient treatment processes for O3 precursors, such as NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are needed. One promising new technology for removing both NOx and VOCs from off-gas streams is biofiltration, a simple process whereby contaminated air is passed through a biologically active packed bed. In this study, a toluene-degrading fungal bioreactor was used to treat an aerobic gas stream contaminated with NO. The fungal bioreactor removed 93% of the inlet 250-ppmv NO at an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 1 min when supplied with 90 g/m3/hr toluene. The presence of NH4+ concentrations greater than 0.4 mg NH3/g dry packing medium, however, resulted in poor NO removal. The bioreactor achieved a maximum toluene elimination capacity of 270 g/m3/hr and maintained greater than 95% toluene removal efficiencies over the 175-day study period.     

Simulating accumulation of biofilms in biotrickling filter

Accumulations and spatial and dynamic variations of biofilms in the media of a biotrickling filter were simulated using mathematical models for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) removal. Toluene was selected as the model VOC. Effects of toluene concentration and gas Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) on VOC removal were also investigated. Results showed that biofilm thickness increased with increased operation duration and the growth rate of biofilms increased with increased inlet toluene concentration and EBCT at a constant toluene loading. The profiles of the thickness and growth rate of biofilms along the medium depth dropped gradually at a certain time.     

Influence of substrate exposure history on biodegradation in a porous medium

This study investigates the influence of fluctuating toluene concentrations on aerobic toluene degradation in a sandy porous medium colonized with Ralstonia pickettii PKO1. Column effluent toluene concentrations were found to increase after a temporary decrease in influent toluene concentration. Subsequent examination of the spatial gradient of toluene degradative activity in the column suggested that the observed increase in effluent toluene concentrations was attributable to an adverse effect of toluene limitation on the biodegradative activity of attached cells. The traditional Michaelis-Menten-type biodegradation equation associated with batch-measured Vmax (2.26 mg toluene/mg living cell/day) and KS (1.20 mg toluene/1) of nonstarved cells was unable to predict the observed toluene breakthrough behavior when the column had been previously exposed to no-toluene conditions. An alternative modeling approach was developed based upon the assumptions that (i) degradative activity was completely deactivated within the no-toluene exposure period (53.5 h) and (ii) a lag-phase was present prior to the subsequent reactivation of degradative activity in previously toluene-starved cells. These assumptions were independently verified by batch microbial investigations, and the modified model provided a good fit to the same observed toluene breakthrough curve. Application of single lag-time and threshold concentration values, however, failed to predict observed toluene breakthrough under different toluene exposure conditions. Results of this experimental and modeling investigation suggested that substrate exposure history, including the length of the starvation period and the level of substrate concentration, affected the induction of biodegradation in the porous medium.     

Backfitting Electrostatic Precipitators: Gas Velocity and Reliability Considerations

Abstract

The kinetic behavior of the toluene biofiltration process was investigated in this research. Toluene was used as a model compound for less water-soluble gas pollutants. The limiting factor in the overall toluene biofiltration process was determined by analyzing the effectiveness factor of the biofilm along the biofilter. Experiments were conducted in three laboratory-scale biofilters packed with mixtures of chaff/compost, D.E. (diatomaceous earth)/compost and GAC (granular activated carbon)/compost, respectively. A mathematical model previously proposed was verified in this study as being applicable to these biofilters packed with different filter materials. Both the experimental and theoretical results confirmed that the biodegradation rate along the biofilter followed the zero order, fractional order to first order kinetics as toluene concentration decreased. Moreover, at higher toluene concentration, biodegradation rate and mass flux of toluene were lower near the bottom of the biofilter due to substrate inhibition. Analysis of the effectiveness factor indicated that biofiltration of a less soluble compound such as toluene should not be operated at high gas flow rates (low gas residence times) due to the mass transfer limitation of such a system. At an approximate constant inlet toluene concentration of 0.9 g/m³, the toluene removal efficiency in these three biofilters would drop below 90% when the gas residence time decreased to 2.5, 2.5, and 2.0 min, respectively.     

三维三相流化床电极处理苯胺实验研究

使用了一种新型的电化学反应器———三维三相流化床电极用于处理苯胺的实验研究。得到了气量大小、外加电压、电介质浓度、pH值、原水浓度、反应时间等因素对苯胺溶液COD去除率的影响规律 ,并对之进行了合理的解释和分析。结果表明 ,用三维三相流化床电极 ,在一定条件下 ,苯胺可基本被全部氧化。初步论证了苯胺电解过程中有中间产物的生成。     

Degradation characteristics of toluene,benzene, ethylbenzene,and xylene by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia T3-c

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia T3-c, isolated from a biofilter for the removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), could grow in a mineral salt medium containing toluene, benzene, or ethylbenzene as the sole source of carbon. The effect of environmental factors such as initial toluene mass, medium pH, and temperature on the degradation rate of toluene was investigated. The cosubstrate interactions in the BTEX mixture by the isolate were also studied. Within the range of initial toluene mass (from 23 to 70 pmol), an increased substrate concentration increased the specific degradation of toluene by S. maltophilia T3-c. The toluene degradation activity of S. maltophilia T3-c could be maintained at a broad pH range from 5 to 8. The rates at 20 and 40 degrees C were 43 and 83%, respectively, of the rate at 30 degrees C. The specific degradation rates of toluene, benzene, and ethylbenzene by strain T3-c were 2.38, 4.25, and 2.06 micromol/g-DCW/hr. While xylene could not be utilized as a growth substrate by S. maltophilia T3-c, the presence of toluene resulted in the cometabolic degradation of xylene. The specific degradation rate of toluene was increased by the presence of benzene, ethylbenzene, or xylene in binary mixtures. The presence of toluene or xylene in binary mixtures with benzene increased the specific degradation rate of benzene. The presence of ethylbenzene in binary mixtures with benzene inhibited benzene degradation. The presence of more than three kinds of substrates inhibited the specific degradation rate of benzene. All BTEX mixtures, except tri-mixtures of benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene or mixtures of all four substrates, had little effect on the degradation of ethylbenzene by S. maltophilia T3-c. The utilization preference of the substrates by S. maltophilia T3-c was as follows: ethylbenzene was degraded fastest, followed by toluene and benzene. However, the specific degradation rates of substrates, in order, were benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene.     

污泥含炭吸附剂对挥发性有机废气吸附实验研究

研究了污泥含炭吸附剂对挥发性有机污染物的吸附特性。结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对苯系物的吸附为典型的物理吸附,其吸附甲苯等温线的类型系优惠型吸附等温线,表明具有良好的吸附能力;在吸附反应温度为20℃,气体流量为500 mL/m in(停留时间为0.424 s),甲苯浓度为2 700 mg/m3时,甲苯的饱和吸附容量为150.0 mg/g;同时,研究表明污泥含炭吸附剂对苯系物的饱和吸附容量和吸附强弱次序为二甲苯甲苯苯。结果表明污泥含炭吸附剂适合对中低浓度有机废气的吸附净化。     

Biodegradation of benzene, toluene; and other aromatic compounds by Pseudmonas sp. D8

Pseudmonas sp. D8 strain, which has the potential to utilize toluene as a sole carbon source, was isolated. At a concentration of 100 mg/l, this strain was found to efficiently degrade toluene and benzene (both individually and in mixture) in culture medium at 30°C and pH7. Following a two-hour lag phase, complete biodegradation of 100 mg/l toluene or benzene occurred within 6 to 8 hours. The addition of nitrate, phosphate, or sulfate at various concentrations were found to have significant influence on both toluene and benzene degradation. In addition, results show that the D8 strain has the ability to degrade monochlorophenols, nitrophenols, and phenol, but not aliphatic compounds. Inoculation of groundwater samples containing 100 mg/1 toluene or benzene with Pseudmonas sp. D8 resulted in rapid degradation within 24 33 hours.