氯氰菊酯降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂废水排放口附近的污泥中分离到1株能降解氯氰菊酯的细菌LQ-3.根据其形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No.FJ222585)序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为Starkeya sp..LQ-3菌株只能以共代谢方式降解氯氰菊酯,在有酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质存在的条件下,5 d内对20 mg·L-1氯氰菊酯的降解率达到72.1%.LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30 ℃左右,pH值为7～8.LQ-3菌株还能降解功夫菊酯、甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和溴氰菊酯.酶的定域试验表明,LQ-3菌株降解氯氰菊酯的酶属于胞外酶.     

光合细菌球形红杆菌对活性艳红X-3B的脱色作用及其与质粒的关系

本文研究了光合细菌球形红杆菌在不同条件下对活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ的脱色效果及与质粒的关系。结果表明,球形红杆菌的培养条件对脱色效果有较大的影响,ｐＨ在６～９范围内２４ｈ脱色率均在８５％以上,最适ｐＨ稍偏碱为７～９;脱色的最适温度范围较宽,在１５℃～４０℃之间２４ｈ脱色率均在７５％以上;氧的存在对脱色是不利的,厌氧条件下的脱色效果远远高于好氧条件下的脱色效果。结果还表明,该菌株质粒在琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱上仅有一条质粒带。通过高温吖啶橙处理,消除该菌株的质粒后,该菌株的脱色能力也随之消失,从而证明该菌株的脱色能力是由质粒控制的。     

一株黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger sp.ZH-1)对活性红ST-2BF的脱色

通过富集培养，从空气中分离到一株脱色真菌，经初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)，定名为ZH-1并研究了该菌株ZH-1对活性红ST-2BF脱色的条件，结果表明，其对活性红ST-2BF的最佳脱色条件为：pH=6．0、温度30℃、在此条件下运行40h脱色率达99．1％；探讨了碳源、氮源和接种量对其脱色率的影响；并对染料降解前后的紫外-可见光光谱进行了分析对比．图5参6     

一株槭射脉革菌MY51的分离鉴定及对染料的脱色能力

通过对兔眼蓝莓叶片组织中分离得到的内生真菌MY51进行鉴定和产木质素降解酶活性检测,探讨该菌株对染料的脱色能力.通过形态学和分子生物学分类法对菌株MY51进行鉴定;对菌株MY51所产3种木质素降解酶酶活曲线进行测定;利用菌株MY51对固体条件下8种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,以脱色效果较好的染料模拟污水染料,研究菌株MY51在静态条件下对不同浓度固体染料的脱色能力.结果表明,菌株MY51为白腐真菌——槭射脉革菌(Phlebia acerina),该菌株可以产木质素过氧化物酶、漆酶和锰过氧化物酶等木质素降解酶;且木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶活性均在培养第8天达到最大值,分别为11.05、1.21 U/L;漆酶活性在第10天达到最大值18.52U/L;菌株MY51对不同的染料均有脱色效果,对活性红和活性黑的脱色效果最显著;但染料浓度较高时会对菌株MY51的脱色产生一定抑制作用,脱色15 d后,MY51对质量浓度为10、50、100、250和500 mg/L活性红脱色率分别为98.2%、94.5%、87.8%、88.3%和85.6%;对质量浓度为10、50、100、250和500mg/L的活性黑脱色率分别为98%、93%、83.3%、74.5%和65.5%.本研究表明菌株MY51对活性染料具有较好脱色能力,在染料废水处理领域具有一定的应用前景.(图10参31)     

孔雀绿染料的微生物脱色研究

从印染废水处理池的活性污泥中分离到五株对孔雀绿染料有脱色能力的细菌,其中编号为３＃的菌株人苍白杆菌（Ｏｃｈｒｏｂａｃｔｒｕｍ ａｎｔｈｒｏｐｉ）的脱色能力较强。对３＃菌株的脱色反应条件进行初步研究表明,３＃细菌的脱色反应的ｐＨ为５－１１,最佳范围ｐＨ６－７;温度１０－３０℃,最佳温度３０℃;有氧气民政部下的脱色效果较缺氧情况下好;在最佳条件下该菌对孔雀绿染料的脱色作用较强,处理４、１２、２４ｈ后,     

光合细菌球形杆菌对活性艳红X—3B的脱色作用及其与质粒的关系

本文研究了光合球形红杆菌在不同条件下对活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ的脱色效果及与持粒的关系。结果表明球形红力的培养条件对脱色效果有较大的影响,ＰＨ在６－９范围内２４ｈ脱色率在８５％以上,最适ＰＨ稍偏碱为７－９;脱色的最适温度范围较宽,在１５－４０℃之间２４ｈ脱色率均在７５％以上;氧的存在对脱色是不利的。厌氧条件下的以效果远远高于好氧条件下的脱色效果。结果还表明,该菌株质粒在琼脂糖浆电泳图谱上仅一条质粒带。通过     

一株除草剂氰氟草酯降解菌的分离鉴定与降解特性

氰氟草酯(Calofop-buty1)是一种芳氧苯氧羧酸酯类除草剂,其迁移、转化和分解等行为对环境及人类健康具有潜在危害.为了解其微生物代谢机制,从长期使用氰氟草酯的稻田土壤中分离到1株氰氟草酯降解菌株,命名为QDZ-B.菌株QDZ-B的16S rDNA基因序列长度为1 400 bp,在RDP数据库比对结果表明其与寡养食单胞菌属菌株的同源性最近,与模式菌株嗜麦寡养食单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(AB008509)的同源性为99.8%.根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将菌株QDZ-B鉴定为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.).接种量为5%时,菌株QDZ-B在基础盐液体培养基中5 d对100 mg L-1氰氟草酯的降解率约为88.2%.菌株QDZ-B的降解效果与接种量成正相关,但接种量大于5%时,降解效率趋于平稳.菌株QDZ-B降解氰氟草酯的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0.通过质谱分析鉴定了3个菌株QDZ-B降解氰氟草酯的代谢产物,分别为氰氟草酸、氰氟草酰胺和2-氟-3-对-乙氧基苯氧基苯酰胺.     

常温常压下水合肼对偶氮染料还原脱色反应

研究了在常压条件下,水合肼还原3种模拟偶氮染料废水并使其脱色,脱色效果用酶标仪测定,其结果表明,脱色效果较好,脱色率最高可达99%.对常压及不同温度条件下水合肼还原模拟甲基橙废水的脱色反应动力学行为及反应活化能进行了研究,结果表明,反应活化能Ea=59.236 kJ.mol-1.在常压条件下,反应符合一级动力学反应.反应产物用GC-MS、1H-NMR测定,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

一株白腐菌产生的漆酶对RB亮蓝的脱色作用

W 1是一株能在液体条件下产漆酶的白腐菌 ,纯化的漆酶对RB亮蓝有很好的脱色作用 .漆酶的最适脱色温度为 4 5℃ ,最适脱色pH值为 6 .0 ,脱色pH范围在 4～ 7之间 .当溶液中漆酶活力为 2 .0× 10 3 U/L时 ,在最适脱色条件下、16h内 ,RB亮蓝 (30 0mg/L)的脱色率可以达到 90 % .经酶作用后 ,RB亮蓝在 4 30～ 70 0nm范围内的特征颜色吸收峰基本消失 .实验证明 ,在相同的条件下 ,漆酶粗酶对RB亮蓝有更好的脱色效果 .图 7表 1参 6     

硫氧化细菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

从浙江华海药业污水处理系统中分离得到一株硫氧化细菌T3,基于形态特征、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列系统学分析和Biolog鉴定系统分析,鉴定该菌株为根瘤菌属.摇瓶实验结果表明,T3生物降解最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH值为8.0,外加氯化铵、碳源对菌株生长及硫化钠降解有促进作用,驯化后的硫氧化细菌对硫化钠有很强的耐受能力,最优生长条件下,2 d内菌株T3能将400 mg/L以下浓度的硫化钠降解彻底,是一株有应用前景的硫氧化细菌.通过测定代谢过程中各种物质的含量,确定该菌株对硫化钠的去除机理为S2-→S2O32-/S0→SO32-→SO42-.图8表1参18     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.