区域农业持续性与持续发展研究

景观生态学属于宏观尺度生态空间研究范畴，它的理论核心集中表现为空间异质性和生态整体性两方面。持续性，包括农业景观持续性的最终目标在于人类与其环境的整体协调，即广义的人类生态整体性。持续性研究涉及广阔的地域空间，其目标的实现则有赖于空间途径。这一认识是将景观生态学应用于持续农业发展的理论出发点。     

过程耦合与空间集成：国土空间生态修复的景观生态学认知

新时期国土空间生态修复的核心是整体保护与系统治理,强调生态保护修复与社会经济发展耦合关联的系统性、协同性。景观生态学以景观为研究对象,基于整体综合视角聚焦景观结构与功能演变及其与人类社会相互作用机理,重点关注过程耦合与空间集成。面向国土空间生态修复的战略需求,景观生态学“格局与过程耦合-时空尺度-生态系统服务-景观可持续性”的研究路径能够为国土空间生态修复提供重要学科支撑;依据格局-过程互馈机理识别退化、受损的山水林田湖草生命共同体,基于景观多功能性权衡协调社会-生态需求并确定修复目标,应用生态安全格局优化多层级修复网络体系,建立面向景观可持续性的多尺度级联福祉保障。     

Adopting an ecological view of metropolitan landscape: the case of “three circles" system for ecological construction and restoration in Beijing area

Ecological construction and restoration for sustainable development are now a driving paradigm. It is increasingly recognized that ecological principles, especially landscape ecology theory, are not only necessary but also essential to maintain the long-term sustainability worldwide. Key landscape ecology principles--element,structure and process, dynamics, heterogeneity, hierarchies, connectivity, place and time were reviewed, and use Beijing area as a case study to illustrate how these principles might be applied to ecological construction and restoration, to eventually achieve sustainability. An example to more effectively incorporate the ecological principles in sustainable planning in China was presented.     

基于结构和水环境的城市湿地景观健康研究——以西溪湿地公园为例

景观健康是近年来随着生态系统健康研究不断深入而出现的一个新的景观生态学概念,旨在探讨景观尺度下生态健康的问题。论文针对城市湿地公园的特征,构建能够反映其特征的景观功能分类体系,建立景观结构健康和水环境健康的评价模型,并在分析两者之间关系的基础上,对景观健康进行综合评价,探讨西溪湿地公园景观健康的空间异质性。研究结果表明,西溪湿地公园景观总体处于亚健康的状态,景观健康程度由公园内部向周边呈逐渐降低的趋势,说明湿地公园作为“湿岛”,受到周边环境的强烈影响。其中,景观疾病的区域占公园总面积的20.42%;景观不健康的区域占整个公园的20.97%;景观亚健康的区域占整个公园的34.98%;景观健康和很健康的区域占整个公园的23.63%。研究结果有利于西溪湿地公园开展具有针对性的管理工作,且为其他城市湿地公园的规划和建设提供科学依据。     

3S技术在景观生态研究中的作用和意义

景观生态学是研究景观尺度上的生态学问题;3S技术为景观生态学研究提供了极为有效的一系列工具,成为资料收集、存储、处理和分析所不可缺少的手段,利用3S技术在景观数据的获取、景观空间格局分析、景观生态监测、评价与管理、景观空间模拟、景观生态规划等方面的应用研究,对3S技术在景观生态学中的广泛应用起推动作用。     

GIS支持下的黄土高原土壤景观生态信息系统研究

地理信息系统具有对空间数据的存贮和管理能力,还提供强大的空间分析手段,满足了土壤景观生态研究往往要分析大量的庞杂的空间信息的要求。本文利用地理信息系统技术在黄土高原土壤景观生态学研究中开展了土壤景观生态信息系统方面的应用研究,并建立了《黄土高原土壤景观生态信息系统》,分析了黄土高原土壤景观生态信息系统的技术特征,并对建立黄土高原土壤景观生态信息系统的一些问题进行了探讨,为黄土高原土壤景观生态学研究提供科学依据。     

Landscape dynamitic change in Mu Us Desert derived from Landsat TM data

Landscpae ecology emphasizes large areas and ecological effects of the spatial patterning of ecosystem.Recent developments in landscape ecology emphasized the important relationship between spatial patterns and many ecological processes.Quantitative methods in landscape ecology link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales.In turn the increased attention on temoral change of ecosystem has highlighted the need for quantitative methods that can analyze patterns.This research applies quantitative methods-change detection to assess the ecosystem temporal change in the arid and semiarid area.Remote sensing offers the temporal change of ecosystem on landscape characteristics.     

Core concepts of landscape ecology

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Landscape eco-environmental research on littoral zone in China1

Littoral zone is a special land/ landscape type. As an important kind of land resource in support, the use of littoral zone is vital to eastern coastal areas in China. And the research on littoral zone relates to the key theory of landscape ecology. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, the littoral zone was divided into four types: mud flat, sand beach, bench, and biological flat. The distribution of each type in China is pointed out. As a typical open system, littoral zone has six landscape ecological characteristics: (1) high sensitivity to disturbance; (2) distinct edge effect; (3) spatial aggregation of natural resources; (4) frequently spatial oscillation; (5) obviously spatial heterogeneity; and (6) noticeably spatial differentiation. Some proposals are also put forward on the land use and development of littoral zone for environmental protection and environmental management.     

Landscape eco-environmental research on littoral zone in China

Littoral zone is a special land/ landscape type. As an important kind of land resource in support, the use of littoral zone is vital to eastern coastal areas in China. And the research on littoral zone relates to the key theory of landscape ecology. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, the littoral zone was divided into four types: mud flat, sand beach, bench, and biological flat. The distribution of each type in China is pointed out. As a typical open system, littoral zone has six landscape ecological characteristics: (l) high sensitivity to disturbance; (2) distinct edge effect; (3) spatial aggregation of natural resources; (4) frequently spatial oscillation; (5) obviously spatial heterogeneity; and (6) noticeably spatial differentiation. Some proposals are also put forward on the land use and development of littoral zone for environmental protection and environmental mana qement.     

科尔沁沙地农牧交错区景观持续性研究

科尔沁沙地农牧交错区景观持续性的分析表明,在不同时间尺度上,景观多样性的持续性增加1.038(±0.033),而景观优势度持续性下降0.873(±0.112),说明在1958年固定沙丘地占主导地位的景观逐渐演化成流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和农田相间分布、平分秋色的景观。在农牧业生产活动的影响下,景观格局的持续性在空间形状的变化上趋向复杂(景观分维数持续性为1.008),而其相邻性下降(景观修改分维数0.953)。斑块尺度上,不同时间尺度的分析显示,流动沙丘和半固定沙丘斑块面积持续性增加,而固定沙丘和农田斑块面积持续减少;从斑块格局的持续性来看,半固定沙丘地空间格局的持续性呈增加的趋势最明显,为1.038(±0.087),固定沙丘地空间格局的持续性呈减少的趋势最明显,为0.806(±0.032);40年来科尔沁沙地的农牧交错活动对斑块修改分维数的持续性影响是一致的,呈下降的趋势,说明该过程减少了景观中斑块间的相邻性。     

景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础,随着人类的发展,生物多样性受到了严重的威胁,并得到全世界的关注。多样性保护的途径主要分为两个,一个是以物种为中心的传统保护途径,另一个是以生态系统为中心的景观生态保护途径。景观生态学的发展为生物多样性的保护提供了新的理论与方法。本文论述了生物多样性保护中景观生态学原理的运用,并简要介绍了目前景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用,旨在为生物多样性的保护提供理论依据。     

鄱阳湖区景观格局季相变化及其优化调控研究

论文以自然属性确定的鄱阳湖区为例,基于景观生态学理论和GIS空间分析技术,定量描述和分析了鄱阳湖区景观格局的季相变化特征。研究结果表明：鄱阳湖区整体景观格局季节变化明显,枯水期较丰水期景观更加破碎,形状更加复杂,聚集程度更低,异质性水平更高;类别水平上,以滩地景观变化最为显著。枯水期和丰水期生态连通性也有较明显差异,枯水期景观生态连通性更差,景观单元间的生态阻力更大,生态流运行更加困难。在此基础上,借助最小累积耗费阻力模型和GIS空间分析模块,识别和构建了不同季相鄱阳湖区的源地、廊道（三类）、节点等生态组分,形成了“斑块-廊道-基质”模式的生态功能网络;并通过对不同季相景观格局优化组分的对比分析,辨识了年内能够持续发挥重大生态效益的景观组分,构建了更为合理的景观格局优化调控方案,以期增强鄱阳湖区景观网络的连通性,保障生态流的畅通运行,加强湖区生态系统的稳定性和可持续性,为鄱阳湖区生态规划和管理提供借鉴和参考。     

景观生态学在国土空间治理中的应用

鉴于当前国土空间治理面临复杂的人类活动与自然环境相互作用而产生的生态风险与空间利用问题,基于景观生态学学科特质与生态文明建设要求,对当前国土空间治理工作进行梳理,归纳了明确的生态系统服务定位、高效的建成空间结构、适宜且多样的产业发展支撑、多等级的生态系统服务与安全保障等国土空间治理需求。同时,整合区域时空信息的理论基础与分析手段,提出景观生态学在国土空间治理中应落脚于：（1）识别并统一不同空间尺度的治理单元;（2）辨析并评估景观功能的空间分异;（3）构建基于生态风险防范的区域景观格局; （4）识别集约高效的城乡协调发展格局;（5）提出尺度联系的绿色发展架构;（6）明晰多级多样的生态保障方案。     

渭南地区景观生态规划与设计

景观生态规划与设计是以景观生态学原理为理论基础的地域生态规划方法,并提出相应的建设方案和对策。其中心任务是创造一个可持续发展的区域景观生态系统。景观生态规划与设计的基本步骤和途径是由理想目标设计、功能规划与设计、结构规划与设计到具体单元利用设计的逐级实现过程。     

Agricultural landscape change and stability in northeast Thailand: historical patch-level analysis

The temporal nature of agricultural landscape change, where both intra- and inter-annual processes and changes are often at work, renders traditional methods of landscape change assessment not completely effective. Additionally, seasonal and longer-term shifting patterns of cultivation can sometimes appear as permanent landscape change when in fact they actually are simply a local change in spatial arrangement. To address these complexities, this work tests an approach that is longitudinal in character and based upon assessing the structure of landscape change as well as the landuse/landcover (LULC) change. Set in rural northeast Thailand, patch dynamics are examined through use of LULC change trajectories built from an image time series and temporal patterns built from pattern metrics. The given unit of observation is the pixel, and its “life history” is constituted by the values derived from the images of a satellite time series, which are then reconstituted at the patch level for better ecological interpretation. The hypothesis that underpins this approach is that the nature of the trajectory is associated with the function of the land in that patch and in the neighborhood of surrounding patches. Hence, different trajectories of LULC spatial arrangement may suggest, for example, differences in the stability or dynamics of LULC over time and space, which are further suggestive of land sustainability or resilience, or conversely land conversion or dynamism. The study area for this research is a marginalized, agrarian environment in northeast Thailand, a region that has undergone deforestation of upland forests for the cultivation of commercial field crops, intensification of lowland rice for subsistence as well as local and regional sales and global export, and LULC scenarios altering the savanna landscape that serves as the background matrix. The analysis here characterizes the relative stability and temporal dynamics of LULC at the patch level. Pattern metrics calculated at the patch level are assessed as the spatial organization of landscape units that represent: (1) transitional areas of LULC dynamics occurring as peripheral expansion, (2) LULC change from forest to agriculture through deforestation, or (3) agriculture to forest through secondary plant succession, with savanna serving as a transitional matrix. In short, this paper proposes and tests a method for assessing the temporal persistence of LULC through pattern metrics. The method contributes a technique for analyzing the landscape ecology of sites as a function of their stability/dynamics within a scale-explicit context, and contributes to the growing body of work on relating scale, pattern, and process.     

网络有效性:评价旅游活动对环境影响的一个新指标

旅游会给环境带来一定的负面影响,而旅游区的游径往往是这种影响的集中体现地。游径的构建方式、空间格局在很大程度上决定了旅游对环境的影响程度。但目前景观生态学中相关的廊道指标不能对此做出有效的评价。论文以九寨沟国家级自然保护区为案例研究地,克服现有廊道指标只单一考虑空间特性的局限,将廊道的空间格局与生态功能结合起来,采用运筹学的方法,提出网络有效性这个新的指标。在九寨沟案例研究地的应用表明,与传统景观生态学指标连通度和环通度相比,网络有效性指标能够直观地反映游径的利用状况,也能够较好地反映旅游的环境影响程度,从而为旅游管理提供依据。     

Multifunctional landscapes--perspectives for the future

New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed.Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of Iandscape,and landscape fnction is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape ystem.In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes.During the 1990‘s this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation.Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question.Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems,functionality.Further,the relation between function,space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗草甸草原生态环境时空演变分析

选取内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗满都胡宝拉格草甸草原为研究区,在遥感和GIS技术的支撑下,以景观生态学理论为指导,通过分析该地区近15年来四个时期景观类型的空间格局、演化态势和变化规律,从景观视角挖掘出格局信息与生态环境变化之间的内在关联性,运用马尔科夫链模型对未来草原景观格局变化的趋势进行了模拟和预测,并分析了该地区生态环境变化的驱动机制,为科学利用和保护草地资源、保证区域可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

SAFE—A hierarchical framework for assessing the sustainability of agricultural systems

Sustainable development and the definition of indicators to assess progress towards sustainability have become a high priority in scientific research and on policy agendas. In this paper, we propose a consistent and comprehensive framework of principles, criteria and indicators (PC&I) for sustainability assessment of agricultural systems, referred to as the Sustainability Assessment of Farming and the Environment (SAFE) framework. In addition we formulate consistent and objective approaches for indicator identification and selection. The framework is designed for three spatial levels: the parcel level, the farm level and a higher spatial level that can be the landscape, the region or the state. The SAFE framework is hierarchical as it is composed of principles, criteria, indicators and reference values in a structured way. Principles are related to the multiple functions of the agro-ecosystem, which go clearly beyond the production function alone. The multifunctional character of the agro-ecosystem encompasses the three pillars of sustainability: the environmental, economic and social pillars. Indicators and reference values are the end-products of the framework. They are the operational tools that are used for evaluating the sustainability of the agro-ecosystems. The proposed analytical framework is not intended to find a common solution for sustainability in agriculture as a whole, but to serve as an assessment tool for the identification, the development and the evaluation of agricultural production systems, techniques and policies.