青竹江水环境耗氧污染物含量分布特征及质量评价

本文对青竹江水环境中耗氧污染物(CODCr、BOD5和NH3-N)含量分布特征进行了探讨,并对青竹江的水质质量进行评价。结果表明,青竹江从上游到下游水体中污染物含量为增加趋势,在时间上也存在一定的变化,枯水期水体中污染物含量高于平水期和丰水期,目前青竹江综合水质可满足Ⅱ类水质标准要求。     

南广河水体中砷镉铅铬含量分布特征及质量探讨

本文对南广河水体中的砷镉铅铬含量分布特征进行了描述,并探讨了南广河的水质质量。结果表明：南广河从上游到下游水体中污染物含量为增大趋势;在时间上也存在一定的变化,枯水期水体中污染物含量高于平水期和丰水期。目前南广河综合水质质量可满足Ⅱ类水质标准要求。     

网络版摘要

涡河涡阳段水中CODCr与NH3-N分布及评价 通过对涡河涡阳段水体中化学需氧量（CODCr）和氨氮（NH3-N）等污染指标的测试，分析了CODCrNH3-N的时空变化特征及其产生原因。结果表明：采样点距离涡阳县城较近，CODCrNH3-N污染呈现增大的趋势；丰水期水质污染相对较轻，而平水期和枯水期CCODCr、NH3-N污染指数增大。     

嘉陵江一级支流县域河流水质现状综合分析与评价——以南充市蓬安县为例

以南充市蓬安县为例,采用了单因子评价法、主要污染物水质标识指数法和主成分分析法统计分析了2017～2019年嘉陵江一级支流蓬安数据,综合分析嘉陵江一级支流县域河流水污染特征及水质评价。结果表明:(1)蓬安县域内嘉陵江一级支流水环境有机污染较为严重,污染物主要源于生活污水、工业污水、农业面源污染排放,高风险因子为CODCr和TP。(2)水质受水期影响大,变化特征为:枯水期丰水期平水期;上半年水质优于下半年,1～3月水质最差。(3)蓬安县域内嘉陵江支流年均值评价水质逐年改善,达标率逐年增加,污染程度依次为清溪河河舒河大泥溪长塘河金溪河。就蓬安县的水质评价结果进行问题剖析,为嘉陵江流域污染防治管理提供科学依据。     

紫坪铺水库水质及水体富营养化状况分析

为了探究紫坪铺水库水质情况和富营养化状态变化情况,于2012年1月至2016年12月每月对水库四个监测点位进行采样分析,基于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)水质评价、综合营养状态指数(TLI)等方法,分析水质情况和水体富营养化的时间和空间变化情况。结果表明:①年平均水质指标中:溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮主要为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类水质,总氮为Ⅲ类水质,总磷除2016年为Ⅳ类水质外其余年份均为Ⅲ类水质;②TLI年均值主要呈逐年升高趋势,但最高值为29.63;③TLI值空间分布特征为:库头﹥入湖库口﹥库中﹥库尾,时间分布特征为:5月、6月、7月、8月﹥1月、2月、3月、4月、9月﹥10月、11月、12月(丰水期﹥平水期﹥枯水期)。研究显示,紫坪铺水库水质整体主要处于湖库地表水Ⅲ类水质和贫营养化状态。     

凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水质现状及污染防治对策

以2012年4月至10月的水质监测数据为基础,分析了凡河榛子岭水库上游河段水体的水质状况。结果表明：仅夹河厂断面9月监测的水质符合Ⅲ类水质要求,其余各月3个断面监测的水质均超出Ⅴ类水质标准,超标项目主要是总氮、氨氮和总磷;各监测断面水质除总氮、氨氮和总磷超标外,其他项目基本达到Ⅲ类水质标准。凡河榛子岭水库上游河段丰水期各监测项目的浓度值明显大于平水期和枯水期时期。导致水质超标的原因主要是农村面源污染。     

蒙溪河流域水环境污染及演变趋势研究

研究采用Arc GIS确定蒙溪河流域研究范围,在此基础上进行水环境污染现状及演变趋势分析、污染源调查和水环境容量计算。结果表明:蒙溪河流域水质超标情况较严重,主要超标因子为:COD、TN和TP,COD和TP的压力主要集中在平水期,TN压力主要集中在枯水期;污染源汇入主要集中在4#-9#点位之间。蒙溪河流域污染物入河量从大到小依次为:农业面源、城镇生活污水、农村生活污水、规模化畜禽养殖、畜禽散养和底泥污染。蒙溪河流域达标需削减污染物量:COD为217.755t/a,NH_3-N为24.683t/a,TN为75.710t/a,TP为10.774t/a。     

辽河水环境质量评价及其污染源解析

为全面了解松辽河河流水体的污染状况,根据辽河的水质监测数据,采用主成分分析(PCA)对水质污染现状进行综合评价,并在主成分分析计算的相关结果之上进一步进行绝对主成分多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR),量化了每个主成分对各污染物的贡献率。结果表明:辽河水体的主要污染物包括高锰酸盐指数、COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、NH_3-N和石油类。丰水期第一主成分对NH_3-N、石油类的贡献率分别为49.09%和24.71%;平水期第一主成分对高锰酸盐指数、COD_(Cr)、BOD_5和NH_3-N的贡献率为30.48%、56.16%、26.93%和160.89%;枯水期第一主成分对高锰酸盐指数、COD_(Cr)、BOD_5、NH_3-N和石油类的贡献率分别为100.25%、101.26%、128.36%、93.71%和54.33%。辽河整体水质为Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类水质,在7个监测断面中,双台子河闸水质最差。研究表明,污染物主要受到沿岸城镇居民生活和石油化工企业废水的排放以及农业和畜牧业等面源污染的影响。     

浦沿化工区的变化

1986年萧山县环保部门对浦沿化工区的白马湖水系分别在平水期、半水期和枯水期进行了地面水监测,从测得的45个数据来看,每期水质都符合《渔业水质标准》。浦沿化工区工业企业是60年代至70年代迅速发展起来的。它为钱塘江所环抱,隔江与杭州市相望,总面积79.98平方公里,去年这里有217家企业,其中化工、电镀22家,市属化工企业有3家。     

基于模糊综合评价法的淠河水环境质量评价

采用污染分担率法确定评价因子，应用改进的模糊综合评价法对2003-2005年六安市淠河水质进行全面评价，并分析了其时空变化特征。结果表明：①2003-2005年淠河水质依次属于Ⅰ级偏向Ⅱ级、Ⅱ级偏向Ⅲ级和Ⅲ级偏向Ⅳ级，水质均能达到规划目标，但有恶化趋势。②2005年六安市淠河监测断面窑岗嘴大桥、光华厂、新安渡口、大店岗水质依次属于Ⅰ级、Ⅲ级偏向Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅲ级偏向Ⅳ级，新安渡口断面水质达不到规划目标，其余断面达标。③2005年淠河新安渡口断面在丰水期、平水期、枯水期水质依次属于Ⅳ级偏向Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级偏向Ⅲ级和Ⅴ级，枯水期水质达不到规划目标，其余水期水质达标。④TN为首要污染物，其次为TP、COD和NH3-N，必须削减氮磷营养污染物，才能切实提高淠河水环境质量。     

High Sediment Oxygen Demand Within an Instream Swamp in Southern Georgia: Implications for Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Coastal Blackwater Streams1

Todd, M. Jason, George Vellidis, R. Richard Lowrance, and Catherine M. Pringle, 2009. High Sediment Oxygen Demand Within an Instream Swamp in Southern Georgia: Implications for Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Coastal Blackwater Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1493‐1507. Abstract: Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) is considered a critical and dominant sink for dissolved oxygen (DO) in many river systems including blackwater streams and is often poorly investigated or roughly estimated in oxygen budgets. The purposes of this study are to (1) characterize and document the magnitude and variability of SOD in representative instream swamps found on the Georgia Coastal Plain; (2) predict SOD from more readily measured parameters such as soil, sediment, and litter organic carbon; and (3) obtain an accurate representation of SOD values within this understudied habitat to help improve water quality models and the continued development of DO as an appropriate water quality standard. Results show SOD rates ranging from 0.491 to 14.189 g O₂/m²/day, up to 18 times higher than values reported for southeastern sandy‐bottomed streams and suggest that instream swamps are repositories of large amounts of organic matter and are thus areas of intense oxygen demand and a major factor in determining the oxygen balance of the watershed as a whole. These areas of intense oxygen demand in relatively unimpacted areas indicate that low DO concentrations may be a natural phenomenon. SOD rates were significantly correlated (alpha = 0.05) with a number of sediment parameters, with organic carbon and total organic carbon being the best predictors of SOD rate. When developing water quality models, managers should pay closer attention to the influence of SOD as it plays a critical role in determining DO levels within instream swamps and the river system.     

三峡库区万州区段长江水中泥沙量对其水质的影响分析

长江三峡库区的生态环境及水质情况。随着三峡工程建设的不断深入而备受社会各界的瞩目。重庆市万州区地处三峡水库腹心地带。长江自西南向东北横穿万州区全境。过境流程83公里。万州区溪流纵横。水网密布，多数河流直接排入长江。而且在三峡库区大移民进程中有大量的移民集中在万州。在三峡大坝即将合龙之际，研究长江万州流域的水质情况无疑对指导库区的清理工作、生态环境建设等具有重大意义。本文对该地区的水污染源进行了初步考察。同时对万州区段长江流域的水质进行了探索性研究。发现该区水土流失情况较为严重，而且水中的泥沙含量与其COD水平有相关关系。江水中大部分的COD是由泥沙携带的有机物的贡献。     

Factors Affecting Sediment Oxygen Demand Dynamics in Blackwater Streams of Georgia’s Coastal Plain1

Abstract: Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) is believed to be an important process affecting dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in blackwater streams of the southeastern coastal plain. Because very few data on SOD are available, it is common for modelers to take SOD values from the literature for use with DO models. In this study, SOD was measured in seven blackwater streams of the Suwannee River Basin within the Georgia coastal plain for between August 2004 and April 2005. SOD was measured using four in situ chambers and was found to vary on average between 0.1 and 2.3 g O₂/m/day across the seven study sites throughout the study period. SOD was found to vary significantly between the watersheds within the Suwannee River Basin. However, land use was not found to be the driving force behind SOD values. Statistical analyses did find significant interaction between land use and watersheds suggesting that an intrinsically different factor in each of the watersheds may be affecting SOD and the low DO concentrations. Further research is needed to identify the factors driving SOD dynamics in the blackwater streams of Georgia’s coastal plain. Results from this study will be used by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources – Environmental Protection Division as model input data for the development and evaluation of DO total maximum daily loads in the Georgia coastal plain.     

COMPARISON OF INSTREAM AND LABORATORY METHODS OF MEASURING SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND1

ABSTRACT: Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) was determined at three sites in a gravel-bottomed central Missouri stream by: (1) two variations of an instream method, and (2) a laboratory method. SOD generally was greatest by the instream methods, which are considered more accurate, and least by the laboratory method. Disturbing stream sediment did not significantly decrease SOD by the instream method. Temperature ranges of up to 12° Celsius had no significant effect on the SOD. In the gravel-bottomed stream, the placement of chambers was critical to obtain reliable measurements. SOD rates were dependent on the method; therefore, care should be taken in comparing SOD data obtained by different methods. There is a need for a carefully researched standardized method for SOD determinations.     

Residential Demand for Water in the Chicago Metropolitan Area1

Mieno, Taro and John B. Braden, 2011. Residential Demand for Water in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):713‐723. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00536.x Abstract: This paper provides the first contemporary analysis of residential water demand in humid Northeastern Illinois, in the vicinity of Chicago, and explores seasonal and income‐based differentials in the responsiveness of water use to water prices. Using a panel of system‐level data for eight water systems and controlling for seasons, weather, incomes, and community characteristics, the analysis yields low estimates of price elasticity of demand for water in line with other studies. Furthermore, price response is greater in summer and less in higher income communities. We suggest that use of seasonal pricing can help mitigate equity issues arising from differential income elasticities while taking advantage of the greater price responsiveness of summertime water use.     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SALMONID SPAWNING HABITAT1

ABSTRACT: A simulation model [Salmonid Spawning Analysis Model (SSAM)] was developed as a management tool to evaluate the relative impacts of stream sediment load and water temperature on salmonid egg survival. The model is useful for estimating acceptable sediment loads to spawning habitat that may result from upland development, such as logging and agriculture. Software in common use in the USA were adapted for use in gravel bedded rivers and linked to simulate water temperature (the USFWS Instream Water Temperature, SNTEMP model) and water and sediment routing (the USAE Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs, HEC-6 model, version 3.2). These models drive the redd (spawning nest) model (the USDA-ABS Sediment Intrusion Dissolved Oxygen SIDO model) which simulates sediment intrusion and dissolved oxygen concentration in the redd environment. The SSAM model predictions of dissolved oxygen and water temperature compared favorably with field data from artificial redds containing hatchery chinook salmon eggs.     

水质的生化需氧量(BOD5)稀释与接种法测定结果不确定度评定

在实际工作中，运用测量过程的合并样本标准差来评定A类不确定度比较客观。本文根据JJF1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》，通过实例，阐述了用稀释接种法测定水中生化需氧量不确定度的评定方法。     

SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND IN THE ARROYO COLORADO RIVER1

ABSTRACT: The lower reaches of the Arroyo Colorado have historically failed to meet their use under subsection 303(b) of the U.S. Clean Water Act due to fecal coliform bacteria and low dissolved oxygen (DO). Fish kills, especially at the tidal confluence at the Port of Harlingen, Texas, have been reported. Oxygen demand from sediment (SOD) for a river typically has two states‐diffusion limited SOD (SOD) and potential SOD (pSOD), expressed when sediment is resuspended through increased flow or other disturbances. The objective of this research was to measure SOD in the Arroyo Colorado River in situ, estimate pSOD ex situ, and evaluate the relationship between SOD and the depositional environment. We measured SOD and pSOD in the Arroyo Colorado River at up to eight sites over three sampling events. We identified the sample sites based on a modified Rosgen geomorphic index for streambed stabilization. Sites with high sediment deposition potential had high SOD. The average values of SOD between sites were 0.62 g/m²/day (standard deviation 0.38 g/m²/day) and ranged from 0.13 to 1.2 g/m²/day. Potential SOD values ranged from as low as 19.2 to as high as 2,779 g/m³ sediment/ day. Potential SOD can serve as an indicator of the possible impact of SOD from resuspended sediment in stream systems.     

APPLICATIONS OF A STEADY-STATE,ONE-DIMENSIONAL WATER QUALITY MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A steady-state, one-dimensional water quality model has been formulated to evaluate spatial variations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, ammonia nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen for nontidal, branched river systems, with point sources of treated wastes and uniform nonpoint-source loads, under aerobic and/or anaerobic stream conditions. For anaerobic conditions, the decay rate of organic matter is assumed to be limited by the rate of oxygen addition to the streams via stream reaeration and net algal photosynthesis and respiration contributions. The model is applicable to stream impact analysis under sustained wet weather conditions, during which storm-runoff loads are generated by storms of sufficiently long duration to approach steady state in the river system.     

ESTIMATION OF PRE- AND POST-DEVELOPMENT NONPOINT WATER QUALITY LOADINGS1

ABSTRACT: A simple procedure for estimating pre- and post-development water quality loadings from residential communities is discussed. The procedure deals with: (a) gathering basic water quality loading numbers observed by others at several watersheds with various land uses; (b) obtaining the breakdown of proposed land uses at various phases of the community development; and (c) estimating pre- and post-development water quality loading numbers by taking the weighted average of the basic loading numbers in terms of areal coverages of different land uses at various phases of development. Results of this simplified procedure have been verified indirectly by comparing them with the estimates derived independently through a more fundamental but time-consuming approach. The procedure was used to evaluate the anticipated water quality impact of two future residential communities in South Florida by analyzing four water quality parameters: Suspended Soils (SS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅). Although computation of loading numbers with mixed land uses is not an exact science at the present time, the recommended approach appears to be the best available technique to analyze quantitatively the water quality-quantity-land use interactions.