脂肪酰基氨基酸对矿物润滑油生物降解性的影响研究

通过生物降解试验研究了N-月桂酰基谷氨酸、N-月桂酰基甘氨酸、N-月桂酰基丙氨酸和N-油酰基甘氨酸4种脂肪酰基氨基酸对HVI350矿物润滑油生物降解性的影响，采用高倍电子显微镜分析了生物降解过程中微生物数量和形态变化。结果表明，在矿物润滑油中添加少量脂肪酰基氨基酸后，矿物润滑油的生物降解性能明显改善，且生物降解过程中微生物数量增多、形态发生变化，这可能是脂肪酰基氨基酸增加了微生物的营养，且具有表面活性，有利于细胞的吸收，从而促进了矿物润滑油生物降解。     

废水中硝基酚类化合物生物降解的研究进展

硝基酚是一类重要且常用的化工原料，一些硝基酚毒性大且难以生物降解，被美国环保局列入“优先控制污染物名单”。在自然环境条件下，硝基酚的生物降解速率缓慢，导致硝基酚在环境中长期滞留和积累。分析了人工强化条件下废水中硝基酚的生物降解性能，主要从具有降解硝基酚能力的微生物、硝基酚的厌氧生物降解性、硝基酚的好氧生物降解性和硝基酚的共基质代谢降解方面进行了较全面的综述，讨论了该研究当前仍存在的一些问题和研究展望。     

有机污染物湿地生物降解实验规律研究

本文以苯，甲苯和萘为对象，通过实验研究，测定有机污染物的土壤－水吸附平衡过程，在水溶液中生物降解过程以及在湿地系统（即土壤－水－微生物系统）中生物降解过程，并以质量守恒定律为基础，建立有机污染物湿地生物降解过程综合数学模型，数学模型通过实验验证，利用模型，定量预测了污染物生物降解所需的时间和程度，并提出动力学因子FK，判断污染物湿地生物降解速度的控制因素，定量预测了污染物在土壤固相的浓度分布规律。     

有机污染物湿地生物降解实验规律研究

本文以苯、甲苯和萘为对象 ,通过实验研究 ,测定有机污染物的土壤 水吸附平衡过程、在水溶液中生物降解过程以及在湿地系统 (即土壤 水 微生物系统 )中生物降解过程 ,并以质量守恒定律为基础 ,建立有机污染物湿地生物降解过程综合数学模型 ;数学模型通过实验验证。利用模型 ,定量预测了污染物生物降解所需的时间和程度 ,并提出动力学因子FK,判断污染物湿地生物降解速度的控制因素 ,定量预测了污染物在土壤固相的浓度分布规律     

微生物降解土壤中石油污染物的研究进展

石油的开采、加工、输送及使用过程中，对大气、土壤、水体带来了严重污染，目前在利用微生物降解石油污染物的研究已有很多，并筛选出许多可降解石油污染物的细菌和真菌，这些菌株在降解过程中，主要受营养元素和表面活性的影响，特别是在多环芳烃的微生物降解方面，因此，针对国内外在石油污染物生物降解方面的研究成果进行了综述及展望。     

连续活性污泥法降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水的研究

采用连续活性污泥法对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚NP-10(简称NP-10)废水的生物降解性能进行了研究,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对其生物降解的影响。结果表明:(1)在生物降解的稳定期,HRT为3、6h的初级生物降解度平均分别为96.5%、96.2%,最终生物降解度平均分别为84.8%、87.3%。这表明,NP-10较易初级生物降解,大部分NP-10可以最终生物降解;延长HRT对其初级生物降解基本没有影响,对其最终生物降解影响不大。(2)采用高效液相色谱法检测了苯环的降解情况。10～20d,HRT为3、6h的苯环降解度平均分别为58.7%、75.4%,说明部分苯环可被降解,苯环降解度随HRT的延长而增加。(3)在稳定期,对不同HRT的空白曝气罐与NP-10曝气罐中的微生物进行鉴定和计数后发现,空白曝气罐与NP-10曝气罐中的微生物在种类和数量上都存在一定的差异;不同HRT的NP-10曝气罐内的微生物情况基本一致。     

膜—生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究进展

本文就膜－生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的生成特性及其影响的研究进展进行了总结。在膜－生物反应器中，膜的高效固液分离作用在提高系统容积负荷和出水水的同时，也使生物反应器成为一个相对封闭的系统，以腐殖质，多糖，蛋白质等物质为主要成分的溶解性微生物产物是上物处理出水中溶解性TOC或COD的主要组成部分，主要产生于微生物的基质分解过程和内源呼吸过程，其高分子物质的含量较多且可生物降解性较差，因此，在膜－生物反应器中会出现积累，溶解性微生物产物的过高积累不仅有可能降低膜过滤出水的水质稳定性，而且有可能影响污染活性，并引起膜污染。进水溶液和污染度是影响溶解性微生物产物产生量的重要因素。目前有关膜－生物反应器溶解性微生物产物的研究还很不完善，有很多问题需进一步研究。     

微生物菌剂复配及强化厨余垃圾好氧堆肥效果分析

厨余垃圾中有机组分的降解速率是影响其堆肥过程的重要因素。针对厨余垃圾中脂肪、蛋白质等特异组分设计了微生物菌剂复配方案,筛选了复配的微生物菌剂适宜接种量,并验证了厨余垃圾堆肥的强化效果。结果表明:厨余垃圾堆肥的适宜复配比为m(米曲霉)∶m(地衣芽孢杆菌)∶m(解脂假丝酵母)∶m(绿色木霉)∶m(褐球固氮菌)=1.5∶1∶1.2∶2∶1;且当接种量为6‰时,厨余垃圾中特异性组分脂肪降解率可达76.2%,氮损失率最低为11.8%。同时发现,固氮菌可以减少堆肥过程中氮素的损失,但固氮效果与初始加入固氮菌的量有关,且与菌剂间多种微生物的协作有关,进一步说明了微生物菌剂复配必要性和有效性。     

抗生素菌渣堆肥进程中微生物群落的变化

将青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪等原料分别进行好氧堆肥实验，以考察堆肥过程中不同菌渣对微生物群落的影响。在堆制的41d里，根据温度变化分阶段采集堆肥样品，采用稀释倒平板法测定细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。结果表明，菌渣不同，其堆肥中的微生物群落变化趋势不同。青霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌数量变化趋势为高一低，真菌数量变化趋势为高一低．高，放线菌数量为逐渐增加；林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中细菌数量变化趋势为低一高一低，放线菌和真菌数量变化趋势为高．低．高。依据真菌菌落形态观察，菌渣堆肥中的真菌种类比对照牛粪堆肥单一，表明两种菌渣对堆肥中的微生物多样性均产生了不利影响。林可霉素菌渣堆肥初始时的细菌数量比对照低1个数量级，放线菌数量在整个堆肥进程中都明显低于对照，堆肥结束时，随着菌渣含量的增加，放线菌数量逐渐下降，高温期真菌数量下降幅度随着菌渣含量增加而加大，表明林可霉素菌渣对细菌、放线菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制。堆肥化后菌渣中林可霉素残留量的减少表明，在一定条件下堆肥处理可以将抗生素菌渣无害化和资源化。     

堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状

堆肥是垃圾处理的主要方法之一，厨房垃圾、园林垃圾、农村秸秆和日常生活中的废弃纤维产品均可作为堆肥原料，这些原料中含有一定量的纤维素和木质素，而纤维素和木质素在堆肥过程中较难生物降解。因此，国内外学者致力于研究能加速纤维素和木质素降解的高效微生物。研究发现，对纤维素和木质素有降解能力的微生物主要是高温放线菌和高温真菌，其中有独特降解机制的白腐菌在木质素降解中起着重要作用。     

Influence of special surfactants on the microbial degradation of mineral oils

Various surfactants belonging to the group of fatty acid-acylated amino acids were tested for their ability to accelerate the microbial degradation of mineral oil. Of the lauric acid-acylated amino acids, aliphatic acids and histidine were found to be the most suitable. By the aid of these compounds additional 20-60% of a residual oil fraction could be degraded. The longer the chain of the fatty acid moiety, the more effective the surfactants are. Natural L-amino acids were more effective than their D-configuration. Since the special surfactants are easily biologically degradable, multiple replenishment is required in long-term experiments. The faster, more complete degradation of mineral oil is caused solely by interfacial activity; the growth of biomass due to the function of surfactants as substrate had no effect.     

Biodegradability testing of synthetic ester lubricants--effects of additives and usage

The optimised biodegradability test system "O2/CO2 Headspace Test with GC-TCD" is used for the assessment of synthetic ester lubricants. The effects of both additives and usage on biodegradability are examined and discussed. Ester based cutting fluids and hydraulic fluids with and without additives are used under defined conditions at machine tools and hydraulic and plain bearing test benches. The lubricants are characterised additionally with respect to kinematic viscosity, acidity and elemental composition. Furthermore, a formulated mineral oil is characterised before and after usage at an hydraulic test bench. The results clearly show that the mineral oil is far less biodegradable than the ester oils and that their biodegradability is not affected by usage. Biodegradability of the ester oils is mainly depending on the characteristics of the base fluids and not affected by the additives. Antioxidants are influencing stability respectively biodegradability indirectly, since they prevent oxopolymerisation effects. Other effects of usage on biodegradation are not detected. In this context, the antioxidants ensure ready biodegradability and have a positive effect on the environmental fate of synthetic ester lubricants.     

A simple screening test for studying the biodegradability of insoluble polymers

The head-space test based on CO₂ measurement was improved as a test for determining of the biodegradability of solid polymers, such as biodegradable plastics. The test can be performed either as closed or aerated cultures depending on the size of the sample and its oxygen demand. The distribution of CO₂ between the gas and liquid phases was also determined during the cultivations. The amount of microbial carbon was determined indirectly by determining the carbon/protein ratio and then using the intracellular protein as an indirect measure of the biomass. The amount of biomass was found to be so low that its determination did not significantly effect the final biodegradation result.     

Ageing processes and soil microbial community effects on the biodegradation of soil C-2,4-D nonextractable residues

The biodegradation of nonextractable residues (NER) of pesticides in soil is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of NER ageing and fresh soil addition on the microbial communities responsible for their mineralisation. Soil containing either 15 or 90-day-old NER of ¹³C-2,4-D (NER15 and NER90, respectively) was incubated for 90 days with or without fresh soil. The addition of fresh soil had no effect on the mineralisation of NER90 or of SOM, but increased the extent and rate of NER15 mineralisation. The analyses of ¹³C-enriched FAME (fatty acids methyl esters) profiles showed that the fresh soil amendment only influenced the amount and structure of microbial populations responsible for the biodegradation of NER15. By coupling biological and chemical analyses, we gained some insight into the nature and the biodegradability of pesticide NER.     

Microbial activity in an acid resin deposit: biodegradation potential and ecotoxicology in an extremely acidic hydrocarbon contamination

Acid resins are residues produced in a recycling process for used oils that was in use in the forties and fifties of the last century. The resin-like material is highly contaminated with mineral oil hydrocarbons, extremely acidic and co-contaminated with substituted and aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. To determine the potential for microbial biodegradation the acid resin deposit and its surroundings were screened for microbial activity by soil respiration measurements. No microbial activity was found in the core deposit. However, biodegradation of hydrocarbons was possible in zones with a lower degree of contamination surrounding the deposit. An extreme acidophilic microbial community was detected close to the core deposit. With a simple ecotoxicological approach it could be shown that the pure acid resin that formed the major part of the core deposit, was toxic to the indigenous microflora due to its extremely low pH of 0-1.     

Chemical degradation and biodegradability increase

The mill waste water holds a large amount of polyphenols, preventing the biodegradation processes because of their inhibitory action on microbial growth. Thus, its disposal represents an environmental problem for the great olive oil producing countries in the Mediterranean area. In this work, we present the preliminary results from the application of a photo-oxidative process on mill waste water to evaluate the organic matter degradation potential and the biodegradability of the treated residue. The total organic carbon is reduced up to 35% after 6 hours but the cost-effectiveness is unfavourable. In contrast, the aim of toxicity reduction is less expensive and shows good applicable chances; after 2 h, the polyphenols concentration drops by 60%.     

Primary biodegradability of mineral base oils in relation to their chemical and physical characteristics.

The primary biodegradability of 32 mineral base (i.e., unformulated) oils of paraffinic nature was evaluated using the CEC L-33-A-93 test. These oils were refinery products obtained by varying manufacturing processes. Biodegradation percentages ranged between 15% and 75%, i.e., below the commonly accepted standards for environmentally-compatible lubricants. Biodegradability values were compared to the overall chemical composition and main physical properties of base oils. Biodegradability decreased with increasing levels of aromatic and/or polar compounds in the tested oils. For most oils, the biodegradation percentage increased with the viscosity index, but was a decreasing function of the kinematic viscosity (KV), the pour point, the flash point (FP) and the refractive index (RI). Linear relationships between biodegradability and FP or RI values were observed. These results show that, beside chemical features such as the contents in polar and aromatic compounds, simple physical magnitudes such as KV and RI, commonly used to characterize lubricant properties, may be useful parameters for predicting the biodegradability of mineral base oils.     

A method for measuring the anoxic biodegradability under denitrifying conditions

A test for assessing the anoxic biodegradability of organic compounds under denitrifying conditions is proposed. The method is based on the recovery and quantification of the CO2 produced, which is evidence of complete biodegradation of the test compound (added as the sole carbon source). The tests were carried out in a mineral medium, with nitrate as electron acceptor. Whole lake sediments, sediment extracts and a commercial inoculum were assayed as a possible inoculum source by means of glucose biodegradability tests. It was found that the sediment extracts constitute a suitable and environmentally-relevant inoculum source, since they add non-significant amounts of carbon to the tests. Two xenobiotic compounds, namely, aniline and phenol, were tested in the aforementioned conditions as well as in a standard aerobic biodegradability test. Both aniline and phenol attained a biodegradation level higher than 60% in a short time period (<28 days) and thus can be considered as readily biodegradable in denitrifying environments. Nevertheless, the kinetics obtained in the anoxic test were slower than in aerobic conditions, and even suggested the accumulation of intermediate metabolites in the case of phenol. The results of this study indicate that the fate of xenobiotic compounds under anoxic conditions differs from that observed in an oxic environment, and therefore it should be considered by standard biodegradability testing procedures.     

Influence of microbial and synthetic surfactant on the biodegradation of atrazine

The present study reports the effect of surfactants (rhamnolipids and triton X-100) on biodegradation of atrazine herbicide by strain A6, belonging to the genus Acinetobacter. The strain A6 was able to degrade nearly 80 % of the 250-ppm atrazine after 6 days of growth. The bacterium degraded atrazine by de-alkylation process. Bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity as well as atrazine solubility increased in the presence of surfactant. However, addition of surfactant to the mineral salt media reduced the rate and extent of atrazine degradation by decreasing the bioavailability of herbicide. On the contrary, addition of surfactant to atrazine-contaminated soil increased the rate and extent of biodegradation by increasing the bioavailability of herbicide. As compared to triton X-100, rhamnolipids were more efficient in enhancing microbial degradation of atrazine as a significant amount of atrazine was removed from the soil by rhamnolipids. Surfactants added for the purpose of hastening microbial degradation may have an unintended inhibitory effect on herbicide degradation depending upon contiguous condition, thus highlighting the fact that surfactant must be judiciously used in bioremediation of herbicides.     

Biodegradation and toxicity of wastewater from industry producing mineral fibres for thermal insulation

The water chemistry, toxicity, and biodegradation of wastewater from an industry producing mineral fibres for thermal insulation were studied. Values for COD, BOD5, suspended solids, and phenol exceeded permissible values for the wastewater discharged into a nearby river and acute toxicity was also detected. Consequently, the effluent should be treated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant so its ready biodegradability was investigated. We found that the wastewater was readily biodegradable, therefore we assume it can be treated in the wastewater treatment plant as the ratio of the wastewater flow rate and the minimal total inflow into the sewage treatment plant would be one to at least 30.