二噁英样品制备与检测技术进展

环境中存在的二噁英是一类严重影响食品安全和人类健康的强毒性有机污染物，为了能正确评价这类化合物的来源与环境中分布情况，二噁英的分析检测引起了人们强烈的关注。本文介绍了样品检测前处理纯化过程中所用的各种传统的吸附剂(硅酸盐、佛罗里土和活性炭等)和新发展的几种主要吸附剂(2．(1-芘基)乙基二甲基硅烷化硅胶(PYE)、炭纳米管和多孔石墨炭等)的性能、在样品前处理过程中所起的作用及存在的问题和发展趋势，并在概括样品制备的基础上，阐述了二噁英纯化技术及其检测方法(包括化学分析法和生物分析法)的进展。     

GC-MS方法测定垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中的二噁

采用索氏抽提，多级硅胶／氧化铝柱层析等预处理方法，提纯分离出垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中的噁并进行ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析，检出所测样品中存在有６～８个氯取代的二噁。     

β-环糊精接枝羧甲基壳聚糖吸附剂的制备及其性能

采用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷化学修饰活化后的硅胶,以戊二醛为交联剂,接上羧甲基壳聚糖,继而接枝上β-环糊精作为功能单体,制备了一种用于分离富集水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的固相萃取新材料。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、比表面分析(BET)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)以及热重分析(TG)等方法对吸附剂进行结构表征。采用火焰原子吸收(FAAS)作为检测手段,考察了溶液p H、振荡时间、吸附剂用量、样品流速、洗脱液浓度和体积等对吸附剂吸附Cu(Ⅱ)的影响。吸附剂饱和吸附容量为9.37 mg/g,最大富集倍数高达350。吸附过程能用准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程进行很好的拟合。应用于环境水样中Cu(Ⅱ)的分离富集与测定,回收率在96.8%~105.2%之间,效果较好。     

柚子皮水热炭对六价铬的吸附

采用水热炭化的方法制备柚子皮水热炭吸附剂,用红外光谱仪和氮吸附仪测定水热炭表面的官能团和孔结构,考察了吸附剂用量、溶液pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附时间对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:水热炭是典型的介孔材料且有较多的含氧官能团,有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。溶液pH值小于7时,吸附效果较好;当溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的初始浓度为50mg·L~(-1),pH=6,吸附剂用量为0.4 g·(50 mL)~(-1)、吸附时间为90 min时、水热炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率和吸附量分别为99.03%、6.19 mg·g~(-1)。柚子皮水热炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型,且35、45、55℃的等温吸附数据拟合结果表明等温吸附过程符合Freundlich模型。     

生物质基炭膜的制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

以生物质二层牛皮为原料,在控制热分解条件下制备了生物质基炭膜。利用TG/DTG、XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM和低温N_2吸附-脱附等方法对在不同炭化温度下(550~950℃)制备的生物质基炭膜形貌特征、孔隙结构及其表面化学性质进行了表征。考察了炭化温度、反应时间、溶液pH、加入量等因素对炭膜吸附溶液中铅离子的影响。表征结果表明:随着炭化温度的升高,生物质基炭膜碳微晶趋于石墨化发展,总孔容积持续增大,孔隙结构变得更加发达。实验结果表明:随炭化温度升高,生物质基炭膜对铅离子的吸附效果明显变好;在初始铅离子质量浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、溶液pH为5.5、吸附剂加入量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、吸附时间为6 h的条件下,950℃下所制炭膜对铅离子有较好去除效果,去除率可达99.9%,吸附容量为32.76 mg·g~(-1)。     

邻苯二甲酸酯类环境激素的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的环境行为和环境效应已成为当前环境激素类污染物研究的热点课题,介绍了PAEs的毒性危害,综述了当前不同环境样品PAEs研究的前处理技术、分析检测技术以及污染治理技术的研究情况,并指出了当前研究中存在的问题,提出了未来的研究重点。     

ZnCl_2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl2化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征,并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物,实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用,以物理吸附作用为主;随着Hg0入口浓度的提高,污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg0饱和吸附容量增大;随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg0的吸附作用减弱;在吸附反应温度125℃,Hg0入口浓度60.4 ug/m3,污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg0的吸附容量分别为81.2 ug/g和53.8 ug/g,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附作用好于选定的活性炭.     

ZnCl2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl2学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂，利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征，并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物，实验结果表明，污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg^0吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用，以物理吸附作用为主；随着Hg^0入口浓度的提高，污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg^0饱和吸附容量增大；随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg^0的吸附作用减弱；在吸附反应温度125℃，Hg^0入口浓度60．4μg／m3污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg^0吸附容量分别为81．2gg／g和53．8μg／g，污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg^0吸附作用好于选定的活性炭。     

ZnCl2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl₂化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂，利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征，并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物，实验结果表明，污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用，以物理吸附作用为主；随着Hg0入口浓度的提高，污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg0饱和吸附容量增大；随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg0的吸附作用减弱；在吸附反应温度125℃，Hg0入口浓度60.4 μg/m³，污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg0的吸附容量分别为81.2 μg/g和53.8 μg/g，污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附作用好于选定的活性炭。     

土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征、来源及风险评价研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为环境中广泛存在的一类内分泌干扰物,其污染问题已经引起广泛关注。针对土壤中PAEs的检测方法、分布特征、环境来源和风险评价等方面进行综述。土壤样品前处理及分析测试过程中环境、试剂等存在痕量的目标化合物会影响最终检测结果的准确性,排除此环节中的污染干扰尤为重要,色谱—质谱联用技术是精准分析此类化合物的发展方向。中国土壤中PAEs普遍检出,PAEs含量与人类活动和生产方式密切相关,其控制标准和风险评价大多采用国外标准,一定程度上影响了中国不同类型及功能区划土壤质量评价的科学性和客观性。环境友好分析测试技术的开发应用、风险评价体系的建立健全及环境溯源技术的发展将是今后土壤中PAEs研究的主要方向。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.