Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal, sublethal, and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides. In this study, the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed. Beside the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was carried out. It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms. Compared with adult earthworms, the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased significantly. Growth and reproduction of earthworms appeared to be more severely a ected by cypermethrin at juvenile stage than at adult stage. Applied at 10 mg/kg, cypermethrin had obvious adverse impact on the growth of juvenile earthworms, while 20 mg/kg, cypermethrin caused significant toxic e ects in reproduction. The results also indicated that ecotoxicological risk assessment using only adult specimens may underestimate the e ects of cypermethrin on soil invertebrate populations.     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal,sublethal,and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides.In this study,the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed.Beside the acute and chronic tests,an avoidance response test was carried out.It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms.Compared with adult earthworms,the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased...     

Toxicity assessment for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels （behavior, sublethal, lethal）. In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints （acute, chronic, behavioral）. Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects at concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

四种拟除虫菊酯类农药的环境雌激素活性研究

将金鱼(Carassius auratus)分别暴露于0.1mg/L甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯和0.5mg/L氯氰菊酯21d后,尾静脉取血,离心分离获得血浆,利用Western-blot方法检测金鱼血浆中是否有卵黄原蛋白产生,同时测定金鱼生殖腺指数、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.结果表明,对照组雄性金鱼血浆中未检测到卵黄原蛋白,4种拟除虫菊酯农药均能诱导雄性金鱼分泌卵黄原蛋白,而且溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯明显降低了雄鱼生殖腺指数,4种农药均能够明显抑制精巢γ-谷氨酰转移酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性.由此可见,4种拟除虫菊酯类农药具有潜在的环境雌激素活性和生殖毒性.     

漓江流域桂林市区段有机磷农药和磺胺类抗生素的复合污染及其生态风险

为研究漓江流域桂林市区段的有机磷农药(OPs)和磺胺类抗生素(SAs)残留量和生态风险,在平水期、枯水期和丰水期采集流域水样,采用超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪对水样中目标污染物进行分析. 结果表明:①漓江流域桂林市区段水体检出敌百虫(TRC)、毒死蜱(CHP)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ),浓度分别为nd~17.2、nd~2.32、0.05~20.6、0.07~15.37和0.87~17.48 ng/L (nd为未检出). ②SAs和OPs残留量随时间呈规律性变化,SAs浓度表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,OPs浓度表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期. ③使用蛋白核小球藻对单一及其混合物进行毒性试验,得出OPs和SAs五元混合物对蛋白核小球藻的联合毒性在低于5%和19%~21%效应范围内呈现加和作用,5%~19%效应范围呈现协同作用,21%~26%效应范围内呈现拮抗作用,混合物在环境中检出最高浓度时对蛋白核小球藻的毒性产生加和作用. ④基于整体混合物风险熵的风险评估结果,漓江流域桂林市区段OPs和SAs混合污染对蛋白核小球藻产生中等生态风险;而基于单一污染物风险熵计算的混合物风险熵结果,OPs和SAs混合污染对蛋白核小球藻无生态风险,低估了混合污染物实际风险. 研究显示,不同方式获得的污染物预测无效应浓度对风险评估结果产生明显差异.      

异丙甲草胺及其S型对映体对蚯蚓的急性毒性差异

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法、人工土壤法及自然土壤法研究了异丙甲草胺及其S型对映体对蚯蚓的急性致死作用及手性差异.结果表明,3种方法相比较,滤纸染毒法结果置信区间最大,可靠性较差.自然土壤中Rac-异丙甲草胺及S-异丙甲草胺对蚯蚓的急性毒性大于人工土壤;根据毒性分级,Rac-异丙甲草胺及其S型对映体均属于低毒级农药;3种试验方法所得的Rac-异丙甲草胺及S-异丙甲草胺对蚯蚓的LC50差别不大,表明这2种农药对蚯蚓急性毒性的手性差异较小.     

应用标准方法测定农药对蚯蚓的毒性

本文论述使用标准化的人工土壤测定农药对蚯蚓的急性毒性的方法.实验结果证明,适用于测定农药对蚯蚓毒性的人工土壤组成为:石英砂830g/kg(干重,下同)、草炭100g/kg、膨润土50g/kg、碳酸钙10g/kg、马粪10g/kg.利用人工土壤测定久效磷、多菌灵、呋喃丹、林丹及甲基对硫磷对蚯蚓(Eiseniafoetida)的毒性.其半数致死浓度(LC_(50))分别是:0.18、4.27、12.9、70.85、74.52ppm.经用三种不同类型的自然土壤(东北黑土、华北褐土、江西红壤)及人工土壤测定呋喃丹对蚯蚓的毒性后,证实呋喃丹在人工土壤中对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(12.9ppm)处于三种自然土壤的LC_(50)值(褐土6.9ppm、红壤12.7ppm、黑土19.2ppm)之间,表明人工土壤具有一定的代表性,用人工土壤进行农药对蚯蚓的毒性研究是可行的.     

毒死蜱暴露对蚯蚓的亚慢性神经毒性研究

蚯蚓作为土壤生态系统中重要的生物类群,在维持土壤生态系统的功能中起着重要作用.毒死蜱是我国使用量较大的有机磷农药品种之一,对以蚯蚓为代表的土壤生物具有潜在威胁.本文选择云南林地常见的蚯蚓优势种—皮质远盲蚓(Amynthas corticis)作为试验生物,从毒死蜱暴露引发的蚯蚓脑部神经递质(乙酰胆碱、多巴胺、5-羟色胺、谷氨酸)、离子通道特征酶(Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-ATP酶)变化入手,对毒死蜱亚慢性神经毒性导致的蚯蚓运动、学习记忆等神经行为变化进行研究,运用综合毒性指数(IBR)评价蚯蚓生物标志物变化,开展毒死蜱暴露对蚯蚓的亚慢性神经毒性研究.结果表明：暴露期内,毒死蜱处理组中蚯蚓脑部的乙酰胆碱含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着暴露时间的增加,毒死蜱处理组中蚯蚓脑部乙酰胆碱含量持续升高,而蚯蚓脑部多巴胺、5-羟色胺、谷氨酸含量则均显著低于对照组(P均小于0.05).随着暴露时间的增加,毒死蜱对这3种神经递质含量的抑制加强,毒死蜱对蚯蚓的神经损伤导致了蚯蚓的运动迟缓和学习记忆障碍,毒死蜱暴...     

我国地表水中典型DBPs的暴露水平及生态风险

氯消毒过程中可能生成有毒有害的副产物,会对水生态系统和环境健康产生直接和间接的次生危害.三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）是地表水中检出率最高的消毒副产物（DBPs）,其毒性效应受到广泛关注.本文检索整理了三氯甲烷（TCM）、三溴甲烷（TBM）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）和三氯乙酸（TCAA）在我国地表水暴露浓度和对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,了解我国重点流域地表水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA的浓度水平,分别利用急、慢性毒性数据推导预测无效应浓度（PNEC）,并使用风险商（RQ）和概率生态风险评价法（PERA）对我国重点流域水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA进行多层次生态风险评估.结果表明,我国地表水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA暴露浓度范围为n.d.~51μg/L.以致死和生长、繁殖等为测试终点的急、慢性毒性数据,构建物种敏感度分布（SSD）曲线,推导出TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA的PNEC值分别为0.586,0.857,0和44.880mg/L;0.006,0.064,0.956和0.012mg/L.基于急、慢性毒性数据计算出的RQ小于1.我国重点流域中TCM和TCAA对1%的水生生物造成生长、繁殖等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为78.86%和20.61%,存在潜在的生态风险.     

珠江河口水域有机磷农药水生生态系统风险评价

通过风险商法和概率风险法评价了珠江河口水域中甲拌磷、敌敌畏及乙拌磷等9种有机磷农药对硅藻、水蚤及糠虾等8种水生生物的生态风险.风险商法评价结果表明,9种有机磷农药混合物总风险商为:糠虾处于高风险中水平,水蚤和摇蚊在中等风险水平,硅藻、牡蛎、鲤鱼、鲶鱼和鳗鱼均处于低风险水平;甲拌磷对风险值的贡献最大,且对每种生物都有影响.概率风险法结果表明,以HC5为参考值评估总风险商时,95%置信水平下的HC5比50%置信水平的HC5保守,50%置信水平的HC5中乐果的HC5最大,毒死蜱的最小;丰水期9种有机磷农药混合物总风险比枯水期农药混合物总风险大,甲拌磷对总风险贡献最大.单一污染物的概率风险表明,甲拌磷和乙拌磷对珠江河口水域中10%以上的生物都有危害;而9种有机磷农药混合物的概率风险表现为:丰水期大于枯水期,均大于5%,说明超过了保护95%生物的安全阈值.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

2种有机磷农药联合胁迫下日本青鳉的逐级行为响应

采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs)记录行为强度数据,探讨了2种有机磷农药敌百虫和对硫磷联合胁迫下,不同暴露浓度、不同暴露时间日本青鳉的行为响应.在不同浓度比例的农药暴露中,20、10、5、1和0.1TU的暴露浓度下行为反应时间分别为:1.4、4.8、6.4、32.2和43.0h,并且每个浓度不同配比之间行为反应时间差异不明显.结果表明,在2种有机磷农药的暴露下,日本青鳉的逐级行为响应既受化合物浓度高低的影响,又受暴露时间的影响,但每个浓度的不同配比之间的行为响应时间差异不明显,而且每个浓度2种药物不同配比暴露下的青鳉鱼的逐级行为响应基本一致,即2种作用机制相似的有机磷农药对日本青鳉的行为毒性是简单的相加作用.     

甲胺磷、乙草胺和铜单一与复合污染对黑土环境安全的胁迫研究

以黑土为环境介质,通过急性毒性试验法研究了东北黑土区普遍存在的2种农用化学品甲胺磷和乙草胺与重金属Cu对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)的单一与复合毒性效应.单一毒性试验结果表明,3者对蚯蚓均有毒性,顺序为甲胺磷>乙草胺>Cu.复合毒性实验结果表明,2种有机农药与重金属Cu复合毒性效应十分复杂,与不同的浓度组合及染毒历时有关,一般随时间的延长,毒性加剧.2种有机农药通过不同途径毒害蚯蚓,复合毒性效应表现为协同作用.可见,3者对土壤生态系统环境安全性和土壤健康质量存在潜在危害,同时这几种污染物的共存进一步加大了潜在危害性,且复合毒性效应与各组浓度组合及污染暴露时间密切相关.     

Chronic toxicity and cytotoxicity of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide cis-bifenthrin

With the increasing use of synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), the significance of ecological safety and health risk is an emerging concern. In this study, we evaluated the chronic aquatic toxicity of cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) in Daphnia magna and its cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as well as human cervical carcinoma (Hela) cells. Chronic aquatic toxicity tests showed that cis-BF could significantly affect the reproduction of D. magna. The lowest observed effective concentration and the non-observed effective concentration of cis-BF to D. magna were 0.02 and 0.01 μg/L, respectively, and the chronic value was 0.014 μg/L. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) to 0.02 μg/L. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that cis-BF decreased cell viability in CHO and Hela cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ values for Hela and CHO cells were 4.0 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.2 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L, respectively. Together, these results indicated that cis-BF induced chronic toxicity in both aquatic invertebrate animals and mammalian cells. These findings assist in understanding the impact of SPs on health and environmental safety. Considering the wide spectrum of SPs, a more comprehensive understanding of the negative effects is indispensible for planning future application and regulation of these pesticides.     

广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留现状研究

荔枝收获完毕后在广东省荔枝主产区采集208个荔枝园土壤样本,检测了9种荔枝常用农药甲霜灵、代森锰锌、多菌灵、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、乐果和敌敌畏的残留含量.结果表明,农药检出率为氯氰菊酯(59.1%)多菌灵(51.0%)代森锰锌(11.1%)甲霜灵(6.7%)三氟氯氰菊酯(3.4%).乐果和敌敌畏仅在个别果园检出,溴氰菊酯和敌百虫均未检出.土壤同时检出不同种类农药果园的百分数为只检出1种农药(40.4%)同时检出2种(31.3%)未检出(18.8%)同时检出3种(8.2%)同时检出4种(1.4%).检出的7种农药中,代森锰锌残留平均含量最高达39.05μg·kg-1,氯氰菊酯次之为7.83μg·kg-1.其它5种农药平均含量为0.19～1.65μg·kg-1.整体上广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留状况较轻.     

氯苯和邻二氯苯的蚯蚓急性毒性研究

文章以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)滤纸急性毒性实验研究氯苯和邻二氯苯对蚯蚓的单一和联合毒性效应。单一毒性实验发现,蚯蚓死亡率和氯苯与邻二氯苯的曝露浓度显著正相关(P<0.05),其48 h LC50分别为5.680 mL/L和2.750 mL/L,表明氯苯的毒性小于邻二氯苯;同时通过观察可知,氯苯以皮肤渗入赤子爱胜蚓体内的毒性效应高于邻二氯苯;另外,实验期间,蚯蚓的体重明显下降,且与污染物浓度呈一定的线性关系(氯苯R2=0.780和P<0.05)。联合毒性实验发现,氯苯和邻二氯苯共存时蚯蚓的死亡率增加,表明氯苯和邻二氯苯复合污染时两者的毒性呈协同作用。可见,氯苯和邻二氯苯污染对土壤生态系统安全和土壤健康质量存在较大的威胁,同时这两种污染物的共存进一步加大了潜在危害性,且复合毒性效应与各组浓度组合密切相关。     

粤桂琼区域水源地有机磷农药的生态风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱检测粤桂琼(广东、广西、海南三省区)区域水源地9个采样点水样中的有机磷农药浓度,构建了淡水生物对有机磷农药的物种敏感性分布,并计算出各类水生生物的HC₅(hazardous concentration for 5% the species)值;采用基于浓度加和模型的混合物风险商值法和商值概率分布法,评价了粤桂琼区域水源地中敌敌畏、内吸磷、阿特拉津、甲基对硫磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷7种有机磷农药的的生态风险,同时利用聚类分析法对9个采样点进行了生态风险评价. 结果表明:粤桂琼区域水源地7种有机磷农药的总质量浓度在nd~1 260.95 ng/L之间,平均值为184.68 ng/L,主要以马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和乐果为主. 东莞东江南支流、玉林苏烟水库和柳州柳江水源地的生态风险级别相对较高. 敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷的HC₅值均低于0.1 μg/L,这3种物质对生态系统毒性效应较大. 根据风险商结果排序可知,粤桂琼区域水源地预防的重点为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷对水生生物的危害,其中甲基对硫磷是对混合风险商贡献最高的污染物,其危害指数达21.313;在95%的置信区间内,甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷的生态风险较大,风险商超过1的概率为5%,应作为最优先控制的污染物.      

赤子爱胜蚓对不同浓度四溴双酚A代谢的急性与亚急性毒性响应

运用核磁共振一维氢谱研究不同浓度四溴双酚A(TBBPA)急性暴露与亚急性暴露对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的代谢影响.通过设置不同剂量TBBPA进行急性暴露和亚急性暴露,运用正交偏最小二乘投影分析法(OPLS)比较急性和亚急性暴露下蚯蚓的代谢差异,研究蚯蚓代谢水平与暴露剂量的关系,以找出差异代谢物作为TBBPA毒性效应的代谢标志物.结果表明,急性暴露和亚急性暴露均能很好地区分不同剂量染毒组间的代谢差异,且TBBPA暴露剂量越大,蚯蚓体内代谢与空白组的差异越大.急性暴露和亚急性暴露后,亮氨酸、赖氨酸和甜菜碱等代谢物剂量随TBBPA剂量增加的变化趋势是一致的,亚急性暴露中的变化幅度大于急性暴露.TBBPA暴露剂量为100 mg·kg~(-1)时,赤子爱胜蚓受到毒害作用,体内代谢物变化显著,代谢平衡遭到破坏,差异代谢物对毒性效应的指示作用比较敏感.甜菜碱、亮氨酸和赖氨酸可作为标志性代谢物揭示TBBPA对赤子爱胜蚓在渗透压调节、能量供给以及免疫功能方面的毒性效应,为进一步探索TBBPA毒性机理提供理论基础.     

菲的淡水沉积物环境预测无效应浓度推导

近年来PAHs(多环芳烃)因其持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性而备受关注. 菲是我国沉积物中普遍检出的一种优控PAHs,具有独特的“K”区和“湾”区结构,常作为研究PAHs环境效应的模式化合物. 以菲为研究对象,搜集、整理其对我国本土水生生物的急、慢性毒性数据,运用TGD(欧盟风险评价技术导则文件)推荐的平衡分配法,推导菲的淡水PNEC_sed(沉积物环境预测无效应浓度,以干质量计). 结果表明:共获得4门7科的17个急性毒性数据和5门7科的10个慢性毒性数据;物种敏感性分析显示,鱼类对菲较为敏感. 采用平衡分配法推导菲的淡水PNEC_sed为256.9 μg/kg,该值可为我国水体沉积物中菲的生态风险评价提供参考.比较结果显示,我国大部分淡水沉积物中实测w(菲)未超过PNEC_sed,其生态风险较小;巢湖和黄河兰州段个别采样点的w(菲)超过菲的淡水PNEC_sed,分别是菲的淡水PNEC_sed的1.02和3.23倍,高w(菲)可能会对水生生物造成危害.