山东省生态环境需水量的探讨

根据生态系统的分类，分别计算了山东省植被生态环境需水量、河流生态环境需水量、湖泊生态环境需水量、水库生态环境需水量和城市生态环境需水量，山东省生态环境需水量为上述各类型生态环境需水量之和。计算结果表明，山东省2000～2005年生态环境需水总量为342．64～345．01亿m^3。山东省2000～2005年生态环境需水保证率均小于50％，生态环境用水无法得到保证，且丰枯年份之间变化明显。     

岷江上游流域水电梯级开发的生态环境需水研究

本文通过分析岷江上游水电梯级开发对生态环境的主要影响,确定维持流域生态平衡的最小生态环境需水量测算方法。经测算,岷江上游的生态环境需水量占流域多年平均流量的6%～33%,越靠近源头,生态环境需水量所占比例越大。建议提高岷江上游生态环境需水量所占比例,将生态环境需水占比超过20%的茂县以上河段设为禁止开发区域,取消禁止开发区域内原规划的6级电站。同时在已建电站坝下和各县域出境断面设置生态流量监控断面,确保流域开发的环境生态平衡。     

岷江干旱河谷甜樱桃发展优势及栽培技术研究

岷江上游干旱河谷特有的生态环境条件适宜发展优质特色水果.甜樱桃作为该区域新兴特色水果之一,近5年来发展面积已超过了400hm2.甜樱桃的引种和规模化栽培表明,岷江上游干旱河谷区发展优质、高产甜樱桃具有独特的优势.总结了岷江干旱河谷栽培甜樱桃的成熟技术和管理措施,探讨了发展甜樱桃的巨大潜力,同时对存在的问题进行了分析,以期为汶川地震灾害农业产业的恢复重建和结构调整提出新的思路.     

崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量的计算

本文建立了崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量的计算方法,并计算了该区域的生态环境需水量.结果表明崂山水库上游区生态环境需水量为3089.78×104m3,其中植被生态环境需水量为2792.7×104m3,河流生态环境需水量为291.95×104m3,水库生态环境需水量为5.13×104m3.崂山水库上游区生产生活用水总量为63.67×104m3,多年平均水资源总量为4032.7×104m3,说明从全年来看该区域生态环境需水能够得到基本满足.但径流量年内分配极不均匀,大部分集中于丰水期,枯水期的生态环境需水可能无法保障.     

茂汶干旱河谷灌丛草地的特点和利用

一、环境概况茂汶县位于阿坝藏族自治州的东南部,岷江上游。该地区的气候主要受西风南支急流、东南季风两大气团的影响。5～9月受温湿的东南季风的制约,形成雨季。但因河谷深切,高耸的山峰阻碍了来自东南的水气,加之焚风效应的影响,致使河谷增温、空气干燥,形成特殊的干旱河谷景观。10月至翌     

岷江上游水电开发对环境的影响

岷江上游水力资源十分丰富，随着西部大开发的进行，它已成为水电开发的重点区域，干流及支流的电站建设加速进行。自源头至汶川上游河段，实行六级梯级开发方案。但由于岷江水电工程主要是涵洞引水式，原来奔腾的河流变成了地下暗流，使得岷江的多处河段变得干涸，河谷的自然生境和景观发生了很大的变化，原来的干旱河谷气候变得更加干旱。也使河流生物系统受到严重影响。作者在对长江上游考察的基础上对岷江上游水电开发现状及其对环境的影响进行了分析，提出应该进行流域统一规划，强化执法监督，水电开发与环境保护建设并重；加强上中下游统一管理，注重流域综合开发等建议。     

岷江上游生态环境治理对策探讨

本文对岷江上游地区生态环境现状及面临危机进行了分析,提出对该地区生态环境保护与资源开发的基本思路。     

岷江上游生态脆弱性驱动力分析

作为长江上游重要的生态屏障,岷江上游是典型的生态环境脆弱区。选取了测度岷江上游生态脆弱性的20个指标、25个样本年的2500个数据,采用逆向测度法构建了岷江上游生态脆弱性的测度指标体系,运用因子分析法得到了影响岷江上游的六大驱动因子:生态环境背景状况、人口承载与结构水平状况、水土流失状况、土地垦殖与利用状况、产业结构水平状况、投资水平与结构状况,为岷江上游生态脆弱区恢复重建及经济社会发展提供了科学依据。     

岷江上游地区生态环境现状遥感解译分析

本文通过运用卫星遥感技术对岷江上游地区土地覆盖类型的调查，结合地面统计资料，综合分析了岷江上地区以森林，草地为主要类型的生态环境现状，并对该地区1988年至2000年时间跨度内土地覆盖状况的动态变化作出分析。     

四川省河流生态环境需水量统计分析评估

本文介绍了标准流量法计算河流生态环境需水量的状况，针对四川省情况结合四川省水文资料，用当前广泛应用的各种标准流量法，对四川省河流生态环境需水量进行统计计算分析。其成果可以为有关部门和设计研究人员提供背景资料或决策依据。     

PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS IN WATER QUALITY EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT: A Visual Perception Test, consisting of photographic slides of water sites, was designed to examine laymen's water quality perceptions. The slides were taken at five water sites where the level of visual pollution was artifically altered by the investigator. Analysis of variance indicated that the water sites were evaluated differently for each of five pollution levels. Increases in water discoloration and the quality of litter were viewed as increases in level of pollution. Laymen not only evaluated visually polluted sites lower for uses such as picnicking, but they also evaluated the quality of the actual water lower. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that a combination of water color, scenic beauty appreciation, quality of the surrounding environment and industry as a pollution source explained 73 percent of the variance in predicting Overall Pollution. Application of factor analysis simplified the variables to an Overall Pollution Factor and a Boating Use Factor.     

THE W-INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1

ABSTRACT: An index of residential water efficiency - a “W-Index” - can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water-saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems. A W-Index worksheet, devised for on-site evaluation of single-family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water-using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W-Index of W-160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W-139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W-75 to W-100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models. By adjustment of some climatic or water-use parameters, the W-Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W-Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.     

RATIONAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE RATIOS1

ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water.     

The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin1

Leidner, Andrew J., M. Edward Rister, Ronald D. Lacewell, and Allen W. Sturdivant, 2011. The Water Market for the Middle and Lower Portions of the Texas Rio Grande Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):597‐610. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00527.x Abstract: Regional water management on the United States’ side of the middle and lower portions of the Rio Grande basin of Texas has been aided by a functioning water market since the early 1970s. The water market operates over a region that stretches from the Amistad Reservoir to the Rio Grande’s terminus into the Gulf of Mexico. This article provides an overview of the organizations, institutions, policies, and geographic particulars of the region’s water‐management system and its water market. In recent years, this region has experienced high population growth, periodic droughts, and a reallocation of water resources from the area’s agricultural sector to the municipal sector. Demand growth for potable water and a relatively fixed supply of raw water are reflected in increasing prices for domestic, municipal, and industrial water rights. Rising prices in the presence of scarcity and the transfer of water from lower‐value to higher‐value uses indicate that the market is operating as suggested by economic theory. Reasons for the market’s functionality are presented and discussed. Finally, suggestions are presented which might mitigate potential complications to market operations from aquifer depletion and aid the management of instream river flows.     

MEETING FUTURE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY NEEDS: A SOUTHWEST PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: Most southwestern cities were founded along rivers or in areas having springs or readily available ground water. Because of the generally sparse precipitation, the renewable fresh water supply in the Southwest is smaller than most other areas of the United States. Despite the arid climate, water use has increased rapidly, first in the form of irrigation, and more recently the use in cities. This has caused extensive development of local water resources and overdraft of ground water basins in some areas. It is difficult to implement new local supplies and importation projects due to a myriad of environmental and legal constraints and a general shortage of public funds. Various opportunities and plans for water management, both on the demand and supply sides, are discussed. Evolving water strategies in four metropolitan areas - El Paso, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, and Phoenix - and issues regarding the Central Arizona Project are presented.     

水资源短缺的有效解决途径——虚拟水战略

针对中国水资源利用现状，系统论述了水足迹、虚拟水以及虚拟水战略的概念和内涵。通过水足迹来揭示人类对水资源的实际需求和占用，介绍了虚拟水战略的研究展望及存在的不足，通过应用虚拟水战略可以缓解水资源短缺现状，保证水资源与人口、耕地的地域组合均衡。     

WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES FOR THE NINETIES1

ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes contemporary water management issues as recognized by 19 U.S. organizations. Only the issues are identified herein. Individual organization stands are not presented. Most suggestions for action are those of the author. Addresses of all organizations whose documents were reviewed are included in the Reference section so that those desiring to learn more about an organization's stand can readily make contact.     

POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND COSTS OF INGROUND STORAGE OF IMPORTED WATER1

ABSTRACT: In the near future, groundwater storage of imported water may become increasingly important as sites for surface storage are less available. This article explores the potential economic costs and benefits of groundwater storage. The costs include capital outlays, maintenance costs, land costs, legal costs, energy costs, and opportunity costs. The benefits include land cost savings, prevention of subsidence, aquifer protection, and higher economic use of surface lands that might be covered by a reservoir.     

WATER USE RELATIONSHIPS AND PROJECTION CORRESPONDING WITH REGIONAL GROWTH,SEATTLE REGION1

ABSTRACT: The paper outlines both the methods used and the results obtained in a study of the demand for municipal and industrial water for the Seattle region. The study was made as part of a regional water management study program, one objective of which is to “… identify, quantify, and set priorities for all current and future water uses …”. A basic concept in the study of municipal and industrial water use is that the demand for water is derived from the demand for output and the direct services that water provides. Principal characteristics of the study are: (1) Water use is studied by type - residential, commercial, industrial and public -with identification of factors affecting each; (2) Water demands are studied by season as well as on an annual basis; (3) Projections of future water use are tied directly to projections of economic change in the service area; and (4) The effects of alternative policies on water use are estimated. Water use levels are projected under alternative regional growth assumptions provided by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference, a regional planning agency. Thus, the water use planning is consistent with other regional planning programs in this respect. The results can be varied according to changes in specific factors affecting water use. The factors considered in the present study include: single-family residential lot size, distribution of population between single- and multi-family units, per capita water use by multi-family unit residents, and industrial and commercial water use per employee. An income elasticity of demand was estimated for single-family residential water use.     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.