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农业的持续发展是人类经济社会持续稳定发展的基础。作物多样性保持是保证农业持续发展的基本条件。现在,世界上靠不足100种作物提供大部分食物,而自从12000年前农业开发以来已栽种过的作物有几千种之多。现在不仅种植的作物多样性已大为减少,而且在许多地区家养的和野生的与粮食作物有关的许多物种受到严重威胁。大部分这类作物种分布在温带、亚热带区和热带高地上。世界作物多样性最高的地区是中国、印-马地区、印度、近东、中亚、地中海周边、埃塞俄比亚、墨西哥和中美洲、巴西和巴拉圭、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、玻利维亚、智利。规模农业造成的基因单一化和因贮运方便需求而致的均一化使作物多样性受到威胁。如在美国农业部的货单上,1913年的商品 相似文献
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任耐安 《环境与可持续发展》1987,(4)
发展生态农业的问题,不仅是在我国在世界上很多国家都很重视这个问题,这是由于世界人口急剧增加和食物的组成的改变,人们不得不寻求农业生产永续高产的道路.因为我们食物还得靠绿色工厂给我们生产.而工厂化生产食物那还只是我们的理想.根据联合国的统计,当世界人口从10亿增加到20亿时经过了100年的时间,从20亿增加到1960年的30亿,经过35年的时间,当30亿增加到40亿只经过14年时间,从40亿增加到今年50亿只经过了13年时间,人口的猛增自然对农业生产带来压力,加上人类食物组成的改变,随着世界经济的发展特别是第三世界国家人们食肉量每年在增加,肉类的增加需 相似文献
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国际关注外来物种问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《世界环境》1997,(2)
InternationalSocietyConcernsAlienSpecies外来侵入物种(又称外来种)目前日益成为国际关注的一个严重环境问题。为此,192年通过的联合国性物多样性公约》第8条规定要求各缔约国应尽可能并酌情防止引进、控制或消除威胁到生态系统、生境或物种的外来物种。外来种在一定程度和范围内,为人类的发展提供了条件和机会,给很多国家和地区带来了许多的经济利益,但其对生物多样性、人类的健康以及农、林。渔业等生产的负面影响,人们则还认识不够。而且,随着全球贸易的增加、国际旅游业的兴旺,以及全球气候变化、土地利用方式改变等原因,… 相似文献
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中国是一个生物多样性宝库
中国是一个有着悠久农耕文化的文明古国,对土地和农作物的感情是我们文化中不可割裂的一部分。而实际上,我国农业文明发达的基础不光是体现在拥有广袤的土地和多样的地形、气候,同时我们也拥有最为丰富多样的物种资源,如八大作物的起源地和丰富多样的野生稻米品种。这些生物多样性资源都是成就中国农业大国,养活十几亿人的基础。 相似文献
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中国人不会使世界挨饿 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
本文通过对中国国土资源食物生产潜力的比较全面、系统的分析,认为中国只要举国上下支持、保护和发展农业,强化国家对农业的主导作用,建立食物安全保障体系,认真执行"米袋子"省长负责制,加大对农业特别是对科技的投入力度,面向国土,开发国土,充分、合理利用国土,并相应地建立起具有中国特色的包括耕地、草地、林地、海洋和野生生物资源的食物来源的五大生产体系、符合中国国情的、具有浓厚东方色彩的消费体系、节粮体系以及推行人口计划控制政策,虽农业发展具有艰巨性,但前景依然是光明的。跨越新世纪,中国人定能养活中国人,中国人不会使世界挨饿。 相似文献
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Gerd Leipold 《世界环境》2008,(4)
当前,高涨的粮食价格已经造成了全球粮食危机,全球贫困人口无法获得粮食供应。解决粮食危机,关键是要根本改变世界农业发展方向。以往,人们以为通过向大自然不断索取,就可以提高食物产量。为了消灭所 有昆虫,或为了耕种,人们在土地上施用大量农药,最终使土地变成“工厂”。而不再是食物生产地。农业产业化确实能够在几年内增加农作物产量,收成显著。 相似文献
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满足城市食物消费需求的农业生产碳排放研究——以宁波为例 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
食物消费相关的农业生产阶段的碳排放研究,对于探讨气候变化背景下可持续消费模式的选择和低碳农业技术与管理的提升具有重要意义.以宁波市为例,采用生命周期分析与环境投入产出相结合的综合分析框架,对其2012年居民所消费食物在农业生产阶段的直接和间接碳排放进行研究,分析不同食物及不同排放源的排放特征.结果表明,粮食、猪肉、水产品和牛肉对食物消费碳排放总量的贡献最大,分别占28%、25%、10%和9%;粮食、蔬菜和蛋类单位热量和单位蛋白质的碳排放均较小,禽、蛋、水产、鲜奶单位蛋白质的碳排放低于牛羊猪肉;由农业投入品生产所带来的间接碳排放占总量的49%;化肥是多数植物性食物碳排放最大的贡献源,占植物性食物排放总量的33%;饲料是大多动物性食物碳排放的最大来源,占动物性食物排放总量的56%.为促进食物消费和农业生产的碳减排,一方面建议适当增加蛋类、水产品、禽类和鲜奶的消费比重,减少猪牛羊肉的消费比重;另一方面应着重提高农业投入品供应链的能效,推广优化施肥技术与管理,以及提升饲料品质. 相似文献
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土壤管理和土壤利用方式影响着土壤的发育方向和土壤的性质(如土壤质地、土壤环境、土壤生态等)。农业生产中对土地的不同管理措施或方式直接影响着农业土壤的发展方向和土壤环境变化。城市污水往往有较高的肥力,利用其灌溉农业,即能利用水源又能利用其中的肥源,有利于农业生产。但是,环境问题的不断出现使人们发现,长期污灌已经对土壤及农作物产生了负面影响,[编者按] 相似文献
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Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field. 相似文献
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应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。 相似文献
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Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change. 相似文献
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密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去.沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41%的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40%的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。 相似文献
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N.Z. Lupwayi K.N. Harker G.W. Clayton J.T. O’Donovan R.E. Blackshaw 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,129(1-3):171-176
Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes. 相似文献
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"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性."
翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性? 相似文献