Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza

We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.     

黄河对滨海湿地地表水可溶性盐的影响研究

对滨海湿地黄河周边地表水的可溶性盐分差异进行研究,结果表明:距离黄河越远,地表水pH越小,电导率越大;垂直河道地表水全盐含量为,黄河水<距河道5 Km农田附近地表水<距河道7 Km柽柳附近地表水<距河道8 Km碱蓬附近地表水,反映出黄河对周边的淡水补给.在雨季,地表水中HCO3-含量被稀释,使得pH高于旱季,而电导率、全盐含量小于旱季;阴离子中的氯离子以及阳离子中的钠离子含量较大、尤其是碱蓬群落附近的地表水,反映出植被对环境的适应与改善.     

Alternative mating behaviors of the queen polymorphic ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Temnothorax longispinosus</Emphasis>

Mating behaviors of ants fall into two categories: female calling, in which a female alate releases pheromones that attract males, and male swarming, in which large male aggregations attract females. Female calling is common in species with queens that return to their natal nest to found colonies dependently after mating, while male swarming is common in species with queens that disperse to found independently. In some species that display both founding strategies, a queen-size polymorphism has evolved in which dependent-founding queens are smaller than independent-founding queens. Dependent founding is likely difficult if gynes (virgin queens) are mating in distant swarms. Therefore, a queen may adopt one or the other mating strategy based on its size and founding behavior. We investigated mating behaviors in the queen-polymorphic ant, Temnothorax longispinosus. Observations in laboratory mating arenas indicated that small gynes exhibited significantly lower flight activity than large gynes. Both forms mated in male swarms, and neither form exhibited female calling. The reduced flight activity of the small morph may facilitate returning to the natal nest after mating, provided the mating swarm is located nearby. Therefore, alternative colony-founding behaviors may be possible without the evolution of female-calling behavior; however, the reduced flight activity of small morphs may require that mating swarms are not distant from the natal nest.     

青海湖流域水化学分析及水质初步评价

为了解 青海湖流域水化学的组成及水质状况,于2009 年冬季采集 了青海湖湖水及流域 内主要支流河水样品 ,并分析了水样中的化学 组成。结果表明,青海湖水质总体较好,但部分指 标如pH、COD 已达到水质Ⅴ级标准。另SO₄ ^2- 和Ca²⁺ 是青海湖支流水样中最主要的阴阳离子, 而湖水中则是Cl^- 和Na⁺。溶解性有机碳（DOC）和化学需氧量（COD）表现出相似的变化趋势, 反映出青海湖流域水系的有机物污染严重。分析青海湖湖水中Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ 以及河水中Cl^-/Na⁺ 数据 表明青海湖湖水化学组成主要由蒸发和结晶作用 产生,河水 的化学组成则主要是由于碳酸盐的分 化作用生成。     

Irrigation system and land use effect on surface water quality in river, at lake Dianchi, Yunnan, China

The surface water samples were collected in river Dahe and its tributaries, which flow into severely eutrophic lake Dianchi, Yunnan Province, China, in order to elucidate factors controlling water quality fluctuations. The temporal and spatial distribution of water quality tendency was observed. The water quality of each river is dependent on the hydrology effect such water gate and circulating irrigation system. We must consider the hydrology effect to accurately understand water quality variations of river in this study field. In river without highly circulating irrigation system or water gate effect, the downstream nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration increase occurred in area dominated by open field cultivation, whereas the NO₃-N concentration was constant or decreased in area dominated by greenhouse land use. This result suggests that greenhouse covers the soil from precipitation, and nitrate load of greenhouse could be less than that of open field cultivation while the rainfall event. In the upper reaches of river, where is dominated by open field cultivation, there were no sharp increase dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus concentration, but P load was accumulated in the lower reaches of river, whose predominant land use is greenhouse. Although the P sources is unclear in this study, greenhouse area may have potential of P loads due to its high P content in greenhouse soil. Considering hydrology effect is necessary to determine what the major factor is influencing the water quality variation, especially in area with highly complicated irrigation system in this studying site.     

Glass buildings on river banks as “polarized light traps” for mass-swarming polarotactic caddis flies

The caddis flies Hydropsyche pellucidula emerge at dusk from the river Danube and swarm around trees and bushes on the river bank. We document here that these aquatic insects can also be attracted en masse to the vertical glass surfaces of buildings on the river bank. The individuals lured to dark, vertical glass panes land, copulate, and remain on the glass for hours. Many of them are trapped by the partly open, tiltable windows. In laboratory choice experiments, we showed that ovipositing H. pellucidula are attracted to highly and horizontally polarized light stimulating their ventral eye region and, thus, have positive polarotaxis. In the field, we documented that highly polarizing vertical black glass surfaces are significantly more attractive to both female and male H. pellucidula than weakly polarizing white ones. Using video polarimetry, we measured the reflection-polarization characteristics of vertical glass surfaces of buildings where caddis flies swarmed. We propose that after its emergence from the river, H. pellucidula is attracted to buildings by their dark silhouettes and the glass-reflected, horizontally polarized light. After sunset, this attraction may be strengthened by positive phototaxis elicited by the buildings' lights. The novelty of this visual-ecological phenomenon is that the attraction of caddis flies to vertical glass surfaces has not been expected because vertical glass panes do not resemble the horizontal surface of waters from which these insects emerge and to which they must return to oviposit.     

Improvement of detection method of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in reclaimed water

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two typical species of pathogenic protozoans that seriously endanger water quality. Previous works indicated that detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with modified United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method-1623 using a membrane filtration-elution for sample concentration attained better recovery and lower cost compared to the USEPA method-1623. Several improvements of membrane filtration-elution step as well as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) steps were investigated and an optimized method for detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater reclamation system was recommended in this paper. The experimental results show that an overnight soak of the membrane after scraping and vortex agitation before elution could enhance and stabilize the recovery. Increasing turbidity to 4 NTU by adding kaolin clay before filtration could effectively improve the recovery of low-turbidity water. Washing the concentrate after centrifugation and twice acid dissociation both reduced the impact of water quality to protozoan recovery. Protozoans in different water samples were determined by this optimized method, and the recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were above 70% and 80% respectively, much higher than the acceptance of method-1623. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2547–2552 [译自: 环境科学]     

含vgb基因的重组毕赤酵母菌对重金属离子的吸附解吸特征

酵母因为其比表面积大、密度高被广泛用于水体中重金属的吸附.本文研究比较野生毕赤酵母KM71及含有vgb基因的重组毕赤酵母KM71对重金属Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附解吸特性,并研究混合金属离子对酵母菌吸附性能的影响.不同金属离子均在2 h达到吸附解吸平衡,酵母菌对不同种类金属离子的吸附具有选择性,温度和pH变化对毕赤酵母吸附重金属影响较小.重组毕赤酵母菌对重金属的抗性更强.通过对环境因素及复合剂的优化,得到对重金属镉、镍、铅具有高效吸附性能的重组酵母菌,重组酵母菌对单元素溶液中Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附量分别为10.56、17.68和20.14 mg·g^-1,对三元金属混合溶液中的Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附量分别为8.28、9.89和19.99 mg·g^-1.通过条件优化重组毕赤酵母对Ni²⁺、Cd²⁺和 Pb²⁺的吸附率分别提高了15.14%、21.04%、18.47%,吸附量分别提高了11.26、13.43、22.90 mg·g^-1.本试验为促进酵母菌在处理重金属污染废水中的广泛应用提供了科学依据.     

两种沉水植物附着生物种群特征对水深的响应研究

选取浅水湖泊中两种常见沉水植物上的附着生物作为研究对象,通过显微观测和16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究原位实验条件下水深(分别以T1、T2、T3、T4代表0.6、1.2、1.8和2.4 m)对狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)附着藻类和附着细菌种群组成及其多样性特征的影响.结果表明,沉水植物附着生物种群特征与水深和生物种类有关,试验组中所有水深梯度下的狐尾藻附着生物群落的自养指数(AI)均大于马来眼子菜,且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m的AI值较高,较大水深1.8~2.4 m的AI值较低.两种沉水植物表面附着藻类组成随水深变化差异显著(p0.05),绿藻门和硅藻门仍占种群绝对优势;附着细菌种群随水深梯度的变化差异也显著(p0.05),但主要包括有Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes等优势菌群,同种沉水植物或相似水层深度间的附着细菌组成和丰度有较高的相似性,并且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m中拥有更多特有的细菌种类.研究发现,相同水深时狐尾藻附着藻类的多样性大于马来眼子菜,而马来眼子菜附着细菌多样性大于狐尾藻,且位于中等水深1.2~1.8 m时两种沉水植物附着藻类和附着细菌的多样性往往最高.通过水深对沉水植物附着生物种群特征影响的研究,可为揭示沉水植物表面微生态作用规律提供参考.     

外源氮输入对生长季黄河口碱蓬-土壤系统磷分布规律的影响

为研究氮负荷不断增强情况下黄河口湿地磷的生物循环状况,选择黄河入海口北部滨岸高潮滩的碱蓬湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮（N）输入模拟试验,研究不同氮输入梯度[N0（对照处理）,6.0 g/（m2·a）;N1（低氮处理）,9.0 g/（m2·a）;N2（中氮处理）,12.0 g/（m2·a）;N3（高氮处理）,18.0 g/（m2·a）]下生长季碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统中w（TP）分布特征的差异.结果表明:外源氮输入对湿地表层（0~10 cm）土壤中w（TP）变化的影响较为明显,N2和N3处理下w（TP）整体高于N0和N1处理.不同氮处理下植物各器官的w（TP）生长初期表现为根>叶>茎,生长旺期和末期表现为叶>根>茎,说明叶是磷的主要累积器官.外源氮输入改变了碱蓬湿地的养分限制状况,随着氮输入量的增加,土壤和植物-土壤系统磷储量、氮供给的增幅远低于植物亚系统,说明氮、磷之间的养分供给存在不同步性.研究显示,在未来黄河口氮养分负荷不断增加的情况下,碱蓬湿地植物-土壤系统极有可能通过加速磷的生物循环来缓解日益加剧的磷养分限制状况,进而使得氮、磷养分之间可能形成正反馈机制,而这将有利于维持湿地系统的稳定与健康.      

黑臭河流沉积物磷、铁、硫的DGT同步分析研究

沉积物中磷(P)、铁(Fe)、硫(S)之间存在密切的耦合关系,但大部分研究并未提供直接的原位证据,需要借助高分辨的获取技术才能表征.为了探索三者之间的耦合关系,本文利用Zr O-Ag I DGT和Chelex DGT对东莞市黑臭河流沉积物中有效态P、Fe、S进行了高分辨分析.结果表明:应用DGT技术能够获得黑臭河流沉积物中有效态P、Fe、S的高分辨率浓度分布,并且实验结果可靠,有效地避免了主动采样方法和沉积物空间异质性对P、Fe、S同步分析的影响.各采样点沉积物中有效态P、S在垂向上的空间分布趋势基本相似,部分采样点出现有效态P、Fe、S同步变化的现象,同步获得的微界面浓度分布较好地反映了三者的耦合关系.对P、Fe、S在水-沉积物界面附近的含量分布进行相关性分析,结果表明三者之间具有显著正相关(p0.05),进一步证实了黑臭河流沉积物中也存在P、Fe、S同步释放的现象.大部分样点沉积物-水界面有效态P、Fe、S的扩散通量为正值,表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放P、Fe、S.沉积物中P、Fe、S的耦合释放表明其对黑臭的形成和内源磷释放至关重要.     

富营养化水体中光学活性物质的垂向分布及其对遥感反射光谱的影响

富营养化水体中光学活性物质的垂向分布对水下光场分布具有重要影响,决定了水色参数定量遥感反演的精度.基于2011年8月和11月在太湖进行的垂直分层采样,分析了水体中光学活性物质含量的垂向分布特征,并探讨了其影响因素及其对水体遥感反射光谱的影响.结果表明,风速是影响富营养化水体中光学活性物质垂向分布的重要因子之一.风速较小(小于3.0 m·s~(-1))或无风时,表层叶绿素a浓度急剧增加,易形成水华;而风速大于5.0 m·s~(-1)时,水体发生垂直混合,底层叶绿素a浓度最大;其它风速条件下,叶绿素a浓度在某一水深处出现极大值.在风速小于5.0 m·s~(-1)的情况下,悬浮物浓度和有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的垂向分布相对均一;当风速超过5.0 m·s~(-1)时,底泥再悬浮过程对两者的贡献较大.在未发生藻华情况下,0~0.5 m水深范围内的叶绿素a浓度均值与波段比值的相关系数最大(r=0.86),对水体遥感反射比的影响较大;而表层悬浮物浓度对水体遥感反射比的影响最大,研究结论可为水色参数含量的精确估算提供方法论支持.     

千岛湖浮游植物群落结构的垂向分布特征及其影响因素

深水湖库浮游植物群落结构具典型垂向分异特征,是其水质和生态系统功能的考量要素之一;但对深水湖库浮游植物垂向分异的季节变化规律及其成因仍认识不清.以深水湖库千岛湖为例,通过春、秋两季全湖12个点位浮游植物群落结构及同步水质指标剖面变化的调查,揭示了典型深水湖库浮游植物群落结构的垂向分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,春季浮游植物丰度和叶绿素a最大值出现在次表层(2～5 m),而秋季浮游植物丰度和叶绿素a则在表层达到最大值,然后均随水深增加而下降.千岛湖浮游植物优势种属在垂向上呈现明显的分层特征,具体而言,春季表层和次表层主要以隐藻和假鱼腥藻为主,中层隐藻占据优势,而底层小环藻细胞丰度明显高于其他藻属;秋季表层优势属为假鱼腥藻和束丝藻,在次表层和中层,细鞘丝藻和假鱼腥藻占据优势地位,底层细鞘丝藻成为唯一优势属.此外,水体关键环境指标也存在明显的垂向变化,春季水体氮和磷营养盐浓度与水深呈负相关,而秋季则呈相反趋势;统计分析表明春季浮游植物丰度垂向分布与磷酸盐浓度显著正相关,秋季浮游植物丰度垂向分布则与光照强度呈现显著正相关,而水温、硝态氮和总氮则是驱动两季浮游植物优势属垂向分布的主要因素.综上所述...     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

深水循环混凝沉淀处理含铜绿微囊藻原水的效果和机理研究

为了探明深水循环混凝沉淀工艺处理含藻水的效果和机理,采用U形管模拟深水循环装置对含有铜绿微囊藻的原水进行预加压,再进行混凝沉淀处理,测定了40~80 m深水循环混凝沉淀的处理效果,探究了深水循环除藻机理,并评价了水质安全性.结果表明:随着循环深度的加大,深水循环混凝沉淀效果越好;在投药量30 mg·L-1时,60~80 m深水循环混凝沉淀对藻类去除率达到95%以上,浑浊度小于1.6 NTU,处理效果比原水直接混凝沉淀、预氧化混凝沉淀显著提高.深水循环利于藻类去除的机理是,藻细胞内气囊受深水水压作用而坍塌破裂,气囊内气体透过细胞壁扩散进入水中,藻体失去气囊浮力,由上浮转而下沉.深水循环及混凝沉淀阶段水中的藻毒素、DOC均未增加,说明深水循环混凝沉淀工艺处理含藻水是安全的.     

鄱阳湖流域水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)对水体微塑料的吸附截留效应

微塑料是环境中的新型污染物,随着人们对微塑料污染的认识,微塑料在河流和湖泊等淡水湿地环境中的迁移问题受到普遍关注.中国内陆最大淡水湖鄱阳湖湿地受五河流域及其地表径流的影响,湿地水环境中的微塑料污染问题也不容忽视.为了解鄱阳湖各流域水体中微塑料的分布现状及水生植物对微塑料的吸附截留效应,选择鄱阳湖流域的赣江、信江、抚河、修水和饶河这五河水系入湖段为研究区,以各流域水体及其普遍存在的漂浮植物水葫芦（Eichhornia crassipes）为研究对象,分析鄱阳湖五河流域水葫芦对水体微塑料的吸附截留特征,探讨水生植物对水体环境中的微塑料是否具有吸附或截留效应,阐明水葫芦对微塑料的吸附与水体赋存微塑料的相关性,解析微塑料在湿地环境中的迁移特性,为鄱阳湖湿地环境中微塑料的管控及污染治理提供一定的理论基础与依据.在鄱阳湖流域赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水的五河水系入湖区和湖口出湖区共设置18个采样点,分别采集水表漂浮的水葫芦整株样品和水深约1 m处的水样,采用HNO₃（65%）-H₂ O₂（30%）混合试剂消解水样后抽滤分离水体及水葫芦体表微塑料;采用显微鉴定方法观察微塑料的颜色、粒径和形态等特征,采用Nano Measurer 1.2软件统计各流域水体和水葫芦体表中分离出的微塑料丰度;采用傅立叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱仪鉴定不同形态微塑料的聚合物成分.鄱阳湖流域各水体微塑料丰度处于中度偏高水平,丰度范围为65.5~353 n ·L^-1,且以0~0.5 mm范围内的小粒径微塑料为主,占各流域水体中微塑料的80%以上;各流域水葫芦截留或吸附的微塑料丰度范围为36~204 n ·kg^-1,且以0~1.5 mm范围内的小粒径微塑料为主,所占比例达80%以上;水葫芦吸附0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度含量与水体中0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度间呈显著相关,水葫芦对水体中占比较高的小粒径微塑料具有明显的吸附效应.鄱阳湖五河流域水体微塑料的聚合物成分以聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯为主体;各流域水体微塑料的丰度处于较高水平,以0~0.5 mm的小粒径微塑料为主,对水体生物及水环境易构成生态风险.各流域水葫芦对水体微塑料具有显著的吸附效应,且以吸附0~1.5 mm的小粒径微塑料为主;水葫芦吸附0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度值与水体中0~0.5 mm粒径范围内的微塑料丰度间存在显著相关性;水葫芦对水体中的小粒径微塑料具有较强的吸附效应,可为水生植物吸附或截留水体环境中的微塑料提供一定的参考依据.     

Scale-dependent analysis of an otter–crustacean system in Argentinean Patagonia

The Southern river otter or ‘huillin’, Lontra provocax, is an endangered species endemic of the Andean Patagonian region of Argentina and Chile. It feeds almost exclusively on the genera of macro-crustacea: Aegla and Sammastacus. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of food availability on the huillin’s distribution using a scale-dependent analysis of crustacean and otter distributions. We compared the distributions of otters and macro-crustaceans along a north–south regional gradient, between river basins of northern Patagonia, in an altitudinal gradient within a river basin, and between habitat types within a lake. We investigated the distribution of otters by sign surveys along lake shores, river banks and marine coasts, and of crustaceans using surveys in the water, undigested remains in mink (Mustela vison) scats, presence of external skeletons at the waterside and through interviews with local people. Our results show that there were heterogeneities in the distributions of macro-crustaceans at four scales and these were generally reflected in the distributions of freshwater otters. We conclude that the main factor limiting the distributions of L. provocax in freshwater environments is the availability of macro-crustaceans. This paper shows how scale-dependent type analyses of population distribution serves as a method for identifying key environmental factors for species for which the use of long-term demographies is unfeasible.     

夏季南海北部典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐及溶解氧分布特征的影响

依据2011年8月24日—9月5日对南海北部海域的现场调查,分析了涡旋这一典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐(NO-3-N,PO3-4-P,SiO2-3-Si)及溶解氧分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季南海北部营养盐及溶解氧的分布受中尺度海洋过程的影响显著.在水平分布上,各项营养盐基本呈现近海高远海低的分布特征.东沙群岛附近海域由于受反气旋型涡旋的影响,反气旋型涡旋将珠江口水推至外海,使得东沙群岛附近海域呈现明显的高N、Si,低P的珠江口水特征.在断面分布上,位于珠江口附近海域的B、C断面营养盐浓度水平较低,表层低浓度营养盐向下扩张明显,营养盐浓度等深线也明显下移,其可能受到反气旋型涡旋中心区域的影响;而位于海南岛附近海域的D、F断面,底层低温高盐海水不断向上涌升,可能受到反气旋型涡旋边缘的影响,使得表层海水受到富含高浓度营养盐的底层海水的补充,为表层浮游植物的生长提供了丰富的物质基础.位于广东沿岸附近海域的A断面及东沙群岛附近海域的E断面则受季节性上升流的影响大于反气旋型涡旋的影响,表现出明显的低温、高盐、高P、低溶解氧的上升流特征.     

云南金顶铅锌矿区水系沉积物中镉的地球化学分布及其环境质量

云南金顶超大型矿区长期矿业活动对矿区水系沉积物造成了严重的镉污染.北大沟河流沉积物中Cd含量低于南大沟;沘江不同河段沉积物中Cd含量差异较大,矿区上游沘江段沉积物中镉含量较低(平均值低于10 mg·kg-1),池江下游污染段沉积物中Cd含量显著增加(平均值为266 mg·kg-1).沉积物中Cd污染系数最大(R为21.9-45.2),高于zn(R为4.9～9.7)和Pb(R为2.7～4.6).地累积指数法分析结果显示,矿区水系沉积物污染元素按污染强度分为:Cd>Zn>Pb.南大沟和沘江矿区下游段部分沉积物达到严重污染,北大沟大部分河段沉积物为重污染,少数河段沉积物为偏重污染或中度污染,沘江金顶段上游河段沉积物为轻度污染或无污染.从南大沟汇入沘江口段到下游温庄村段沉积物中重金属污染有增强的趋势.     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株的分离筛选及复配菌剂对河水的净化效果

从天然河水中富集分离出8株异养硝化-好氧反硝化（HN-AD）菌株.将单菌株根据其自身的种属类别及脱氮性能复配成5种由不同菌株构成的菌剂,优选出脱氮效果最佳的复配菌剂-2,其包括6株菌株,分别为Pseudomonas stutzeri MR1,Pseudomonas sp. MR2,Pseudomonas sp. MR3,Pseudomonas balearica MR4,Klebsiella variicola MR6和Catellibacterium terrae MR8.将复配菌剂-2投加至COD_Cr/TN比分别为20和5的河水中,其对NO₃^--N的去除率分别为87.1%和97.5%,期间无NO₂^--N积累;对NH₄⁺-N去除效果在第1 d分别达到96.6%和57.6%.复配菌剂可以获得对河水较高的反硝化脱氮效率,并可以强化河水中NH₄⁺-N的去除,对实际河水的脱氮净化具有较强的应用潜能.