上海市突发环境污染事故风险区划

环境风险区划是区域布局型环境风险管理及环境风险分区管理的重要手段.本研究在环境风险系统理论的指导下,借鉴“自上而下”和“自下而上”传统区划方对上海市突发环境风险进行区划研究.上海市突发环境风险区划中“自上而下”环境风险一级区的划分是依据上海市1990~2008年突发污染事故历史时空格局获得;而“自下而上”是通过构建上海市风险区划指标体系,在对指标进行概念模型量化的基础上,运用基于遗传算法的K均值聚类在最小区划单元进行聚类区划,并依据上海市政府宏观规划对聚类后的图斑碎块进行科学性和实用性调整,获得上海市突发环境污染事故风险亚区和小区;将上海市突发环境风险一级区及亚区和小区集成分析,实现上海市突发环境污染事故风险综合区划.结果表明:上海市突发环境污染事故风险区划包含2个风险一级区,5个风险亚区和21个风险小区,客观揭示了上海市突发环境污染事故风险的空间分布规律.针对上海市布局型环境风险和不同风险区提出相应的管理措施,为上海市综合减灾降险和风险管理决策提供科学依据.     

跨界地区环境风险识别初探

面对中国界河流域的重特大恶性事故频繁发生等复杂问题,以中国跨界河流污染源为研究对象,针对可能造成的跨界风险的重大污染源进行风险识别,建立跨界风险源识别指标体系进行综合评判打分并在典型界河流域和脆弱水环境控制单元进行应用示范。初步建立相应的跨界河流水环境风险识别技术方法体系,为中国界河流域水环境保护提供有力的技术支撑。     

如何协调处置流域跨界环境纠纷？

近年来,华东环保督查中心成功协调处置了多起流域跨界生态破坏、环境污染纠纷事件,有力促进了纠纷案件的解决,促进了地方人民政府对环境保护法律法规和标准的执行。但是,在协调处置跨界环境纠纷事件过程中,仍存在一些制约协调及纠纷问题解决的因素,影响到解决纠纷问题常效机制的建立,并直接关系到跨界流域行政单元区域内和区域间的协调发展。     

中国流域综合水管理目标模式研究

流域水问题的跨界外部性特征、流域水环境的复杂大系统特性以及管理成本的优化，要求以流域为单元实施综合水管理。根据流域水管理的这些特性，研究了流域综合水管理目标模式的功能。这些功能为：信息功能，包括信息收集，交流与公示；规划功能，包括专业规划的协调与综合规划的制定：政策功能，包括政策建议、决策与评估、反馈：协调功能，包括利益的均衡与冲突的仲裁：管理直接相关的重大工程项目。按照公众参与原则和效率与公平原则，中国流域综合水管理目标模式的基本框架为：在国家层次，设立国家水管理委员会，在大流域设立独立的全权的流域委员会，在基层采用水务局的模式。     

流域环境风险管理探讨

针对现行流域环境管理制度存在对环境风险的科学评估不够,对环境风险的预防和预警性不足,对环境风险的综合决策性不强等问题,引入流域环境风险管理的理念,为解决流域环境管理问题提供新的思路.在对国内外环境风险相关文献研究基础上,对流域环境风险管理的主要技术问题包括:可接受风险水平的测量,流域环境风险识别、流域环境风险监测、流域环境风险评估、流域环境风险预警、流域环境风险管理政策研究等进行了讨论,试图找出我国开展流域环境风险管理工作的首要任务和难点.     

论流域环境经济学

流域系统具有整体性、地域分异性、污染的跨界单向外部性,面临着上下游和不同利益群体之间的利益冲突,使得传统环境经济学的理论和方法遇到了障碍.基于环境经济学在流域这一特殊研究对象的理论拓展和实践探索要求,提出了流域环境经济学发展的必要性,阐述了流域环境经济学的概念、内涵和理论基础,并初步构建了流域环境经济学框架和主要内容.研究认为,流域环境经济学是随着流域环境问题不断演化而产生的新研究领域,通过借鉴空间经济学、信息经济学、行为经济学和制度经济学等相关理论和方法,研究流域经济发展与环境保护之间的相互关系及其引发的人与人之间的关系,探索流域环境管理的机制设计和合理的环境经济政策手段,优化流域环境资源配置,实现流域经济增长与环境保护协调发展.      

豫鄂两省合作处置跨界突发水环境事件

近年来,我国跨界突发水环境事件频繁发生,严重影响人民群众生产生活和乍态环境安全,由于涉及不同的行政区域和利益主体,给应急处置工作造成了很大的难度.探索建立跨界突发水环境事件应急联动长效机制,是各级政府和环保等相关部门面临的一个重大课题.豫鄂两省唐河襄樊市双沟镇饮用水源水质超标事件的处置,为我们提供了成功的实践经验.     

基于两高司法解释的突发环境事件应急监测风险管理的思考

突发环境污染事故的发生,往往伴随着环境违法行为,因此突发性环境污染监测涉刑的可能性更大.因此环境监测站在实施突发性环境污染事件监测工作时,在环境监测环节及时收集可能的违法证据,形成证据链,为复现环境污染事件提供证据,为司法界入及时提供技术支持.根据风险管理原则,采用矩阵法对涉刑下的突发性环境事件应急监测进行了风险事件识别和风险评价,详细地对涉刑情形下的突发性环境事件应急监测进行环境分析,并提出了相应的风险应对措施,为环境监测系统防范和规避风险提供参考.     

基于结构方程的流域水环境承载力评价——以湟水流域小峡桥断面上游为例

针对流域水环境承载力评价中指标体系构建及权重确定缺乏客观依据的问题,以湟水流域小峡桥断面上游为例,通过兼顾压力与水环境承载力的控制断面水质影响路径分析,建立了面向水环境承载力评价的结构方程模型(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM);在此基础上,构建了湟水流域的水环境承载力综合评价体系,并获得各指标权重,进而利用向量模法对流域水环境承载状态进行了综合评价.结果表明:SEM模型能够定量反映土地利用/景观格局及污染物排放因素与水环境承载状态的相关关系;SEM模型的路径分析可为水环境承载力综合评价指标体系的建立提供科学依据;由SEM模型得到的路径影响相关系数,可为权重的确定提供新的科学方法;研究区16个控制子单元呈上、中、下游水环境承载状态逐渐变差的梯度特征;最后,针对湟水流域不同区域的社会、经济、环境和资源差异,从流域水环境承载力双向调控的角度,提出改善水环境承载状态的相关建议,进而为流域水系统持续协调发展提供精细化管理支撑.     

流域连通治理法律制度体系的完善路径——以北京市小流域水土保持综合治理为例

流域的连通治理是将水源安全、防洪安全和生态安全作为整体进行统筹考虑,其涉及流域上下游各利益相关方,需要通过法律规制的形式予以引领、保障和规范。目前,我国流域生态环境治理相关法律法规尚未全面体现、贯彻流域连通性的客观要求。本文以北京市小流域水土保持综合治理为例,分析流域生态环境连通治理法律制度存在问题,指出完善流域连通治理法律体系应当以有效解决流域中存在的利益矛盾,以及突发事故造成的流域利益失衡为根本任务,提出处理好流域各方的共同利益关系、建立健全流域连通治理机制的完善路径。     

Pollution minimisation practices in the Australian mining and mineral processing industries

Research was conducted to identify some of the current pollution minimisation practices adopted in Australia's mining and mineral processing industries. Initially, 84 mining and mineral processing companies were approached for inclusion in the study, with request only made for information that was available to the company stakeholders and the wider general community. Among the responses received, BHP Billiton, BlueScope Steel, Newmont Australia Limited and AngloGold Australia provided the information requested and/or a substantial quantity of information through reports on their company website. Analysis of the data collected for these companies indicated that improvements were made, and that policies had been implemented over the previous few years. The pollution minimisation and policy practices adopted at the operations of these companies include environmental management systems, advanced pollution control technologies, environmental awareness training for employees, and requirement – from company stakeholders – for increased accountability of environmental impacts.     

突发性环境污染对呼市地区的影响

本文以突发性环境污染事件为例,强调了突发性环境污染的特征及危害,提出了呼市地区应对突发性环境污染的建议。     

Cleaner production and UNIDO

Even though there were many similar-sounding themes and works at the Stockholm (1972) and Rio (1992) conferences, there are two fundamental differences for industrial development between the plans of action elaborated by the two conferences. One difference is the message, i.e. the nature of the industrial environmental problem. The new message assigns priority to pollution prevention over pollution control because it is a more efficient and effective response to emerging environmental concerns. The other difference is the media, i.e. the major forces of development as well as environmental management agencies must be actively involved in meeting emerging environmental concerns. As the lead organization in the UN system for industrial development, UNIDO is cooperating with many developing countries to implement Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference. UNIDO is promoting the new message of cleaner production as the means by which industry can be environmentally responsible while remaining competitive and profitable.     

减污降碳协同多元共治体系需求及构建探析

碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出标志着我国生态环境保护进入减污降碳协同治理新阶段,减污降碳协同增效成为促进经济社会发展全面低碳绿色转型的重要抓手. 面对经济社会高质量发展、空气质量改善与碳达峰、碳中和的多目标需求,仅依靠命令控制型手段为主的大气污染物治理措施将不足以实现减污降碳协同目标. 结果表明:构建“政府-科研机构-市场-社会组织”多元共治模式,通过命令控制与非命令控制的协同实现治理方式转变,从而提高减污降碳协同治理水平. 在顶层设计层面,综合考虑城市经济发展水平、空气污染程度及各行业污染控制措施的不同,因地制宜的制定差异化减污降碳政策;在科学研究方面,开展学科融合、部门协作的减污降碳协同治理科技研究,解决减污降碳协同增效措施评估以及科技数据、资源共享和研究成果落地等问题;在市场方面,将自愿减排交易和更多高排放行业配额交易纳入碳排放交易市场,加强与排污权、用能权、绿色电力等环境权益交易之间的协同,强化市场手段的减污降碳协同增效;在治理机制和手段方面,充分发挥社会组织纽带作用,利用数字化信息系统构建第三方环境信用平台,促进政府、企业、金融机构和公众等关键利益方形成有效沟通和良性互动. 研究表明,“政府-科研机构-市场-社会组织”多元共治模式能有效构建减污降碳协同增效的多元共治体系,充分发挥政府、科研机构、市场与社会组织的作用,解决碳达峰、碳中和目标下的减污降碳协同治理新需求.      

Determinant factors of corporate environmental information disclosure: an empirical study of Chinese listed companies

In order to help understand the environmental disclosure mechanism from the corporate perspective, this paper identifies the determinant factors affecting the disclosure level of corporate environmental information on the basis of stakeholder theory, and gives an empirical observation on Chinese listed companies. The corporate environmental information disclosure (EID) level appears to be marginal in current Chinese context. Nearly 40% of the sampled companies opened no substantial environmental data to the public as could be seen from the content analysis of disclosed information. The present condition is that the EID strategy of Chinese listed companies is oriented to fill up the government's environmental concerns. The corporate EID effort is significantly relative to its environmental sensitivity (a proxy of the pressure from the government) and its size. The role of other stakeholders, like shareholders and creditors tested in this study in effecting the EID, is found to be still weak. Another interesting finding is that the sampled companies are selectively opening their environmental information. Companies operating in eastern coastal regions, where the economy has been relatively developed, are more likely to disclose emission-related data. The better the company's economic performance, the more information on environmental investment and pollution control cost is disclosed. More concerns of the firm's stakeholders on environmental issues shall be promoted in order to encourage Chinese enterprises to disclose more environmental information and accordingly become more proactive for improving their environmental performance.     

Analysing influencing factors of corporate environmental information collection,management and communication

Relevant and understandable environmental information about production and products is needed in any attempt to mitigate environmental impact from production, products, and consumption. This paper introduces an analytical framework for studying the drivers, barriers and enablers of corporate environmental information collection, management and communication. The framework is built up by two main parts. In the first, we sort out what corporate environmental information is and how to spot gaps in information collection, management and communication. The second part examines the stakeholders and company features that could constitute important influencing factors. The framework is intended to support qualitative and quantitative studies which aim to increase understanding of what shapes the flow of environmental information in companies and product chains.     

大气汞污染模拟研究进展及控制策略优化方法

简评了国内外大气汞污染模拟相关研究情况,指出目前我国大气汞排放模拟及污染控制研究工作非常缺乏,严重影响了我国汞污染控制策略制定以及"汞环境外交纠纷"的积极应对;并据此建议应该对我国大气汞污染模拟及控制策略优化进行系统研究,其研究内容包括:汞排放清单的建立、大气汞的长程输送、响应面模型软件(response surfac...     

黄石市环境信息管理系统的开发与应用

从开发和应用的角度，详细阐述了在WebGIS技术支撑下，利用Java编程语言的方法开发出的黄石市环境信息管理系统开发的技术路线，体系结构，数据组织和系统模块的构建,该系统能够更好地降低环境空间数据采集成本，提高环境信息的共享程序和范围，实现污染源信息的实时查询和统计分析，提供多种总量控制的解决方案和多种专题图的编辑与管理工具，具有海量图库管理和模糊查询定位能力，此系统的建立，对于解决黄石市环境污染问题具有极大的社会效益和经济效益。     

Monitoring and modelling diffuse pollution from agriculture for policy support: UK and European experience

The need to understand and mitigate diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA) using a range of monitoring or modelling techniques and abatement methods has never been greater. In response to the widely reported detrimental environmental impacts of such pollution and the desire to safeguard water resources, a number of important legislative drivers have been introduced, including the Water Framework Directive (WFD) for EU member states. Efforts to commission research and introduce policy options that address the key requirements of over-arching legislation, increasingly point to a number of common and important issues for policy makers. Whereas our understanding of, and ability to predict, pollutant loadings is reasonably well developed, coupling such pressures to ecological impacts remains a difficult task due to the limited functionality of available toolkits. It is important for mitigation programmes to consider multiple pollutants especially given the risks of pollution swapping and to support the uptake of abatement options that are economically and socially acceptable to the stakeholders involved. Appropriate spatial targeting of mitigation methods will continue to come under scrutiny, especially in the context of additional environmental pressures like climate change. Given its key role in governing the transfer and fate of priority nutrients and contaminants and its well-documented negative habitat impacts, sediment must be given a higher profile in diffuse pollution policy. The latter does, however, require further investigation of background sediment loads necessary for healthy habitats and associated sediment standards or thresholds, in order that catchment compliance can be more reliably assessed. Delayed water quality response to the mitigation of DWPA must be assessed and understood, as a means of informing stakeholders and policy options. A further challenge is posed by the need to place DWPA in the context of pollution from alternative sectors so that a more holistic approach to understanding and managing pressures and impacts and engaging stakeholders can be encouraged.     

突发环境污染风险的分区防范研究

随着经济迅猛发展,突发重大环境污染事件呈现频发趋势。这往往给人民群众的生命、健康及财产造成巨大的损失和严重的环境破坏。合理的风险防范对策在一定程度上可以大大减小环境污染的风险及可能造成的损失。结合环境风险的理论与实践,系统地提出区域突发环境污染风险的防范体系和分区防范策略。以上海市闵行区为例,开展区域突发环境污染风险分区,并在此基础上提出不同分区突发环境污染风险的防范措施与对策,以期降低风险、减少损失。