Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in plants and hyperaccumulator choice in Lanping lead-zinc mine area, China

A field survey of higher terrestrial plants growing on Lanping lead-zinc mine, China were conducted to identify species accumulating exceptionally large concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn of 20 samples of 17 plant species. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in soil and in plant were higher than that of Cu and Cd. Significant difference was observed among the average concentrations of four heavy metals in plants (except Cd and Cu) and in soil (except Pb and Zn) (P<0.05). For the enrichment coefficient of the four heavy metals in plant, the order of average was Pbtree>herbaceous, and herbaceous grew in soil with the highest concentrations of four heavy metals. In different areas, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in plants and soils and enrichment coefficient were different. Plants in Paomaping had more accumulating ability to Pb, Cd and Zn, and plants in Jinfeng River had more accumulating ability to Cu. Six plant species, i.e. S. cathayana, Lithocarpus dealbatus, L. plyneura, Fargesia dura, Arundinella yunnanensis and R. annae in Paomaping, had high accumulation capacity. R. annae in Paomaping had hyperaccumulating capacity to Pb, Cd and Zn, L. plyneura to Pb and Cd, and S. cathayana to Cd, respectively.     

Complex toxic effects of Cd2+, Zn2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Complex toxic effects of Cd2+, Zn2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were studied in a pot experiment by measurement of fresh weights of the plants, determination of surperoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the plant organs, and observation of injury symptoms. The experimental results demonstrated that all treatments of Cd2+, Zn2+, and/or acid rain significantly decreased fresh weights of kidney bean and caused toxic effects on growth of the plants, especially higher amounts of Cd2+ and Zn2+ and higher acidity of acid rain. Combination of these three pollutant factors resulted in more serious toxic effects than any single pollutant and than combinations of any two pollutants. SOD, POD, and MDA in the plant organs changed with different pollution levels, but MDA content in the leaves showed the best relationship between the pollution levels and toxic effects.     

Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediments from the East China Sea by ICP-MS with sequential extraction

Twelve elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Sn, Cd and Pb) in 24 sediment samples at eight sites (S1-S8) from the East China Sea were analyzed with the BCR sequential extraction (SE) protocol to obtain the metal distribution patterns in this region. The results showed that the heavy metal pollutions in S4 and S8 were more severe than in other sampling sites, especially Cd and Pb pollution. In the top sediments at S4 and S8, both the total contents and the most dangerous non-residual fractions of Cd and Pb were extremely high. More than 90% of the total concentrations of V, Cr, Mo and Sn existed in the residual fraction. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn mainly (more than 60%) occurred in the residual fraction. While Mn, Pb and Cd dominantly presented in the non-residual fractions in the top sediments. The metal distribution patterns with depth and the correlations between total organic carbon (TOC) and the total Fe-Mn content were also investigated. The results showed that, for most of the elements except Fe, the concentration of elements in fraction A in the top sediments was higher than that in other depth. The similar rule was also found in fraction B but not in fraction C. Besides, the distributions of V, Cd in fraction B and Pb, Cd, Cu in fraction C might be affected by TOC.     

Hyperaccumulation of Pb, Zn and Cd in herbaceous grown on lead-zinc mining area in Yunnan, China

A field survey of herbaceous growing on lead-zinc mining area in Yunnan, China were conducted to identify species accumulating exceptionally large concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd in shoots. In total, 220 plant samples of 129 species of 50 families and 220 soil samples in which the plants were growing were collected. According to accumulation concentration in plant shoots and the concentration time levels compared to plants from non-polluted environments, 21 plant samples of 16 species were chosen as best-performing specimens, 11 plant samples of 10 species for Pb, 5 plant samples of 4 species for Zn and 5 plant samples of 5 species for Cd. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill in Qilinkeng had hyperaccumulation capacity to Pb and Zn. Corydalis pterygopetala Franch in Paomaping had hyperaccumulation capacity to Zn and Cd. All 5 Cd hyperaccumulators came from Lanping lead-zinc mining area. Out of 11 Pb hyperaccumulators, 7 came from Minbingying of Huice lead-zinc mining area. The average of the concentration time levels compared to plants from non-polluted environments were higher than 10 times in all plant samples, the concentration time levels changed from 203 times to 620 times for Pb, from 50 times to 70 times for Zn and from 145 times to 330 times for Cd. Out of 21 plant samples, translocation factor changed from 0.35 to 1.90, only translocation factor of 7 plant samples were higher than 1. Enrichment coefficients of all samples were lower than 1. These plant species were primarily heavy metal hyperaccumulator, and will be used in phytoremediation of the metallic pollutants in soils after further research in accumulation mechanism.     

Effects of Se and Zn supplementation on the antagonism against Pb and Cd in vegetables

The antagonistic effects of supplementation of Zn and Se to the soil on vegetables were studied in this work. In the pot experiment, Se (Se4+) and Zn (Zn2+) were applied, respectively, to the soil, in which the Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) and the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were planted. As a result, Se and Zn were enriched evidently in the two vegetables. The contents of Pb and Cd in the two vegetables were decreased markedly while contents of some healthy mineral elements, like Mn and Mg, were increased to some extent when Se and Zn were applied. The antagonism of Se and Zn against Pb and Cd in plants was suggested. The farmland experiment on the lettuce was conducted to explore further the effect of supplementation of Zn and Se under the actual field conditions. Result came out to be that the enrichment of Zn and Se restrained the accumulation of Pb and Cd in the lettuce remarkably, as well as enhanced the absorption of some other nutritional elements, like Fe, Mn, Cu, Ca and Mg. Therefore, application of Se and Zn was proved to be an effective and feasible method to improve trace elements nutrition in the vegetables.     

Correlations between speciation of Cd,Cu, Pb And Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Total concentrations and speciation of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in surface sediment samples were correlated with the respective metal measured in the total soft tissue of the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis, collected from water off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The aim of this study is to relate the possible differences in the accumulation patterns of the heavy metals in P. viridis to those in the surface sediment. The sequential extraction technique was employed to fractionate the sediment into 'freely leachable and exchangeable' (EFLE), 'acid-reducible,' 'oxidisable-organic' and 'resistant' fractions. The results showed that significant (P<.05) correlations were observed between Cd in P. viridis and Cd in the sediment (EFLE fraction and total Cd), Cu in P viridis and Cu in the sediment (EFLE and 'acid-reducible' fractions and total Cu) and Pb in P viridis and Pb in the sediment ('oxidisable-organic' fraction and total Pb). No significant correlation (P > .05) was found between Zn in P viridis and all the sediment geochemical fractions of Zn and total Zn in the sediment. This indicated that Zn was possibly regulated from the soft tissue of P. viridis. The present results supported the use of P viridis as a suitable biomonitoring agent for Cd, Cu and Pb.     

110mAg root and foliar uptake in vegetables and its migration in soil

110mAg, as a radionuclide of corrosion products in water-cooled nuclear reactors, was detected in the liquid effluents of Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (GNPS) of Daya Bay under normal operation conditions. Experiments on a simulated terrestrial agricultural ecosystem were carried out using the pot experiment approach. The most common plants in Hong Kong and the South China vegetable gardens such as lettuce, Chinese spinach, kale, carrot, pepper, eggplant, bean, flowering cabbage, celery, European onion and cucumber were selected for (110m)Ag root and foliar uptake tests. The results show that carrot, kale and flowering cabbage have the greatest values of soil to plant transfer factor among the vegetables, while(110m)Ag can be transferred to Chinese spinach via foliar uptake. Flowering cabbage, the most popular leafy vegetable locally, could be used as a biomonitor for the radioisotope contamination in vegetables. Soil column and adsorption tests were also carried out to study the leaching ability and distribution coefficient (K(d)) of (110m)Ag in the soil. The results show that most of the radionuclide was adsorbed in the top 1 cm of soil regardless of the pH value. The K(d) was also determined.     

Selenium and 17 other largely essential and toxic metals in muscle and organ meats of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)--consequences to human health

Concentrations, composition and interrelationships of selenium and metallic elements (Ag, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sr, Tl, V and Zn) have been examined in muscle and organ meats of Red Deer hunted in Poland. The analytical data obtained were also discussed in terms of Se supplementation and deficit to Deer as well as the benefits and risk to humans associated with the essential and toxic metals intake resulting from consumption of Deer meat and products. These elements were determined in 20 adult animals of both sexes that were obtained in the 2000/2001 hunting season from Warmia and Mazury in the north-eastern part of Poland. The whole kidneys contained Ba, Cd, Cr, Ga, Pb, Se, Sr and Tl at statistically greater concentrations than liver or muscle tissue from the same animal. Liver showed statistically greater concentrations of Ag, Co, Cu, Mn and Mo than kidneys or muscle tissue, and muscle tissue was richer in Zn, when compared to the kidneys or liver. Cs and Rb were similarly distributed between all three tissue types, while V was less abundant in liver than kidneys or muscle tissue. There were significant associations between some metallic elements retained in Red Deer demonstrated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the data set. In organ and muscle meats (kidneys, liver and muscle tissue considered together) the first principal component (PC1) was strongly influenced by positively correlated variables describing Se, Ba and Cd and negatively correlated variables describing Ag, Co, Cs, Mn, Pb, Tl and V; PC2, respectively, by Cu, Mn and Mo (+) and Zn (-); PC3 by Ga (+) and PC4 by Sb (+). Selenium occurred in muscle tissue, liver and kidneys at median concentrations of 0.13, 0.19 and 4.0mg/g dry weight, respectively. These values can be defined as marginally deficient (< 0.6mg Se/kg liver dw) or satisfactory (≤ 3.0mg Se/kg kidneys dw) for the amount required to maintain the Deer's body condition and health, depending on the criterion for supplementation used. In terms of human nutritional needs, a relatively high selenium content of kidneys can be beneficial. The muscle meat, liver and kidneys of Red Deer can be considered as a very good source of essential Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Mn, Se and Zn in the human diet. Lead is generally considered as toxic, and the concentrations found in Red Deer (via the food chain intake) were well below the European Union tolerance limit. Pb from the lead bullets can always create food hygienic problem, if not well recognized during sanitary inspection, and this was noted for one muscle meat sample in this study (5% surveyed). There is no tolerance limit of Cd in game animal meats. The median values of Cd noted in fresh muscle tissue, liver and whole kidneys were 0.07, 0.18, and 3.3mg/kg wet weight, respectively. Cd exists as a chemical element present at trace levels in plants and mushrooms in Deer's food chain in background (uncontaminated) areas. When these are consumed by the Deer, the amount of Cd sequestered with metallothioneins and retained in the organ and muscle meat in this study is low enough to be considered safe for human consumption.     

长三角典型城郊农田土壤-浙贝母重金属迁移特征研究

城郊生态系统中土壤重金属分布及其在土壤—植物系统的迁移和富集特征是城乡共生体土壤安全研究的热点问题。以典型经济作物浙贝母(Fritillaria thunbergii)为例,基于野外采样和实验分析,对长三角代表性城郊农田中土壤—植物系统重金属的分布、富集和迁移特征开展研究。结果表明:受人类活动的影响,城郊农田土壤中重金属除Cr外,Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量超过土壤背景值,并且不同重金属在空间分布上表现较高的空间异质性。除Cd和Cr外,浙贝母植株不同部位重金属含量表现为叶、茎显著高于鳞茎,叶中重金属含量可达到鳞茎的5～10倍,表明叶比鳞茎更易富集重金属。重金属迁移系数分析表明,Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb主要富集在浙贝母植株的地上部分,且不同重金属在植株中的迁移和富集能力具有较大的差异。浙贝母地上部分对Cr、As和Pb的富集能力较低,对Cu、Zn和Cd的富集能力相对较强。相比而言,鳞茎对不同重金属的富集能力均较弱,综合污染评价也表明,浙贝母鳞茎中重金属含量并未超过污染标准。     

玄武湖沉积物中重金属的垂直分布

选取中国典型城市内湖--南京玄武湖为研究对象，采用目前运用较为广泛的欧洲标准测试分析委员会(now the Standards，Measurements and Testing Programme)推荐的BCR连续提取法对沉积物中Pb、Cd、Ni、Zn、Cr和Mo 6种重金属形态在垂向上的分布进行测定，并对其潜在迁移风险进行讨论。结果表明：玄武湖沉积物中6种重金属总量由大到小的顺序为：Zn＞Cr＞Mo＞Ni＞Pb＞Cd，含量分别为14880~24412、11255~13578、5519~7730、4142~4981、857~2005和129~173 mg/kg，除Pb外均高于南京土壤环境背景值。在50 cm的柱状沉积物样品中，Pb与Cd主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在，Mo、Ni、Zn和Cr主要以残渣态为主要的存在形态。6种重金属的总量与不同形态在垂向上的分布因金属种类不同有所差异。玄武湖沉积物中含有丰富的有机质(80%~110%)，且pH值为偏酸性至近中性(582~713)，沉积物中的重金属具有较高的潜在迁移风险，在城市湖泊污染治理中应予以足够的重视     

An assessment of the impact of motorway runoff on a pond, wetland and stream

The impact of soil filtered runoff from a section of the M25 outer London motorway (constructed in 1981) on a pond, wetland and stream in a nature reserve was investigated by monitoring water, sediment. The tissues of the emergent plants Typha latifolia and Glyceria maxima collected from the pond were analysed for the heavy metals, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn. Macroinvertebrates were monitored in the stream and biotic indices applied to the data. The plant tissue concentrations for Typha and Glyceria show decreasing metal concentrations from root to rhizome to leaf. This trend has previously been reported for Typha exposed to runoff although the tissue concentrations are lower in this study with the exception of Cd in root tissue. The Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) score and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) for the stream at sites above and below the pond outlet are lower than the scores recorded by the Environment Agency for England and Wales at an upstream site above the Pond/Wetland. The sites have an Overall Quality Index of 'moderate water quality', and there is no evidence of a deterioration of biologically assessed water quality between them. The results of the study show the long-term impact on sediment of filtered road runoff discharges to a natural wetland and pond located in a nature reserve. The use of natural wetlands for the discharge of road runoff is inadvisable. Constructed wetlands in combination with other structures including settlement trenches and ponds should be considered as an alternative treatment option.     

有色冶金区土壤-蔬菜系统重金属污染特征及健康风险分析

采用对应采样方法研究大冶有色冶炼厂周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量,并对蔬菜重金属污染状况、富集能力及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染严重,Cd、Cu、Pb和As平均含量分别达5.28、193.37、93.83和36.56 mg/kg,分别为湖北省对应元素土壤背景值的31.06、6.30、3.51和2.97倍,表现为以Cd为主的多种重金属共同污染。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012)标准比较,蔬菜中Cd和Cu含量的样本超标率分别为68%和6%,而As、Pb的含量均不超标。蔬菜中重金属富集能力的排序为:CdCuAsPb,叶菜类蔬菜对Cd、Cu、Pb和As的富集系数均高于非叶菜类蔬菜。土壤和蔬菜重金属综合质量指数达10.07,为重度污染。研究区人群通过蔬菜摄入As、Cd的目标危险系数均大于1,存在As、Cd暴露的健康风险;成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的TTHQ分别为2.11~5.06和2.78~6.64,儿童比成人遭受的健康风险更大,并且距离冶炼厂越近,所遭受的健康风险越大。蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已使大冶有色冶炼厂周围居民面临潜在的健康风险。     

Effect of elemental sulphur on solubility of soil heavy metals and their uptake by maize

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of elemental sulphur (S) on solubility of soil Pb, Zn and Cd and uptake by maize (Zea mays L.). Two rates of elemental sulphur (S) applied at 0 (S0) and 200 (S200) mmol kg(-1) soil with three rates of each heavy metal at Pb, 0 (Pb0), 200 (Pb200), 400 (Pb400) mg kg(-1) soil, Zn, 0 (Zn0), 100 (Zn100), 200 (Zn200) mg kg(-1) soil and Cd, 0 (Cd0), 50 (Cd50), 100 (Cd100) mg kg(-1) soil, respectively. The result showed that with S application at 200 mmol S kg(-1), soil pH decreased about 0.3 unit and the solubility of the Zn and Cd was significantly increased, but the solubility of Pb had no significant influence. The concentration of Pb, Zn and Cd in maize shoots and roots were increased with increasing rates of heavy metals. However, the concentration of Zn and Cd in shoots and roots were higher with application of S rather than without S but no significant difference was found for Pb. The highest concentration of Zn in the shoots was 2.3 times higher with application of S rather than without at the same rate of Zn, 200 mg kg(-1). Plant biomass was also significantly affected by the application of S and of heavy metals. With heavy metal addition, the shoot and root biomass were decreased with the rates of those of heavy metals increased either with or without application of S. However, the shoot biomass was significantly decreased with S application at the same rate of heavy metals except that with Zn addition. The removal of Cd and Pb by maize uptake and accumulation with application of S had no significant increase compared to that without, but the removal Zn by maize uptake from the soil increased by application of S, 90.9 microg plant(-1) contrast to 25.7 microg plant(-1) at Zn200 within a growth period of only 40 days.     

鄱阳湖主要入湖口重金属的分布及潜在风险评价

于2011年5月在鄱阳湖的主要入湖口采集了水样和表层沉积物，测定并分析了其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属元素的含量和分布。同时采用地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和生态毒性效应等评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行了分析评价。结果显示：鄱阳湖主要入湖口水体重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均符合国家渔业水质标准要求，除修河的Pb和信江、饶河入湖口的Cd含量属于国家地表水Ⅱ类水质外，其它所有样地的4种重金属含量均低于国家地表水I类标准限值。沉积物中4种重金属含量均超过鄱阳湖相应背景值且呈积累富集的趋势，其中信江入湖口、饶河入湖口以及三江口已受到重金属的严重污染，潜在生态危害均为中等，而污染最轻的区域为南主湖区。揭示重金属污染程度顺序为Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd；单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。进一步的生态毒性效应评价结果表明，虽然鄱阳湖主要入湖口沉积物已经受到重金属污染，但对多数底栖生物未产生明显毒害     

Distribution of trace elements in tissues of two shrimp species from the Persian Gulf and roles of metallothionein in their redistribution

This study investigates the distribution of three trace elements (Cd, Cu and Zn) in tissues (exoskeleton, abdominal muscle and hepatopancreas) of two shrimp species (Penaeus merguiensis and Penaeus semisulcatus). Special emphasis in this study was placed on evaluating the effects of storage conditions on redistribution of the elements and moreover the potential roles of metallothionein in tissue redistribution. The specimens were collected from the northern part of Persian Gulf during September 2001 and January 2002. The concentrations of metals in the tissues were measured using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-AES) and an ICP-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Metallothionein levels were determined using Differential pulse polarography. Results show a similar hierarchy for Cd and Cu concentrations among different tissues as follows: hepatopancreas>exoskeleton>muscle; and for Zn, the hepatopancreas again contained the highest levels, though there were not any significant differences in Zn concentrations between muscle and exoskeleton. Significant differences were found between the species in the case of Cd and Zn concentrations. Cd and Zn levels in P. semisulcatus were markedly higher than in P. merguiensis. In general, there were highly significant differences among the storage conditions from accumulation the selected trace elements and metallothionein in both species point of view, but in most cases, no significant differences could be observed among the fresh, refrigerated and frozen specimens of P. semisulcatus. In regards to Zn and Cu accumulation in edible (muscle) tissues of P. merguiensis, optimum conditions for frozen storage is -30 degrees C as ice-frozen, and in terms of short-term storage, 1-day refrigeration is recommended. The redistribution of Zn and Cu during the storage period can be attributed to the role of metallothionein in their transport from organ(s) to muscle during storage. The variations in pH values measured in the muscle of P. merguiensis in different storage conditions showed a similar trend with metallothionein, Zn and Cu. In contrast, it appears that cadmium is transported from muscle to the other tissues. Exoskeleton is probably one of the recipient tissues of cadmium. The inter-elemental relationships were assessed for each species, separately. A significant positive relationship was observed between the concentrations of Zn and metallothionein in P. semisulcatus, whereas in P. merguiensis, Cd concentrations decreased significantly with increasing metallothionein. Highly significant differences between the sexes in Cu and Zn contents could be detected. The differences between the sexes in the levels of Zn and Cu were significantly greater in P. semisulcatus. Highly significant size-related differences were found in the levels of Cd, Cu and metallothionein in the selected tissues of the shrimp species. Comparison between the mean concentrations of the elements in muscle tissue and existing guidelines indicate that in nearly all cases, the concentrations were well below permissible levels for human consumption. The only exception was observed regarding mean values of Cd, which was somewhat greater than some of the recommended levels.     

玄武湖沉积物中重金属污染的潜在生物毒性风险评价

采用ICP－MS仪测定了玄武湖沉积物中Zn、Cd、Ni的含量,并应用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)和地累积指数法（Igeo）对重金属的潜在生物毒性进行分析。结果表明：玄武湖沉积物中Zn、Cd和Ni的含量分别为7526~17911、517~898和4776~14728 mg/kg,分别是为南京土壤环境背景值的108~291、5170~8980和133~411倍,表明Zn的污染程度较轻,Cd和Ni的污染较重,且人为活动对重金属含量有重要影响。沉积物中重金属的分布具有明显的区域特征,Zn、Cd、Ni浓度的最大均值均出现于东南湖(SE L)的沉积物中。利用地累积指数法和生物数据库基准对玄武湖表层沉积物进行生物毒性风险评价得出的结论与此相似,潜在生物毒性风险的顺序依次为Cd＞Ni＞Zn。从采样点的布设来看,东南湖的潜在生物毒性风险最严重。     

A method for estimating dietary intake of environmental trace contaminants: Cadmium — a case study

Variations in either food content or dietary habit affect dietary intake of trace contaminants. Trace contaminants enter the human food chain through many environmental pathways, including contamination of water used for drinking or irrigation, sludge used on cropland, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals, chemicals leached from disposal sites to water, or airborne deposition on soil, water, or crops. A flow chart (Fig. 1) summarizes these pathways.Dietary exposure to environmental trace contaminants places some segments of the U.S. population at substantially higher risk than others. A methodology to calculate population distribution curves for dietary intake of trace contaminants is presented in this report, using cadmium (Cd) as the specific example. This methodology can be applied both to calculate the distribution of daily individual intake of trace contaminants, as well as to estimate the size of the potentially at-risk population. The methodology is developed with both a stochastic approach and a matrix approach. The matrix approach is coded as program SCOPE, and the stochastic as program MONTE.The dietary habits of the U.S. population were determined by using computer codes to analyse and synthesize an array of dietary data. The 15- to 20-yr-old male population was selected for analysis because this group has the largest gram-caloric intake of any age-sex classification. Data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration were analyzed to define Cd concentration distribution for 34 food categories, into which 1880 food items were classified. Food consumption frequency histograms were generated with this information, using data synthesis routines and SCOPE.A 1974 FDA survey of metal concentrations in selected foods at 71 U.S. sampling sites yielded tabular, truncated frequency histograms for Cd concentrations in 32 of the food categories studied. Histograms were then constructed by integrating consumption and Cd concentration for each food category for the total diet.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended in 1972 a tolerable limit of Cd intake of approximately 70 μg per day. A comparison of SCOPE and MONTE total diet Cd intake frequency histograms indicates the likelihood of high Cd intake, at-rick populations. SCOPE results predict that approximately 13% of the 15- to 20-yr-old males studied ingest Cd at a rate greater than 70 μg per day. MONTE predicts that 14%, with a 12–17% range, ingest amounts greater than the WHO-recommended limit on a daily basis. This percentage represents a potential at-risk population. The actual at-risk population would be those persons who consistently ingest more than 70 μg/day.The percentage of the population projected to ingest more than 70 μg of Cd per day needs to be defined by geography, ethnicity, race, and dietary preference in order to fully evaluate Cd intake risks and to set parameters for epidemiological surveys needed for confirmation. Assuming validity for this methodology, there is justification for preventing significant increases in Cd dietary intake by way of man's activities.     

经济发达区不同土地利用方式下土壤中镉的含量特征——以江苏省昆山市为例

通过对江苏省昆山市高中低产水稻田、菜地、园地和抛荒地等土地利用类型98个土壤样点的检测分析，探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤镉浓度含量的影响。研究结果表明，高中低产水稻田、菜地、园地土壤镉浓度都超过土壤背景值（0.110 mg/kg）。6种土地利用方式中，低产水稻田土壤的镉浓度最高，其次分别为中产水稻田、园地、菜地、高产水稻田和荒地。与土壤标准值（0.20 mg/kg）相比，中产水稻田有20%样点超标，低产水稻田、园地、菜地分别有18.75%、11.11%、9.09%样点超标，而高产水稻田和荒地没有超标样点。工业废物排放和磷肥的使用可能是影响不同土地利用类型下土壤镉浓度的重要原因，应该引起重视。     

鄱阳湖表层沉积物中砷及重金属赋存形态及其潜在生态风险

重金属污染是水体沉积物污染的主要问题之一，研究沉积物中重金属元素的赋存形态，探索水体中重金属的来源，可以为水体重金属污染治理修复提供理论基础。采用BCR三步连续提取法对鄱阳湖枯水期表层沉积物中As和7种重金属元素（Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn）的赋存形态进行了研究，并基于重金属风险评价代码（Risk Assessment Code, RAC）方法评估了鄱阳湖表层沉积物中的As和7种重金属元素的潜在生态风险。结果表明，鄱阳湖表层沉积物中As、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn主要以残渣态的形式存在(6160%~8518%)；Pb主要以残渣态（5097%）和铁锰氧化物结合态（4102%）为主要的赋存形态，其可提取态所占比例为4903%，具有较高的二次释放潜力；Cd的赋存形态主要以弱酸提取态（4160%）和铁锰氧化态（2719%）为主，其可提取态所占比例高达7749%，潜在生态风险较大。RAC分析结果表明，鄱阳湖表层沉积物Cd的生态风险整体上位于高风险，需要加强对鄱阳湖Cd污染的关注。所有站点Cr的弱酸提取态所占比例均低于1%，表明鄱阳湖Cr污染的生态风险为无风险，As、Ni和Pb属于低风险，而Cu、Co和Zn位于低风险至中等风险     

Pollution load of Pb,Zn, and Cd and mineralogy of the recent sediments of Jordan River/Jordan

The present geochemical analyses of Zn, Pb and Cd in eighteen subsurface sediment samples collected from two locations along the Jordan River show that Cd is anthropogenically enriched in these sediments. In the sediment column, the concentration of Zn, Pb and Cd decreases clearly with depth in the first location of the upper reach, due to the high rate of sedimentation in this location; whereas the enrichment of elements of the lower reach increases gradually towards the old sediments. The Anthropogenic factor of the studied metals lies in the sequence of Pb>Cd>Zn.