单柱离子色谱法测定酸雨中F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)离子

本文介绍了单醉离子色谱法测定酸雨中的氟、氯、硝酸根，硫酸根离子的方法．采用Shim－PackIC-Al分离柱．用25mmol邻苯二甲酸和2.4mmol三（羟甲基）甲胺溶液作流动相（pH＝4.0），流速为1.5ml/min．各离子的流分用电导检测，进样量为20μl时．F－、Cl－、的最低检出限（2倍噪音比）分别为0.009，0.016，0.020．0.042μg／ml．     

顶空-固相微卒取-气相色谱测定水体中痕量苯系物

对测定水体中痕量苯系物的顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法的固相微萃取条件进行了对比优化,经过对水体中的7种苯系物对比实验,确定了顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法的固相微萃取的最佳实验条件为：选用75μmCAR/PDMS萃取涂层,加入与水质量比为40%的氯化钠,于20℃温度下萃取40min,解析3min。方法检出限为0.12～0.19μg/L,相对标准偏差2.0%～3.9%。依据确定的优化条件,用不同类型的水样对优化后的试验条件进行了验证试验,回收率在96.2%～102.0%之间,表明优化后的试验条件适用于多类型水体中痕量苯系物的分析测定。     

西安市南郊春季降水化学成分特征

2010年3-4月间采集了7次西安南郊降水样品,测定电导率、pH值、主要离子浓度.结果表明,降水pH值的平均值为6.6;电导率平均为110.5 μs/cm,说明降水中水溶性离子浓度高.Ca2+为含茸最丰富的阳离子,平均浓度为15.3 mg/L.由于北方春季沙尘天气频繁,空气中固体颗粒较多,所以降水中Ca2+浓度较高.同...     

混凝-厌氧-好氧-气浮处理含油污水

食用植物油生产过程中排放的污水,是一种较难处理的高浓度污水。结合污水处理工程设计及工程运营情况,对该工程进行了介绍,并提出了进一步完善的建议。该工程进水（高浓度污水）主要污染物浓度为CODCr：20000～25000mg/L,BOD5：10000～15000mg/L,SS：1000～2000mg/L,经过混凝-厌氧-好氧-气浮等工序处理后,出水达到了《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-96）中的1级排放标准（1998年1月1日后）。     

烟气脱硫石膏对滩涂围垦土壤重金属解吸及残留形态的影响

滩涂围垦土壤是重金属等难降解污染物的主要最终归宿场所之一,其重金属的解吸将影响重金属的迁移性、生物有效性和潜在毒性,研究重金属的解吸对土壤污染评价、修复及环境容量预测至关重要.研究了烟气脱硫石膏对广州市南沙滩涂围垦土壤重金属的解吸效果,并分析了烟气脱硫石膏对重金属形态的影响.在离心管中称取20.0 g过0.25mm筛土样,加入20 mL水和不同量的烟气脱硫石膏,在室温下于恒温振荡器振荡,风干研碎后用原子吸收分光光度法测定重金属全量,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了处理前后重金属形态变化.研究结果表明,随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加,经过振荡离心后的滩涂围垦土壤中重金属质量分数先急剧下降,之后变化趋于平缓.与原土相比各重金属最大解吸率分别为:Cd 30.38%,Cu17.73%,Ni 15.00%,Zn 14.19%,Pb 9.46%,Cr 8.89%.比较处理前后重金属的形态变化,发现各重金属的可交换态解吸率均达50%以上,并且重金属碳酸盐结合态质量分数也有减少.说明烟气脱硫石膏能降低土壤对重金属的吸附,经振荡离心后能降低土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性.     

盐胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草生长的影响

冷季型草坪草在不同盐离子含量的胁迫下生长,其各项生理指标都会发生相应的变化,这些变化可以反应出不同草坪草抗逆性的强弱.本实验所用的品种为早熟禾P.Pratensis L.、黑麦草L.Perenne L.、高羊茅F.Arundinacea Schreb..3种草均为冷季型草坪草.将氯化钠溶液设为5个处理,其质量分数分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和一个对照,每个处理3次重复.将处理后3种草坪草的种子,播于营养钵中,实验室内培养.每日浇灌相对应的盐溶液,浇灌量为约2/3的溶液流出.待幼苗长到5～7 cm时,进行测定.在盐胁迫条件下,通过对黑麦草、高羊茅、早熟禾的发芽率、POD酶活性、质膜相对电导率等生理指标测定的研究,结果表明黑麦草抗盐性较强,早熟禾的耐盐性较弱.为在盐碱地上种植草坪提供了参考依据.     

高效液相色谱联用高分辨质谱和电喷雾检测器定性和定量检测水苏糖提取物中寡糖成分

本文建立了高效液相色谱联用电喷雾检测器(HPLC-CAD)检测水苏糖中寡糖成分的方法.利用高效液相色谱-线性离子阱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱(HPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap-MS)鉴定了水苏糖中包括蔗糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖和毛蕊花糖等多种寡糖成分.方法采用XBridge BEH Amide色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)，乙腈-水(70:30)为流动相进行测定.结果表明，蔗糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖质量浓度与峰面积分别在2.763—110.5μg·mL^-1、9.906—396.2μg·mL^-1和12.24—489.5μg·mL^-1范围内呈现良好线性关系(r>0.999)，平均回收率(n=9)为100.1%—103.4%,RSD为1.09%—2.49%.该方法灵敏度高，准确性好，操作简便，可用作水苏糖提取物质量控制的有效方法.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定PIVAS工作环境中5种细胞毒性药物残留

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术同时测定医院静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)工作环境中5种细胞毒性药物吉西他滨、环磷酰胺、表柔比星、依托泊苷及紫杉醇在玻璃、不锈钢和PVC材质表面残留含量的检测方法.将2 cm×2 cm滤纸用100μL 80%乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液润湿后对10 cm×10 cm物表进行擦拭取样，擦拭样品用1 mL 20%乙腈含0.1%甲酸溶液重复提取2次，合并提取液离心后取上清液，以水-乙腈(0.1%甲酸)为流动相梯度洗脱，采用电喷雾电离源正离子模式和MRM模式检测.结果表明，吉西他滨和环磷酰胺在0.1—800 ng·mL^-1、表柔比星和依托泊苷在0.1—200 ng·mL^-1、紫杉醇在0.2—200 ng·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.999，方法的检出限为0.2—1 pg·cm^-2，定量限(LOQ)为0.6—3.2 pg·cm^-2.在玻璃、PVC和不锈钢3种材质上3个加标水平(200、1000、4000 ng·mL^-1)的...     

直接蛋白沉淀结合串联质谱法用于血浆中5-氟尿嘧啶治疗药物监测应用

本文建立一种直接蛋白沉淀结合串联质谱法测定血浆中5-氟尿嘧啶浓度的方法.以0.1 mol·L^-1硫酸锌作为蛋白沉淀剂处理血浆样品,离心后取上清液直接测定.以5-氟尿嘧啶-¹³C,¹⁵N₂为内标标准品,采用Shimadzu Shim-pack GIST-HP C18-AQ (100 mm×2.1mm I.D.,1.9μm)色谱柱;水(A相)-甲醇(B相)为流动相,梯度洗脱:0—1 min,5%B;1—2 min,5%B→95%B;2—2.5 min,95%B;2.5—2.6 min,95%B→5%B;2.6—5 min,5%B,流速:0.3mL·min^-1;柱温:35℃;进样体积:5μL;采用电喷雾离子源,负离子多反应监测模式(MRM)进行质谱定量分析.检测离子对:5-氟尿嘧啶m/z 129.1→42.1,5-氟尿嘧啶-¹³C,¹⁵N₂内标标准品m/z 132.1→44.1.该方法校准曲线相关系数大于0.999.质...     

饮用水中九种卤乙酰胺的高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱测定方法

本文应用固相萃取前处理方法和高效液相色谱-三重四极杆电喷雾质谱(HPLC-ESI/tq MS),优化并建立了9种氯代和溴代乙酰胺的同时测定方法.结果显示,在流动相甲醇/水(5/95,V/V)、流速0.3 m L·min-1、正离子模式条件下,9种卤乙酰胺的线性范围是5—200μg·L~(-1)或10—500μg·L~(-1)(R20.99),9种卤乙酰胺检出限为0.5—9.2μg·L~(-1).经过比较HLB是最优的固相萃取柱.在0.02、0.2、0.5μg·L~(-1)的3个加标水平下,9种卤乙酰胺的回收率分别为61%—84%、60%—93%和70%—104%,相对标准偏差为1.7%—4.4%、1.1%—4.1%和0.8%—4.1%.     

Dietary influence on fatty acid composition of blubber fat of seals as determined by biopsy: A multivariate approach

A method for determination of the fatty acids of blubber fat from living seals is demonstrated: fat samples are retrieved by a small syringe, the fat is directly methanolysed, the resulting fatty acid methyl esters are gas-chromatographed and the chromatographic results are treated by multivariate principal-component analysis. The blubber fat of two grey seals [Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)] and two harbor seals (Phoca vitulina L.) at the Aquarium of Bergen, Norway, as well as their diet, herring and mackerel, were monitored over a period of 7 mo in 1989. Fatty acid composition of the blubber fat was significantly different from that of the diet.     

彩色CCD成像法测量光污染

光环境是城市人居条件的一项重要内容,光污染的监测主要是针对光环境。将色彩校正的方法应用于彩色CCD测量光环境亮度分布,并结合计算机图像处理技术,对不同的颜色转换矩阵进行实验分析,使得亮度计算值和实测值很好地吻合,得出图像RGB三刺激值与目标亮度的函数关系式。通过实验,对相机测量值与亮度计实测值进行对比,分析镜头渐晕现象...     

识别黄山药、穿龙薯蓣和盾叶薯蓣的分子标记建立

在对黄山药、穿龙薯蓣和盾叶薯蓣的psbA-trnH片段序列分析的基础上,根据3种薯蓣在该片段上的特征序列位点设计了用于识别3种薯蓣的寡核苷酸片段,并作为PCR反应的引物,将3种薯蓣的特征标记引物与psbAf-trn-Hr配合使用建立了识别3种薯蓣的显性和共显性两种检测方式,辅以NaOH碱法快速提取薯蓣干燥根茎总DNA,为3种薯蓣相互间快速、准确的鉴别创造了条件.图3表2参9     

Inferring linear feature use in the presence of GPS measurement error

Global Positioning System (GPS) collars are increasingly used to study animal movement and habitat use. Measurement error is defined as the difference between the observed and true value being measured. In GPS data measurement error is referred to as location error and leads to misclassification of observed locations into habitat types. This is particularily true when studying habitats of small spatial extent with large amounts of edge, such as linear features (e.g. roads and seismic lines). However, no consistent framework exists to address the effect of measurement error on habitat classification of observed locations and resulting biological inference. We developed a mechanistic, empirically-based method for buffering linear features that minimizes the underestimation of animal use introduced by GPS measurement error. To do this we quantified the distribution of measurement error and derived an explicit formula for buffer radius which incorporated the error distribution, the width of the linear feature, and a predefined amount of acceptable type I error in location classification. In our empirical study we found the GPS measurement error of the Lotek GPS_3300 collar followed a bivariate Laplace distribution with parameter ρ = 0.1123. When we applied our method to a simulated landscape, type I error was reduced by 57%. This study highlights the need to address the effect of GPS measurement error in animal location classification, particularily for habitats of small spatial extent.     

欧洲的恶臭污染法规及测试技术进展

欧洲城市中人口密度的增加导致了严重的恶臭污染,几百年来,各种有关恶臭污染的法规相继出台。在过去的30年中,恶臭测试方法有所发展,人们不再轻信环境健康工作者的主观判断,而是将恶臭测试推向定量化的轨道。根据恶臭排放测试,扩散模式以及恶臭标准(以定量恶臭性质的影响研究为基础,确定恶臭污染的可忍受程度),荷兰率先推动了恶臭量化管理趋势。恶臭标准根据各行业的恶臭污染的具体程度制定。嗅觉计测试臭气浓度是一项可靠的技术,目前已经写入欧洲标准(EN13725:2003),将嗅觉计测试法和日本的三点式比较臭袋法进行比较,发现结果具有显著的一致性。嗅辨员的严格筛选也是促成其一致性的关键因素。     

Pre-migratory life history stages of juvenile Arctic birds: costs, constraints, and trade-offs

Many young birds on the Arctic tundra are confronted by a challenging task: they must molt their feathers and accumulate fat stores for the autumn migration before climatic conditions deteriorate. Our understanding of the costs and constraints associated with these stages is extremely limited. We investigated post-juvenal molt and premigratory fattening in free-ranging juvenile White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) on the Arctic tundra. We found evidence for trade-offs between premigratory fat accumulation and molt: heavily molting birds had significantly less fat. Birds increased the rate of fat accumulation as the season progressed, but we found no evidence of a similar increase in rate of molt. Using a controlled captive study to isolate the energetic costs of body feather replacement, we found no difference in fat or size-corrected mass of birds actively growing body feathers as compared to controls. Molting birds, however, consumed 17% more food than controls, suggesting a significant cost of body feather growth. Our results provide evidence of significant costs, constraints, and trade-offs associated with post-juvenal molt and premigratory fat accumulation in young Arctic birds.     

Secondary metabolism — evolution and function: Products or processes?

Summary The distinguishing characteristics of secondary metabolism and its associated metabolites are outlined. Current theories relating to the function of secondary metabolism in plants and micro-organisms are enumerated and the view that consideration of the processes rather than the products may best explain the origins of secondary metabolism is discussed.     

A comparison of traditional,cluster and Zürich-Montpellier analyses of infaunal pelecypod associations from two adjacent sediment beds

A Zürich-Montpellier analysis provided more detailed information about pelecypod associations in two sediment beds than either a traditional subjective approach or a cluster analysis based on Jaccard's coefficient. The Zürich-Montpellier test separated till and sand pelecypod associations, and indicated distinguishing species and atypical samples. Species distinguishing the till association were Cardita ventricosa, Yoldia myalis, Semele rubropicta, Venerupis kennerlyi, Clinocardium nuttallii, Nuculana minuta and Macoma incongrua. Species distinguishing the sand were Macoma elimata, Compsomyax subdiaphana, Yoldia ensifera, Macoma calcarea, M. lipara, M. brota, Yoldia limatula and Macoma alaskana. Two samples contained species from both associations plus some species rare elsewhere. Combined R-and Q-type grouping procedures, of which the Zürich-Montpellier approach is an example, are useful in evaluating benthic faunal similarities, but the suitability of various forms of the procedure needs further study.Supported by the Defense Research Board of Canada, Grant No. 9520-23. Based on a thesis submitted by J. D. Popham to the University of Victoria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc. (Honours).     

利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油

世界的石油产量将会逐渐减少，石化柴油燃烧后所排放的废气是造成的城市空气污染的主要原因，生物柴油是石化柴油很好的替代能源，文章介绍了国外废油脂处理利用和甸餐饮业废油脂的概况，提出了利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油的方法和工艺流程，并讨论了利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油的几个问题。     

Determination of an appropriate quadrat size and shape for detecting association between plant species

The outcome of association analysis between species can be influenced by the size and shape of sampling quadrats. To eliminate this problem, a new method is proposed for determining an appropriate size for sampling quadrat. This method is based on measurement of the density of the plant species concerned. The use of this method is illustrated for the detection of association between species in a hypothetical community.