首都重大活动与空气重污染应急减排措施效果对比分析

以2015年"9·3"阅兵活动及同年冬季两次空气重污染红色预警为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度变化特征进行对比分析,对不同减排措施下污染物减排比例估算,并利用WRF-CAMx模型,对减排带来的PM_(2.5)污染改善效果进行了定量评估与对比分析.结果表明,阅兵期间(8月20日至9月4日)PM_(2.5)日均浓度(19.0μg·m~(-3))分别比阅兵前(8月15～19日)和阅兵后(9月5～15日)日均浓度降低了60.0%和48.0%,第一次红色预警期间PM_(2.5)日均浓度(232.3μg·m~(-3))高于第二次红警(216.6μg·m~(-3)),第二次启动重污染红色预警之前的空气质量好于第一次红警.阅兵期间北京及周边省市污染物减排比例普遍大于红警期间,为保障"阅兵蓝"的实现提供了人为可控的有利条件."9·3"阅兵、北京首次及第二次红色预警期间采取污染物应急减排措施情况下,北京PM_(2.5)浓度分别平均降低了32.4%、 17.1%和22.0%.阅兵期间与红色预警相比,PM_(2.5)浓度降低比例较高,归因于更大力度的区域污染物协同减排以及阅兵期间易于污染物扩散的气象条件.污染减排力度、应急控制措施实施时机以及气象条件是可能影响应急污染控制措施污染改善效果的重要因素.     

2013-2017年成都冬季空气质量状况改善评估

利用2013—2017年冬季成都市国家环境监测子站PM_(2.5)小时数据,结合MICAPS常规气象观测数据及ERA-interim再分析资料,对成都市2013—2017年冬季空气质量状况、气象条件及近10年大气扩散能力进行综合评估.结果发现,2013—2017年成都冬季12月末—1月初易发生持续性重污染事件,2015—2017年冬季持续性重污染事件总天数较2013—2014年有所减少,2013年冬季PM_(2.5)浓度值最高,达到(149.3±72.2)μg·m~(-3),2015年最低((80.7±44.1)μg·m~(-3)),5年内冬季PM_(2.5)浓度值呈波动下降趋势,下降率为9.65%,成都市冬季空气质量状况总体有所改善.2013—2017年成都冬季日降水量清除率表明,大于1 mm的降水对PM_(2.5)有明显清除作用,而弱风和低边界层(加权平均)对PM_(2.5)的累积效应显著,2013和2016年空气质量较差由于累积气象主控导致,2015年空气质量较优是由于清除气象主控.综合PM_(2.5)浓度、边界层高度、地面风速和降水等因子,使用2498个有效样本构建成都地区冬季空气停滞气象条件阈值经验公式,为地面风速小于2.2 m·s~(-1)、边界层高度小于520 m且无有效降水(日降水量1 mm).以2015年冬季大气扩散条件为基准,量化同等扩散条件下减排对PM_(2.5)的影响,结果显示减排有效,但近10年成都地区大气扩散能力有所下降,说明今后大气污染防控将面临更大的挑战.     

2014~2017北京市气象条件和人为排放变化对空气质量改善的贡献评估

2014～2017年北京地区霾日数和污染日数逐年减少,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2年平均质量浓度下降,污染程度缓解,采暖期中的11～12月尤为明显.针对空气质量的显著改善,从气象条件的改善和减排措施两方面进行探讨分析,并结合数值模式和大数据挖掘技术实现气象和排放对大气污染贡献率的定量化研究.结果表明,2017年与过去3 a相比,平均风速增加7. 9%,≥3. 4 m·s~(-1)的风速频次最高(10. 6%),≥70%湿度日占比最小(25. 1%);其中,采暖期与过去3 a同期相比,小风日数减少8. 6%、大气环境容量指数和通风指数平均增加约11%,边界层高度以3. 2%·a~(-1)的速率升高,尤其11～12月各要素改善更显著,且该时段内2014年各因子变化与2017年相似.非采暖期(4～10月)累积降水量558. 3 mm,仅次于2016年,有利于污染物的清除和湿沉降.利用WRF-CHEM对霾和污染频发的12月进行模拟发现,气象要素的改变导致2017年12月北京PM_(2.5)质量浓度较2014～2016年同期分别降低5%、38%和25%.因缺少政府实际施行的减排方案,无法利用WRF-CHEM量化气象和减排的具体贡献率,因此借助大数据挖掘算法,基于K近邻算法(KNN)和支持向量机(SVM)模型对气象和减排对空气质量改善的贡献进行评估,结果显示2017年减少的霾日和重污染日,65. 0%归因于减排的贡献,35. 0%归因为气象条件的改善.可见,气象与生态环境部门应继续加强数据开放共享,科学开展气象条件预报与减排评估.     

APEC期间北京市PM_(2.5)时空分布与过程分析

运用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统,模拟分析了2014年11月3~11日APEC会议期间北京市PM_(2.5)污染的时空分布特征,并利用过程分析工具IPR研究了会期两次短时间污染过程(4日13:00~5日12:00和10日13:00~11日12:00)中各种大气物理化学过程对城区官园和郊区定陵两个代表性站点近地面PM_(2.5)生成的贡献.结果表明,CMAQ模型合理地再现了北京市PM_(2.5)的浓度水平和时间变化.北京地区4日和10日发生不利于污染物扩散的气象条件,导致PM_(2.5)小时浓度出现高值(分别为188,124μg/m~3),但受减排措施和冷高压的作用,PM_(2.5)高值维持时间较短.4日13:00~5日12:00,水平传输是官园和定陵站点PM_(2.5)的主要贡献者,贡献率分别为49.6%和90.9%.此次污染过程北京地区受南部污染传输影响较强.10日13:00~11日12:00,官园站点PM_(2.5)主要来自源排放在本地的积累(78.8%),定陵站点PM_(2.5)主要来自较弱的水平传输(93.9%).此次过程体现出更加明显的局地性污染特征.两次过程中,PM_(2.5)的主要去除途径均为垂直传输.     

冬季山谷风和海陆风对京津冀地区大气污染分布的影响

为了弄清冬季山谷风、海陆风对京津冀地区大气污染时空分布的影响,利用2016年12月地面加密自动气象站逐时观测数据和中国环境监测总站发布的逐时PM_(2.5)浓度数据,计算平均风矢量场和平均PM_(2.5)浓度场,分析山谷风、海陆风变化规律及其对PM_(2.5)浓度分布的影响.结果表明,在山谷风日,中午至下午谷风将位于河北太行山东部地区的污染物向北输送.傍晚以后,在北京西部、北部,以及河北太行山山前出现的山风与偏南风构成"人字形"辐合线,辐合线的汇聚作用使北京地区、廊坊,以及保定、石家庄、邢台等地大气污染加重.在海陆风日,下午至前半夜,河北中东部沿海地区出现东南向海风,深入内陆到达天津东南部地区,海风前缘区域大气污染加重;通过对中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔0～325 m风向风速与PM_(2.5)浓度时间变化关系分析,以及利用Cressman法插值得到的地面风向风速和PM_(2.5)浓度二维格点场,分析北京地区重霾污染过程中近地层山谷风和海陆风对大气污染形成的影响:中午至下午,谷风将大气污染物向北京输送.傍晚以后,大气污染物在山风与偏南风形成的辐合线附近汇聚,在北京地区及以南地区形成PM_(2.5)高污染区.凌晨至早晨北京被山风控制,大气污染物被吹离北京、滞留在北京以南至天津西北地区.冬季,山谷风的输送和汇聚作用使大气污染物以日为周期不断循环和累积,对北京地区至北京以南地区、河北太行山东部地区的大气重污染形成起重要作用.     

2014年10月太原市一次空气重污染过程分析

采用数值模拟(CAMx)与污染物、气象观测资料相结合的方式,对太原市及周边区域2014年10月6—12日一次典型空气重污染过程的大气环境背景、气象条件和形成原因进行了分析.结果表明:2014年10月8—10日太原ρ(PM_(2.5))日均值平均为175μg·m~(-3),太原城区约1460km~2的国土面积处于重度污染(ρ(PM_(2.5))150μg·m~(-3))之下,而京津冀约20×104km2的国土面积达到重度污染水平;区域稳定的气象条件是形成重污染的主要原因,重污染过程中大气层结稳定,逆温明显(2.14℃/100m)、风速小(1.91 m·s~(-1))、湿度大(68.13%)、负变压(-0.74 h Pa)、正变温(0.92℃).模拟结果显示,8—10日重污染期间区域输送对太原PM_(2.5)的贡献率在17%~24%之间,太原市PM_(2.5)浓度以本地贡献为主;估算的2014年太原城区PM_(2.5)排放量是其大气环境容量的1.4倍,重污染期间大气环境容量的大幅降低又加剧了空气污染的程度.     

基于KZ滤波法的河北省PM2.5和O3浓度不同时间尺度分析研究

大气细粒子和臭氧是影响我国城市空气质量的主要污染物质,其浓度的大小不仅与污染源的排放量有关,气象条件也是影响其浓度分布特征的重要因素.要评估污染物减排措施的效果,有必要将气象条件的影响剥离出来,仅评估排放量的降低对污染物浓度长期变化趋势的影响.本文使用KZ(Kolmogorov-Zurbenko)滤波方法对河北省石家庄、保定、张家口三市2013—2017年PM_(2.5)和O_3逐日浓度时间序列进行分解,并使用同期地面气象观测数据对各时间序列进行逐步回归分析,将经过KZ滤波后的长期序列与经逐步回归后的结果的差值再次进行滤波处理,得到去除气象影响的污染物浓度长期变化趋势,该浓度仅与污染物的排放量有关.结果表明,因污染源排放的影响,河北省三市大气PM_(2.5)浓度在研究年内除在2017年初略有上升以外,其余季节均呈下降趋势.河北省三市大气O_3浓度在研究年内均有波动上升趋势.气象条件对PM_(2.5)浓度长期变化趋势的影响大于O_3.     

垫江县大气环境中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染状况研究

为准确掌握垫江县城区大气环境中细颗粒的污染状况,选择2016年9月1日—2017年2月28日大气自动观测站的数据研究分析,结果表明:垫江县城区大气环境中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的平均质量浓度分别为79mg/m~3和68mg/m~3,PM_(10)的月平均质量浓度均大于PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)占PM_(10)的比例在84.6%~90.0%。多元分析结果可以看出,大气环境中的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)具有相类似来源,气象条件对垫江县城区大气颗粒物污染影响较大。HYSPLIT轨迹模型分析表明,秋冬季节大气重污染时段,垫江县城区大气环境中颗粒物来源受到西南和西北气团影响较大。     

濮阳市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及来源解析

濮阳市作为京津冀周边地区大气污染传输通道城市之一,秋冬季重污染天气频发,空气污染问题严峻.为了研究濮阳市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及其主要来源,于2017年10月15日至2018年1月13日在濮阳市3个国控点对PM_(2.5)进行了手工膜采样与化学组分分析,并结合PMF受体模型,开展了细颗粒物来源解析研究.结果表明,濮阳市2017年秋冬季PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为94. 16μg·m~(-3),濮水河管理处的污染状况最严重,进入采暖季后3站点均表现为重度及严重污染事件频发,轻度污染发生频率降低,重污染发生时NO_2与CO浓度升高明显. PM_(2.5)中的主要组分为水溶性离子(52. 33%)、碳质组分(25. 32%)和地壳元素(0. 08%),NO_3~-的含量高而SO_4~(2-)的浓度水平较低.重污染发生时,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子、OC、EC和K浓度都出现了明显的升高,而地壳元素浓度降低.采样期间濮阳市的硫氮转化率水平较高,大气氧化性较强,硫氮转化促进了重污染的发生.濮阳市2017年NOx、CO和VOCs排放量较高,来源解析结果表明,濮阳市秋冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源分别为二次无机盐(37%)、工业源(16%)、二次有机气溶胶SOA(14%)、生物质燃烧源(12%)、移动源(9%)、燃煤源(7%)和扬尘源(4%).可见,二次转化在濮阳重污染的形成过程中起到重要作用,要减轻大气细颗粒物污染,需要重点控制工业源、生物质燃烧、移动源和民用散煤燃烧的排放.     

红色预警期间北京市PM2.5浓度特征及应急措施效果评估

综合利用监测数据并结合数值模型,分析了2015年北京市第2次空气重污染红色预警期间PM_(2.5)浓度变化特征并初步评估了减排措施对PM_(2.5)浓度的影响.结果表明:污染初期北京市南部地区PM_(2.5)浓度明显偏高,且PM_(2.5)极端高值往往出现在北京南部站点.污染输送阶段,北京市PM_(2.5)小时浓度在短时内呈爆发式增长,浓度积累速率可达5~10μg·m~(-3)·h~(-1).污染缓解阶段,偏北风作用,空气质量转好.预警期间北京市空气质量南北差异较大.应急措施实施后,北京市PM_(2.5)环境浓度下降约20%~25%.PM_(2.5)累积速率呈现出交通站城区站背景站的特征,与重污染日平均值相比交通站下降幅度最大,表明减排措施在交通站更加显著.气象条件对重污染的形成和结束起着决定性作用,为了更好的做好空气质量预警预报工作,应加强对小尺度天气系统的研究,同时关注不同方位PM_(2.5)浓度峰值及重污染持续时间的变化,形成北京市分区预报预警的经验.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.