浅谈滨海湿地生态环境退化监测与评价

指出了滨海湿地面临的主要环境问题。简述了美国、欧洲、澳大利亚等滨海湿地现状及监测评价方法。对我国滨海湿地管理与研究进展进行了分析探索。     

Characteristics and driving factors of marsh changes in Zhalong wetland of China

Zhalong National Nature Reserve in the northeast of China is a large wetland and a habitat of hundreds species of fauna and flora. The rare red-crowned crane is one kind of endangered birds in it. Recently, Zhalong wetland is shrinking and it encounters many problems including occasional fires, bad water quality, human activities, etc. In order to find out a proper way to protect and restore the wetland, this study, using a geographic information system, the global positioning system and remote sensing techniques, analyses the spatial characteristics of the changes in marsh landscape pattern and examines the driving factors for these changes. Data sources include 8 Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite images of Zhalong area in the period of 1986–2002 and the investigation information on site. Based on the analysis of changes of marsh area and annual precipitation during the 16 years, it is found that there is a close correlation between annual precipitation and marsh area. It means that climate is one of driving factors of marsh pattern changes. To understand influences of other kinds of land uses on marsh spatial distribution in Zhalong wetland, this paper analyses the relationship between marsh and different kinds of land uses, such as water surface, residential area, farmland, salina land and grass land, respectively. According to the patch analysis theory, a fragmental index and a fractal dimension of the marsh are calculated with perimeter-area method. The results indicate that the marsh pattern is affected by human activities significantly. In addition, the location alteration of marsh centroid point over the 16 years is studied. The movement trace of marsh centroid point is concerned with different hydrological situation in different areas of the wetland. In summary the characteristics of the marsh landscape pattern evolution during the 16 years are affected by multiple driving factors. The main driving factors are climate, human activities, distribution of other kinds of land uses and hydrological situation in different areas.     

2008—2016年南昌市景观时空演变特征及驱动力分析

通过运用GIS、ENVI、Fragstats等技术手段分析南昌市近十年的遥感影像数据,解析景观格局变化的动态特性和时间节点,分析景观格局变化的社会经济和政策驱动力因素。结果表明：2008—2016年间,南昌市规划区内裸地和农田类型用地分别减少634%和1129%,而绿地、建设用地、水体分别增加738%、458%、567%,景观破碎化上升,城市内部建设用地斑块优势度降低。固定资产投资(不含农户)、城镇人口数、建筑业和第三产业中的交通运输仓储邮电业是景观格局变化的主要社会经济影响因素。南昌市大力推动的“旧城复兴”等规划措施使得研究区内绿地和水体斑块面积得以恢复和提升,灰色斑块面积扩大和向外分散式扩张的趋势得到有效控制。     

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染负荷匡算

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重,由于具有交叉污染等特性,造成了整个平原河网存在严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。构建了大尺度非点源污染负荷匡算模型,对南通平原河网地区非点源污染负荷进行了匡算。根据不同的产污方式,将非点源污染分为城镇降雨径流污染、畜禽养殖污染、农田降雨径流污染、农村生活污染和水产养殖污染等5种类型,分别计算其流失过程。     

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染监测方法

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重以及交叉污染等特性,造成了严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。由于非点源污染监测资料不完善,相关研究的深度、广度以及监测管理存在不足,确定非点源污染大小、少资料区域污染定量化预测等问题都是亟待解决的难点。以南通平原感潮河网地区为例,对非点源污染中的不确定性及监测方法进行探讨,提出分别针对平原河网圩区和平原河网非圩区的非点源污染监测方法。     

平原感潮河网地区农业非点源污染产污规律

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重,同时由于本身具有的交叉污染等特性,造成了整个平原河网存在严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。文章在南通平原河网地区选择圩区作为典型区,以野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法开展野外原位试验,研究平原河网典型圩区各形态污染物随降雨径流的迁移特征,建立了稻季农田营养盐的迁移通量与径流通量、施肥量及降雨距施肥时间间隔三者之间的定量化关系。     

微生物降解孔雀石绿研究进展

环境微生物是自然界中主要的分解者,在孔雀石绿降解中发挥着重要作用.由于缺乏低成本的替代品,孔雀石绿持续不断地释放到环境中,其环境分布和对人体健康的潜在影响已得到广泛的关注.综述了可降解孔雀石绿的细菌和真菌及其最适降解条件、降解途径、降解酶,总结了目前通过固定化和组学研究降解孔雀石绿的进展,进而对孔雀石绿的微生物降解领域未来研究趋势进行展望.以期为进一步开展微生物降解孔雀石绿机理研究与技术应用提供有价值的科学论据.     

淀山湖富营养化驱动力初探

通过2015—2019年在淀山湖布设5个采样点,监测总氮、总磷等12项水质指标,运用综合营养状态指数法和潜在性富营养化评价法对该水域富营养化水平进行分析,采用主成分分析法初步确定影响该水域富营养化水平的主要驱动因子。结果表明：监测期间淀山湖水质因子时空分布差异显著。综合营养状态指数法评价结果表明,淀山湖富营养化在轻—中度富营养化水平,并且季节变化规律明显;潜在性富营养化法评价结果表明,监测期间淀山湖以磷限制潜在性富营养为主。驱动因子分析表明硝酸盐氮是该水域富营养化最主要的驱动因子。     

氯苯及其电催化降解中间产物的高效液相色谱测定

建立了高效液相色谱测定氯苯及其电催化降解中间产物对氯苯酚、对苯二酚、邻苯二酚、苯酚、反丁烯二酸的方法,优化了色谱条件.采用外标法定量,方法线性关系良好,RSD在0.3%～1.7%之间,加标回收率在90.5%～104%之间,适用于氯苯电催化降解过程的追踪测定.     

Hydrodynamic Simulation of River Yamuna for Riverbed Assessment: A Case Study of Delhi Region

A well known river hydrodynamic model RiverCAD has been used to simulate and visualize flood scenarios for different designated flood flows under complex riverbed geometry with several man made structures like bridges and barrages. The model applied successfully for the stretch of 23 km in the Yamuna floodplain of Delhi region from Wazirabad barrage in the upstream to Okhla barrage. Flood flows for various return periods namely once in 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were estimated based on recorded flow data for the period of 1963 to 2003 using standard flood frequency analysis techniques. The simulation results were compared and the model was calibrated with water surface elevation records of the previous floods at various barrage and bridge locations. Simulation results enabled prediction of maximum water levels, submergence scenarios and land availability under different designated flood flows for riverbed assessment, development and management.