地基沉降条件下储罐结构响应模型对比分析

通过采用傅里叶分解方法,对储罐基础实测沉降数据进行处理,建立3种不同储罐有限元模型进行计算,根据计算结果分析地基沉降条件下储罐的结构响应,通过对比对3种储罐模型进行了评价。所得结论可为保障储罐安全运行提供参考。     

大型原油储罐设计中主要安全问题及对策

大型原油储罐储量很大,潜在危险性高,一旦发生事故,损失将十分惨重。为此,在分析了大型原油储罐工程危险性的基础上,重点论述了大型原油储罐设计中的主要安全问题及其对策,包括储罐地基和基础、浮顶储罐密封装置、信号报警联锁系统、排水设计、防腐蚀措施等,特别针对大型原油储罐的特点,详细讨论了浮盘沉底事故原因并介绍了预防浮盘沉底的设计要求,为工程设计提供了有价值的参考依据。     

原油储罐典型泄漏场景定量风险分析

<正>近几年,国内原油储罐不断向集约化大型化发展,这虽然为国家原油储备与运输提供了便利,但也对储罐区安全管理与风险控制提出了更高的要求。本研究结合原油处理厂原油罐区实际情况,确定了原油储罐典型泄漏场景,利用挪威船级社泄漏频率分析软件Leak和泄漏后果模拟软件Phast分析原油储罐典型泄漏场景发生频率及影响范围。在此基础上,通过定量风险分析软件Phast Risk计算     

地基沉降下油罐罐壁的变形分析

储罐地基沉降常引起罐壁的几何变形,严重危害储罐的运行安全。基于地基沉降的实测数据,采用有限元方法研究地基沉降下大型浮顶石油储罐的结构变形响应。有限元模型中,综合考虑了环墙式地基、加强圈及肋板、抗风圈及支撑、包边角钢等实际结构,以及材料特性对罐壁变形的影响。采用Fourier级数将储罐地基沉降的实测离散数据拟合为若干阶谐波组合的形式,模拟地基单次谐波沉降对罐壁变形的影响,在此基础上,提出地基组合谐波沉降在最高液位下引起的罐壁径向变形公式,并与有限元仿真计算结果进行对比,结果表明,两者吻合较好,此拟合公式可普遍用于工程实践中10×10~4m~3大型储罐地基沉降引起的罐壁变形计算,评估在役储罐的运行安全。     

地基沉降对石油储罐象足屈曲的影响

为优化大型石油储罐的抗震设计,针对大型非锚固外浮顶储罐,综合考虑地基、非锚固罐底、变壁厚、抗风圈等几何结构和材料特性等因素,采用有限元分析(FEA)法构建储罐全模型,分析地基沉降对罐壁象足屈曲临界载荷的影响;基于Fourier变换,通过若干阶谐波组合的形式模拟储罐地基沉降,分析地基谐波沉降前后储罐的径向变形、屈曲模态与屈曲强度,探明储罐地基单次谐波沉降的谐波次数、谐波幅值、谐波的波峰与波谷对象足屈曲临界载荷的影响。结果表明:地基谐波沉降在不同程度上降低了油罐的象足屈曲临界载荷。储罐象足屈曲临界压应力随地基谐波沉降幅值的增大而减小;相同沉降量下,随着谐波次数的增大,储罐抗屈曲的能力越来越弱。     

石化企业储罐高液位运行风险分析与防护系统建设探讨

针对炼化企业低负荷运行导致的储罐高液位储存问题,全面分析了近些年国内外储罐火灾爆炸事故,指出高液位运行储罐应重点防范储存汽油、原油等易燃轻质油品的固定顶储罐和浮顶储罐全面积火灾、群罐火灾;储罐因高液位运行造成的风险增加主要体现在上游轻组分因生产波动容易进罐、雷击、冒罐溢油、浮盘沉没或卡盘、因地震罐体坍塌、硫化物自燃、因罐底高应力造成罐壁坍塌、灭火难度大等方面;基于系统化理念,从工艺技术、安全管理和应急防护三方面提出了14项措施加强高液位储罐的安全防护。     

探讨油田拱顶储罐呼吸系统的安全运行

本文分析了呼吸系统在原油储罐收、发过程中的作用及风险,提出了呼吸系统平稳运行的措施,对于确保油田企业安全运行起到了很好的促进作用。     

地基沉降及动水压对储罐屈曲强度的影响

大型油罐在地震载荷作用下的罐壁屈曲属于弹塑性变形失稳。为研究地基沉降对非锚固储罐屈曲性能的影响,基于Ramberg-Osgood本构模型,考虑储罐底板、壁板、加强圈、抗风圈、非锚固环墙式地基等实际几何结构因素,采用三维有限元模型(FEM)数值模拟非锚固储罐在谐波沉降下的屈曲行为,研究水平地震力下罐内液体的动水压力、地基谐波沉降的次数及幅值对罐壁屈曲临界压应力的影响特征。结果表明:在谐波沉降及动水压共同影响下,储罐屈曲发生的位置为壁板加强圈之间,罐壁变形呈现非周期性变化。地基谐波沉降、动水压均降低了储罐的屈曲临界压应力,且相同沉降量下,随着谐波次数的增多,储罐抗屈曲的能力越来越弱。     

常压储罐的运行管理

<正>中国石化镇海炼化分公司(简称镇海炼化)现有各类常压储罐360余台,总罐容超过350万m3。这些储罐中有些使用寿命已超过30年,再加之近20余年来大量加工劣质原油,储罐的腐蚀较为严重。常压储罐作为原料、中间产品及产品的重要存贮设施,能否安全长周期运行,直接关系到装置是否能平稳生产和取得良好经济效益。另外,按照SHS 01012—2004《常压立式圆筒形钢制焊接储罐维护检修规程》     

剖析事故致因 审思安全管理

本文通过对一起原油储罐爆炸事故的事故现场勘查及事故引发原因的分析，针对这起事故所揭示出的问题，从吸取教训、审思安全管理工作的角度出发，分析存在的问题，并提出了相应的防范措施。以供读者从中获取一些有益的教训，也可使有关行业（单位）对此类事故引以为戒。     

大型原油商业储备油库火灾危险性数值模拟分析

石油储备油库多向大型化、复杂化方向发展,发生事故时扑救非常困难。为了深入探讨巨型油罐火灾发展趋势与规律、事故危害后果,结合宁夏惠安堡原油商业储备油库这一工程实例,采用基于大涡模拟的FDS模型作为模拟计算平台,对巨型油罐火灾的燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算。通过分析计算,得到烟气分布、温度分布、热辐射强度分布等火灾过程参数的变化趋势,以及在有风和无风状态下着火罐对相邻油罐的影响,探讨现行建设工程消防技术标准就储罐防火间距、火灾时对邻近罐体冷却设计要求运用于巨型储油罐时的消防安全状况,为巨型储油罐消防安全科学合理设计提供理论依据。     

原油储罐区可燃气体探测器布置优化方案研究

为有效预警原油储备区储罐气体泄漏,制定气体探测器布置优化方案,以某大型原油站库为例,基于CFD法和FLACS软件模拟原油泄漏及可燃蒸汽云溢散分布,通过分析蒸汽云扩散规律,实现全方位气体探测器优化布置。结果表明:原油储罐区探测器分别布置在区块21-2、6-1、31-1、40-2,且每个罐组总计布置16处;优化设置方案可满足所有泄漏场景下可燃气体探测需求,有效减少探测器配置冗余。可为泄漏事故早期预警提供技术支持。     

Risk-based inspection for large-scale crude oil tanks

Periodic Internal Inspection Method often results in under-inspection or over-inspection for large-scale crude oil tank. Therefore, how to determine reasonable internal inspection interval (INTII) has great significance on balancing the safe operation requirement and inspection cost for crude oil tanks. Here, RBI (risk-based inspection) technology is used to quantitatively assess the risk of crude oil tanks in an oil depot in China. The risk comparison between tank shell and bottom shows that the risk of tank depends on the risk of tank bottom. The prediction procedure of INTII for crude oil tanks is also presented. The INTII predicted by RBI method is gradually extended with the increasing of the acceptable risk level. The method to determine the acceptable risk of crude oil tanks is proposed, by which 3.54E+04 are taken as the acceptable risk of the oil depot. The safety factor of 0.8 is proposed to determine the final INTIIs for 18 crude oil tanks. The INTII requirement in China code SY/T 5921, 5-7 years, is very conservative and lower than predicted service life of tanks. The INTIIs predicted by Gumbel method are smaller than by RBI method for tanks with short INTII. Therefore, this paper recommends RBI method to predict the INTII for crude oil tanks.     

Floating roof storage tank boilover

Storage tanks are important facilities for the major hazard installations (MHIs) to store large quantity of crude oil. There is several fire types can occur with large diameter open top floating roof storage tanks. Boilover is considered one of the most dangerous fires in large-scale oil tank. The world has witnessed many incidents due to boilover in floating roof storage tank. Boilover problem has been studied in experiments and by models to understand how to control the boilover phenomena. An experimental study has been carried out in Jebel Dhanna (JD) terminal area by Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) with support of Resource Protection International (RPI) consultant. 2.4 m diameter and 4.5 m diameters pans have been used to study the characteristics of the large oil-tank fires (i) to gain more knowledge of the boilover phenomenon of crude oil (ii) verify if the crude oil stored by ADCO would boilover (ii) estimation of rate of hot-zone growth and the period needed from ignition to boilover (iii) estimation of radiant heat and consequences of boilover. This paper presents an overview on the floating roof storage tank boilover. The paper also presents briefly boilover experimental research study carried out by ADCO.     

Experimental study of the VOC emitted from crude oil tankers

Light hydrocarbons vaporize to the space between crude oil interface and roof of the storage tank during loading of crude oil tankers in marine oil terminals. When crude oil is loaded to the tank, these hydrocarbons are vented into the atmosphere which is considered as a main source of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in oil terminals. VOCs emitted from the crude oil not only create severe air pollution problems but also a considerable amount of valuable hydrocarbons are wasted to the atmosphere. On the other hand, VOCs are flammable which create major safety hazards to the loading process. Therefore, the oil industry has largely focused on control of VOCs. In this research, an experimental study was conducted to characterize VOCs emitted from storage tanks of crude oil in a large-scale oil export terminal. Using the industrial data and simple mathematical tools, effect of different parameters on the composition of emitted gases was investigated. Furthermore, an experimental procedure is proposed to assess the potential of a crude oil absorption process for recovering emitted gases. Experimental results showed that the crude oil absorption process can be adapted to the situation of considered marine terminal for recovering this vent stream of emitted gases. This work can help plant engineers to decide on an appropriate strategy to control VOCs.     

Shake table study of annular baffles in steel storage tanks as sloshing dependent variable dampers

Aboveground steel storage tanks are widely utilized in industrial areas such as oil refineries, petrochemical complexes, oil depots, and etc. Assurance of these infrastructure facilities in high seismic areas is a very important engineering consideration. High amplitude fluid sloshing is one of the widespread causes of steel oil storage tanks during strong earthquakes addressed as an important failure mode. This phenomenon generates additional forces impacting the wall and roof of the tanks. Annular baffles can be used as slosh damping devises to control liquid sloshing within a tank. The main objective of this paper is experimental study of annular baffle effects as anti-sloshing damping devices to reduce fluid wave sloshing height in steel storage tanks typically used in oil and petrochemical complexes during an earthquake. Shake table tests have been used on a reduced scale model steel storage tank in two cases of with and without annular baffles. Three real earthquake ground motion records are used as input base motion. Based on the experimental test results, dynamic characteristics of studied tank models with different filling levels and different baffle dimensions and arrangements have been obtained and summarized in this paper. Also, sloshing heights and convective mode damping values are determined from the test results and compared with API650 code recommendations and recommended equations by other researchers. Generally, the results of this study indicate significant effects of the annular baffles in reducing the fluid wave sloshing height as sloshing dependent variable dampers.     

大型石油储罐消防设计研究

根据我国大型储罐设置的特点,分析了大型石油储罐在储存、转运过程中潜在的火灾危险。通过对千例石油火灾案例统计分析,获得了石油储罐发生火灾的主要原因。在此基础上,从石油储罐工艺设计、布局、防火和灭火等角度出发,分析大型石油储罐常用的类型、材料和防腐处理技术;研究储罐的布置间距;总结大型储罐消防设计中采用的防、灭火技术措施。论文研究的成果,可供实践工程参考。     

危化品储罐区多灾种耦合效应风险分析

基于危化品储罐区内发生的多米诺效应，以单灾种引发的多米诺事故研究为基础，根据物理学中的触发器原理解释多灾种耦合引发储罐区其他罐体失效的场景，并提出基于物理学理论的多灾种耦合效应模型；基于一储罐区实例分别建立在火灾、爆炸情况下罐区的灾害扩展网络图，并通过无量纲化处理得到综合灾害扩展网络图；分析储罐区在多储罐受灾情况下的灾害扩展情形，得到当D1，D2发生灾害时，D4，D5灾害扩展概率最大；当D1，D8发生灾害时，D4灾害扩展概率最大，建立了多灾种耦合效应的关联图。研究结果对化工园区多灾种耦合的后果预测评估具有指导意义，有助于减少危化品储罐区多米诺效应的发生以及强化危化品储存的安全基础。     

大型浮顶油罐的危险性分析及安全对策

随着我国经济的飞速发展,国内储油罐趋向大型化发展。大型储罐具有节约钢材、占地少、投资低、便于操作管理等优点。油罐内储存的各种油品一般都具有易挥发、易流失、易燃烧、易爆炸等性质,一旦发生火灾,就会造成重大的经济损失。而且油罐火灾损失巨大,难以扑救,所以说油罐的安全已成为石油化工行业的焦点。针对大型浮顶油罐的危险性,对大量的事故案例进行了分析。在此基础上,提出了强调使用二次密封技术,设计、施工和管理上加强浮船与罐壁之间的密封,安装火灾报警和自动泡沫灭火系统,重视中央排水叠管的密封性及油罐基础的稳定性等安全对策措施。     

大型原油储罐泄漏隔堤池火灾后果研究

为了研究储罐大孔泄漏后可能产生的隔堤局部面状液池火灾,以10万立方大型原油储罐为例,采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT和火灾模拟软件FDS计算储罐在真实泄漏场景下的液池区域,模拟发生隔堤池火的分布特征及对临罐热辐射影响。研究结果表明:储罐原油泄漏后将在隔堤内形成相对稳定面积的液池,在储罐不同方位处泄漏形成的液池面积与储罐壁距雨水收集槽长度相关;储罐正下方的隔堤池火对储罐造成的热辐射极大;风对临罐受到的池火热辐射强度影响明显,指向罐组中心方向的来风对临罐热辐射强度影响较大。