扣件式钢管脚手架搭设通病及其预防

<建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范>(JGJ130-2001)(以下简称脚手架规范)已颁布施行三年了,有的施工现场脚手架立杆、立杆基础、纵向水平杆、脚手板(竹笆榀)等搭设工艺仍不符合脚手架规范要求,达不到检查与验收标准,仍然存在安全隐患,施工过程存在不安全因素.究其原因:主要是没有认真执行新的脚手架规范;脚手架安全施工专项方案编写内容不全面,针对性不强,不能指导施工;施工专项方案于现场搭设的脚手架类型不相吻合,架子工仍然沿袭传统方法搭设等.本人根据多年施工现场管理的经验,结合现行的规范,对扣件式钢管脚手架搭设的通病进行分析,探讨防治措施,进一步规范脚手架搭设.     

扣件式钢管脚手架的受力状况与事故预防

扣件式钢管脚手架装拆方便,搭设灵活、适应面广,在建筑行业得到了广泛的应用。但是,如果搭设脚手架时违反安全技术规程,就会造成架子结构不稳,承载能力降低。例如1985年3月23日上午9时30分,贵州省人大办公楼建筑工地,长260m,高29m的扣件式钢管脚手架,因搭设质量不符合要求,以及管理使用不当,倒塌了130m。     

扣件式钢管脚手架的受力分析与事故防止

扣件式钢管脚手架具有装拆方便、搭设灵活、适应面广的特点,在建筑业上被广泛应用。但是,如果搭设时违反安全技术规程,就会结构不稳,承载能力降低,安全得不到保证。特别是现代高层建筑,搭设质量和管理使用要求较高,稍有疏忽就会发生倒塌事故。去年3月23日上午9时30分,贵州省人大办公楼建筑工程扣件式钢管脚手架倒塌的重大事故就是一例。 脚手架的倒塌与其结构的稳定性和受力状况有着密切的联系,原因可归结为以下几点: 1.搭设不符合技术规程要求,造成扣件紧固不牢,局部钢架松动,扣件节点有形成铰接的趋势,影响框架空间结构的稳定性。 2。荷载…     

“稳”住脚手架

正随着建筑施工技术的进步,我国建筑施工脚手架应用技术也得到了较大发展,从20世纪六、七十年代以木、竹材料搭设为主,发展到如今多为具式、钢管构配件搭设的脚手架,脚手架的技术理论也有了很大发展。当前,扣件式钢管脚手架、门式钢管脚手架、碗扣式钢管脚手架应用较多,随着高层建筑的大量建设,附着式升降脚手架也被     

扣件式钢管脚手架搭设通病及其预防

《建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范》(JGJ130-2001)(以下简称脚手架规范)已颁布施行三年了,有的施工现场脚手架立杆、立杆基础、纵向水平杆、脚手板(竹笆榀)等搭设工艺仍不符合脚手架规范要求,达不到检查与验收标准,仍然存在安全隐患,施工过程存在不安全因素。究其原因:主要     

外脚手架新型连墙件施工技术应用

扣件式钢管外脚手架在建筑工程施工中已被广泛应用，外脚手架与主体结构如何进行可靠连接，是确保外脚手架不发生失稳破坏的关键。目前建筑业常规采用的外架拉接有预埋钢管连接和后锚固连接两种形式，预埋钢管连接由于预埋的竖向钢管无法拔除，并且需要对砌体洞口进行后封堵，从而会给外墙防水带来隐患；而后锚固连接则存在施工不方便、抗拔力低的缺陷。     

扣件式钢管脚手架搭设中存在的问题及预防

脚手架是建筑施工中的主要施工工具。例如：砖墙的砌筑、支设模板、浇注混凝土、装饰粉刷、结构构件的安装等都需要搭设脚手架，以便操作。如果脚手架搭设不及时势必拖延工期；如果脚手架搭设不坚固，就容易造成施工中的伤亡事故。因此脚手架的选型、构造、搭设质量都必须认真对待。     

大跨度预应力混凝土梁高大模架安全设计与施工

模板高支撑架与传统支撑体系不同,高支撑体系具有跨度大、荷载重、高度高的特点,因此,对模板的支顶设计与施工提出了更高的要求。在确定安全设计与施工专项方案时,首先应结合可组织的材料进行支架形式选型支撑架的设计除满足计算中的相关依据外,须重视其相关构造要求;其次,还应加强施工过程的管理,严把进场材料关,严格支撑架的检查验收,精心设计混凝土浇筑方案,以确保高支撑架体的整体稳定和安全。平顶山市行政服务综合楼预应力框架梁具有高、大、重的特点。以《建筑施工扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范》为依据,介绍了高大模架采用满堂扣件式钢管支撑架的设计与计算、施工方法、安全措施和应用效果,实践表明是可行的。     

船用钢管脚手架发全隐患概览

钢管脚手架以其搭拆方便、坚固耐用、防火等特点，在现代造船工业中广泛使用。近年来，我国船用钢管脚手架搭拆技术逐步成熟，并形成了自己的安全规范。为了确保安全，船用钢管脚手架必须严格执行相关规范，在其搭设、使用、管理中不允许存在疏漏。但在实际工作中，仍存在诸多问题，特别是使用中的脚手架存在着大量隐患，对施工作业人员的生命安全构成了严重威胁。     

一起临时性脚手架倒塌事故分析

1、事故经过1998年8月27日零点05分,某火电厂锅炉配套工程安装中,一名工人站在脚手架脚手板上协助探伤工为一钢管焊缝做焊缝探伤时,钢管脚手架一扣件断裂,工人随脚手板从37米多高处坠地,当场身亡。2、现场调查所要进行焊缝探伤的钢管位干水冷壁和锅炉平台之间,钢管距锅炉平台（36．1m高程）边线距离0．28m,钢管焊缝距锅炉平台平面约1．87m处。为了对此焊缝进行探伤,临时搭设一个扣件式钢管脚手架。脚手架两立杆（叫8X3．5）间距1．60m,两立杆与锅炉平台的防护栏杆联接成整体,两小横杆（叫8X3．5）在距锅炉平台平面约1．62m处分别…     

The effectiveness of the revised scaffold safety standard in the construction industry

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the revised scaffold safety standard in the construction industry and to evaluate time trend analyses on scaffold-related fatalities and injuries, as well as inspections conducted and cited violations of the scaffold safety standard set forth in Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 1926, Subpart L. Data on scaffold-related fatalities, injuries, and lost workdays, as well as cited violations of scaffold safety, were assembled from sources such as the US Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System, and Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the period prior to the revision of the standard were compared with data from the period after the revision. We used autoregressive analyses to evaluate the percentage of change in the mean scaffold-related fatalities, injuries and lost workdays and in the OSHA inspections and cited violations of scaffold safety. Effectiveness analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the revised scaffold safety standard in preventing fatal or nonfatal injuries in the construction industry. Complying with the revised scaffold safety standard would prevent approximately 4.6 fatalities, 404 nonfatal injuries, and 2896 lost workdays per year. A total cost savings associated with compliance was estimated at $5.8 million (2001 US$) per year. Compliance with the revised scaffold safety standard would provide a safer workplace and generate a significant cost saving in the construction industry.     

An evaluation of scaffold safety at construction sites

PROBLEM: This study evaluated common scaffold safety practices in construction. METHOD: A 150-point checklist was used to evaluate supported scaffold safety practices at 113 scaffolds in nine areas of the eastern United States. RESULTS: Thirty-six scaffolds (31.9%) were either in danger of collapse or missing planking, guardrails, or adequate access. There was a strong statistical correlation between structural flaws and fall protection hazards, and between proper scaffold safety practice and (a) competent persons with scaffold safety training, (b) use of separate scaffold erection contractors, and (c) scaffolds that were not simple frame types. A slightly weaker correlation was found with union status of the scaffold erector, and no correlation was found with geography, site size, number of scaffold users, and trade working on the scaffold. DISCUSSION: Recommendations are made for safer scaffold practice, including a simple four-factor scaffold inspection method. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Implementation of the four-factor method could result in a cost-effective way to identify unsafe scaffolds.     

脚手架坍塌事故应急救援对策研究

近年来,我国公安消防部队主动拓展职能,承担了灭火之外的,以抢救人民生命为主的应急救援任务,已成为了我国常态下应急救援的主力军.本文主要通过对施工中脚手架坍塌事故的复杂情况进行分析,总结其发生的原因以及对救援产生的影响.在模架支撑体系坍塌中科学的应用侦察、救人,合理使用装备、救援手段等技术以及如何避免被困人员二次伤害是本课题的研究内容.通过大量的模架支撑体系坍塌现场实地调研,以及我国目前基层消防部队器材装备配备情况的调研,对国内、外众多案例的救援过程、技战术应用情况和装备使用状况进行综合分析和总结.归纳出救援人员进行模架支撑体系坍塌事故救援处置的对策,同时针对这类特殊事故的救援,结合新《消防法》中对公安消防部队职能的确定,指出了建立以公安消防部队为主的应急救援体系的必要性和可行性.     

中国房屋市政工程安全事故分布规律及致灾因子耦合性分析——基于2012-2018年中国31省市4096条数据

选取2012-2018年中国31个省市自治区的4096条房屋市政工程安全事故的统计数据,基于时间、空间和事故类型3个维度,对安全事故分布规律及其原因进行了系统研究。结果表明:在时间维度上,2012-2015年逐年下降,2015-2018年逐年上升,2015年为谷底;每年的2月为事故谷值,8月为峰值,6月明显降低。这与国家对安全生产工作的重视、相关管理文件连续颁布、全国建筑总产值逐年大幅度增长、工程露天施工、中国传统节日及安全检查月等都密切相关。在空间维度上,主要集中在秦岭淮河以南地区,华东地区是安全风险的高危区域,且江苏省连续6年为高频发事故地区,排在中国的首位,浙江省连续3年为高频发事故地区。这与以上两省庞大的建筑业总产值有直接关系,但由于浙江省在工程安全管理方面的投入远大于江苏省,其安全事故发生概率也远低于江苏省。在事故类型维度上,高处坠落是发生最多的事故类型,通过对三因素耦合性风险和两因素耦合性风险分析均发现,"人"是高处坠落事故发生的最根本原因,设备的不安全状态和环境的复杂性增加了高处坠落事故发生的概率。     

Changes in fall prevention training for apprentice carpenters based on a comprehensive needs assessment

Problem

Falls from heights in residential construction are common, especially among inexperienced workers.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to determine gaps in the school-based apprentice carpenters' fall prevention training. A team of carpenter instructors and researchers revised the fall prevention training to fill these gaps. Apprentice evaluation and feedback guided ongoing curricular improvements.

Results

Most apprentice carpenters performed work tasks at heights prior to training and fall protection techniques were not commonly used at residential construction sites. Priorities of the revised school-based training included safe ladder habits, truss setting, scaffold use, guarding floor openings, and using personal fall arrest systems. New apprentices were targeted to ensure training prior to exposure at the workplace. We used adult learning principles to emphasize hands-on experiences. A framed portion of a residential construction site was fabricated to practice fall protection behaviors in a realistic setting. The revised curriculum has been delivered consistently and apprentice feedback has been very favorable.

Conclusions

Integration of needs assessment results was invaluable in revising the school-based carpenters apprentice fall prevention curriculum. Working closely with the instructors to tailor learning experiences has provided preliminary positive results.

Impact on Industry

The fall safety of the residential construction industry continues to lag behind commercial construction and industrial settings. The National Occupational Research Agenda includes a Strategic Goal to strengthen and extend the reach of quality training and education in the construction industry via mechanisms such as construction safety and health training needs assessments. This study demonstrates how a structured process can be used to identify and remedy gaps and improve training effectiveness. We encourage others to take steps to assess and increase the impact of training efforts directed at all residential construction professionals; including both union and non-union workers. The implications are even greater in the non-union sector where most U.S. residential work is done.     

建筑施工高处坠落事故研究

高处坠落是建筑施工中经常发生的安全事故之一。笔者首先通过对上海市 1995～ 2 0 0 1年建筑施工安全事故档案资料的统计整理 ,发现建筑施工高处坠落事故主要集中在建筑物临边、洞口 ,脚手架、操作平台 ,机械设备和模板工程等部位 ;进而采用曲线拟合的方法得到了上海市建筑施工安全事故年发生起数的预测模型 ,并通过对 2 0 0 2年、2 0 0 3年的预测值同实际数据的比较 ,对预测模型进行了验证 ;最后 ,笔者按照事故致因理论 ,从人、物、环境等因素系统分析了高处坠落的事故原因 ,提出了预防坠落的控制措施和有关建议。     

Modeling the effects of production pressure on safety performance in construction projects using system dynamics

Introduction: Construction incidents occur due to system failures, not due to a single factor such as unsafe behavior or condition. Therefore, construction safety should be investigated using a systematic view capable of illustrating the complex nature of incidents. Construction projects are also often behind their planned schedule and suffer from various pressures caused by contractual deadlines or clients. Previous studies demonstrated that such pressures negatively affect safety performance; however, the process of how production pressure influences safety performance is not fully investigated. Method: The present research aimed to understand the feedback mechanism of how production pressure interactively affects safety performance and safety-related managerial components in a construction project. Ground theory method (GTM) is used to create a conceptual causal loop diagram that shows the relationship between incident rate and other variables such as labor hour, actual and planned progress, safety climate, rework, and safety training. Moreover, a power plant construction project was used as a case study to practically investigate the conceptual model; a case study is employed to build a System Dynamics (SD) model. The simulation model was then validated using behavior reproduction and sensitivity analysis. Results: The results of the inequality statistics show that the simulation model can be used to forecast trends in the incident rate.     

移动脚手架升降作业的FMECA分析

利用FMECA(故障模式,影响及危险度分析)方法回顾了升降作业的典型事故,阐述了架体结构和升降作业流程,对移动脚手架升降作业进行了故障类型、影响及危险度分析,认为保障移动脚手架升降施工作业安全的重点是:保证防坠装置的有效可靠性、维护防护装置的功能完整性、确保提升机构和架体结构的整体稳定性。     

关于火电基建项目中安全管理工作的探讨

大、中型电力基建投资规模大,建设周期长,外部影响因素较多,涉及的单位也多,安全管理难度很大。对于业主单位来说,早投产,早见效。因而电力建设往往工期紧,任务重。而在拟定的合理工期范围内,由于不可预见的多方因素的影响,工期滞后现象比较常见,但关门工期往往都是特定不变的,因此,赶工现象相对突出,安全隐患也随之增加。业主方如何有效地开展安全管理工作,发挥业主方的核心主导作用,关系到整个现场的安全文明施工秩序和安全文明施工的形象,关系到整个工程安全目标的实现。本文着重于从业主方的角度探讨如何有效开展安全管理工作,分析、总结业主方安全管理中的重点、难点及对策,并对推动业主方的安全管理的合理化建议进行探讨。     

Improving an algorithm for classifying error types of front-line workers: Insights from a case study in the construction industry

The objective of this study was to propose improvements in an algorithm for classifying error types of front-line workers. The improvements involved: (a) making recommendations on organizing the data needed to apply the algorithm (e.g. identify actions and decisions that may serve as a reference for analysing the types of errors) and (b) drawing up guidelines for interpreting the questions that are part of the algorithm (e.g. how to define what counts as a procedure). The improvements were identified on the basis of testing the algorithm on construction sites, an environment in which it had not yet been implemented. Thus, 19 occupational accidents which had occurred in a small-sized construction company were investigated and the error types of both workers who had been injured and crew members were classified. The accidents investigated were used as a basis both to illustrate how the improvements proposed should be put in practice and to illustrate how practical insights for safety management might be derived from the algorithm.