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防灾避难场所是城市重要防灾基础设施。防灾避难场所规划越来越受到各级政府的重视。但在目前防灾避难场所规划中,固定防灾避难人口的估算往往被规划人员误用。该文介绍了固定避难人口的含义,分析了导致误用的原因,研究提出了估算防灾避难人口的方法和步骤,对一般应急避难场所规划具有参考意义。 相似文献
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防灾避难场所是应对城市灾害重要的灾民安置设施,其场地功能布局的合理性影响到应急设施使用便捷性和场所综合服务效能。针对防灾避难场所功能区空间效率评估和设施布局方法量化研究不足的问题,该文提出应用空间句法和系统布置规划(SLP)两阶段进行避难场所功能布局的评估与优化设计方法。首先,通过空间句法评估避难场所功能区空间效率和布局合理性;其次,引入SLP方法对避难场所空间强度与非空间关系进行分析,探析各功能区的关联强度。由此构建避难场所各功能区综合相互关系,并运用Tompkins关系表法生成功能区拼块图,可以为防灾避难场所功能区布局优化提供支撑。 相似文献
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城市避难场所与应急救助设施的协同布局,是综合防灾发展驱动下城市避难场所规划的必然要求。基于此,先通过厘清避难场所在传统职能运行基础上,从灾害暴发期至缓解期参与治安消防、医疗救护、物资供应等应急救助的行动机制,构建以避难场所为核心空间节点、多方专业救助设施紧密联结的“避难协同空间系统”;再提出灾害风险评估、空间规划决策、规划实施保障的三段式避难场所和救助设施协同规划路径和策略,以此落实避难场所和多方救助单位之间行动兼空间上的密切配合。 相似文献
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村镇应急避难场所规划技术指标的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
广大村镇是我国灾害最为严重的地区,也是城乡防灾体系中的薄弱环节。结合我国国情探讨了村镇应急避难场所的类型和功能划分、规模和服务范围以及防灾设施配置等规划技术指标和要求,为村镇应急避难场所规划建设提供参考。 相似文献
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中小学校作为避难疏散场所的规划对策研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中小学校具有布局有效,设施齐备,广为人知,生活方便,互救互联,便于疏散等多方面的优点,其作为可利用的应急避难场所重要资源,在城市规划中占有重要的位置。城市因为人员密集,中小学校的利用是满足紧急避难要求所必需的,但是在汶川、玉树等特大地震的抗震救灾实施工作中,暴露出很多建设、规划以及配置等多方面的问题。基于此,通过对中小学校作为避难疏散场所的必要性和有效性进行研究,并从不同角度,不同层面的有效避难面积数据进行统计和分析,结合我国的城市规划和避难疏散规划的现状和相关标准进行比对,研究我国中小学校建筑和规划在避震疏散结构体系和避灾要求方面存在的问题,提出适宜于城市规划和建设的中小学校避难疏散利用对策,为今后中小学校的防灾规划提供依据和参考。 相似文献
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在阅读大量国内外文献基础上,对避难场所相关概念进行归纳总结,梳理避难场所相关研究的脉络,分析避难场所相关研究的演变与发展。重点对评价和选址两大研究主题进行深入探讨与归纳总结。已有研究成果较为丰富,但仍存在不足之处。目前,避难场所相关概念较多,尚无共识。已有研究对象多局限于绿地,而对城市中其他能够保障居民灾时安全的开敞空间挖掘不够。空间布局研究较为零散,方法有待更新,评价结果难以深入到城市内部空间结构,且忽略了居民避难行为的影响力。未来应①着力探索高效、规范的识别方法,明确城市中能真正保障居民灾时安全的避难空间;②强化灾害行为学研究,基于居民灾时行为特征进行避难空间评价与选址;③探讨避难空间在大城市蔓延与土地利用系统变化过程中的空间布局、演变特征与驱动力。 相似文献
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This study sought to identify the primary indicators for evaluating shelter assistance following natural disasters and then to develop a shelter evaluation instrument based on these indicators. Electronic databases and the ‘grey’ literature were scoured for publications with a relation to post‐disaster shelter assistance. Indicators for evaluating such assistance were extracted from these publications. In total, 1,525 indicators were extracted from 181 publications. A preliminary evaluation instrument was designed from these 1,525 indicators. Shelter experts checked the instrument for face and content validity, and it was revised subsequently based on their input. The revised instrument comprises a version for use by shelter agencies (48 questions that assess 23 indicators) and a version for use by beneficiaries (52 questions that assess 22 indicators). The instrument can serve as a standardised tool to enable groups to gauge whether or not the shelter assistance that they supply meets the needs of disaster‐affected populations. 相似文献
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Cyclone shelters and their locational suitability: an empirical analysis from coastal Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bishawjit Mallick 《Disasters》2014,38(3):654-671
Bangladesh is one of the poorest and the most disaster‐prone countries in Asia; it is important, therefore, to know how its disaster reduction strategies are organised and planned. Cyclone shelters comprise a widely acceptable form of infrastructural support for disaster management in Bangladesh. This paper attempts to analyse empirically their use during cyclones in a sample study area along the southwest coastal belt of the country. It shows how the location of a cyclone shelter can determine the social power structure in coastal Bangladesh. The results reveal that the establishment of cyclone shelters in the studied communities is determined by neither a right‐based nor a demand‐based planning approach; rather, their creation is dependent on the socio‐political affluence of local‐level decision‐makers. The paper goes on to demonstrate that socially vulnerable households (defined, for example, by income or housing conditions) are afforded disproportionately less access to cyclone shelters as compared to less socially vulnerable households. 相似文献
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20世纪90年代以来主要气象灾害对我国粮食生产的影响与减灾对策 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:9
干旱、洪涝、风雹和低温四大类主要气象灾害已经成为限制我国粮食增产的主要障碍。近5年的统计结果表明,我国平均每年粮食受灾面积达0.52亿hm^2,粮食损失超过500亿kg。干旱是危害最大的灾种,每年因旱灾损失粮食占气象灾害损失粮食的57%。20世纪90年代以来旱灾的发生较以往大幅度加重。我国农业应该采取的减灾对策为:改善生态环境;加强农业基础设施建设;推广节水灌溉与旱作农业技术;加强农业减灾科学技术研究;完善农业防灾减灾体系;建立农业灾害保险与补贴机制。 相似文献
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研究以各区域灾害风险评估系数作为权重系数,对山地小城市各区域避难场所进行优化布局。首先,通过风险值=危险性*脆弱性/抗灾救灾能力机理表达式构建灾害风险评估指标体系,并以模糊综合评价法得出灾害风险评估数值,在此基础上通过多目标选址优化模型来构建山地城市避难场所的优化模型,其中灾害风险评估系数作为影响布局的权重因素纳入其中。最后,以东川区为研究对象,对其固定避难场所进行优化布局研究,结果表明:东川区城区固定避灾场所数量可在接近最优解的情况下达到效果最优。 相似文献
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Elizabeth Wagemann 《Disasters》2017,41(4):828-851
Building permanent accommodation after a disaster takes time for reasons including the removal of debris, the lack of available land, and the procurement of resources. In the period in‐between, affected communities find shelter in different ways. Temporary houses or transitional shelters are used when families cannot return to their pre‐disaster homes and no other alternative can be provided. In practice, families stay in a standard interim solution for months or even years while trying to return to their routines. Consequently, they adapt their houses to meet their midterm needs. This study analysed temporary houses in Chile and Peru to illustrate how families modify them with or without external support. The paper underlines that guidance must be given on how to alter them safely and on how to incorporate the temporary solution into the permanent structure, because families adapt their houses whether or not they are so designed. 相似文献