建立中国环境公益诉讼制度的理论准备

环境公益诉讼是经1981年马骧聪先生从美国等西方国家介绍引入中国,到2005年对该制度的介绍评价仍在继续。很多学者赞同我国引鉴美国公民诉讼制度用于环境公益诉讼。自1981至2005年,以环境公益诉讼为主题的研究共有期刊论文80篇、博士硕士学位论文40篇、会议交流论文12篇。在这些相关文作中,未见系统研究或专门研究环境公益诉讼的论文在法学权威刊物发表,也未见系统阐述环境公益诉讼制度或环境公益诉讼的专门著作,与环境公益诉讼制度建设相关或有内容涉及的著作仅3部。这些作品讨论了环境公益诉讼的概念,建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的必要性,环境公益诉讼制度的理论基础、原告资格、受案范围等重大问题和举证责任分配、诉讼费用负担、受诉法院、原告培养和原告激励、环境鉴定等细节问题。不可否认,我国学界、政界以及其他关心环境保护事业的人们为建立我国的环境公益诉讼制度做了有益的理论准备工作,但所做的理论准备却并不充分,表现为没有真正解决何谓环境公益这个基本认识问题,也即对何谓环境公益这个问题的回答模棱两可。正是因为建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的理论准备不充分,才有后来的制度建设实践中的一波三折。虽然人们对新《环境保护法》第五十八条倾注了无限的希望,但其中的"社会公共利益"与《民事诉讼法》第五十五条中的"众多消费者合法权益"实则同类。建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的最近路线是仿照美国《清洁水法》等法律设置公民诉讼条款的方式,在修改《水污染防治法》等单行环境法时添加支持环境公益诉讼的内容。     

跨行政区划环境公益诉讼的困境检视与完善路径

跨行政区划环境问题的整体性决定了跨行政区划环境公益诉讼更强调增强司法协作意愿,更需要整合各区域内的资源,加强合作、综合治理;跨行政区划环境问题的交互性决定了跨行政区划环境公益诉讼更强调建立跨行政区划的司法协作体系,更需要加强立法层面的协调保障与司法层面的统一协作。基于此,该研究采取法规范分析方法和案例分析方法,对跨行政区划环境公益诉讼的制度规范进行分析,对检察机关跨行政区划环境公益诉讼改革实践进行总结,提炼出：由特定检察机关集中管辖跨行政区划环境公益诉讼案件,将“虚拟治理成本法”量化公益损害制度化的北京模式;省内、省际跨行政区划环境公益诉讼案件采取上级协调协同治理与同级省际之间协商并举的青海模式。这些改革实践提供了现代化的检察机关跨行政区划环境公益诉讼的地方智慧,为完善环境公益诉讼制度提供了成熟制度参考。与此同时,因法律规范供给不足,跨行政区划检察机关设立面临着法律地位不明、层级设置不清的困难;跨行政区划检察机关管辖权仍具属地性,与人民法院的管辖冲突不可避免;检察机关在跨行政区划环境公益诉讼中的调查取证权缺乏强制力、行使调查取证权的相关保障不足、调查取证存有环境困境;跨行政区划环境公益...     

环境侵权的公益诉讼研究

环境权是公民的法定权益，通过诉讼的途径和机制排除环境侵害是最为有效和可取的。本文正是在分析了环境侵权的种类及特点的基础上，对环境侵权提起公益诉讼进行了研究，并指出建立环境侵权公益诉讼制度的可行性和必要性。     

论中国预防性环境公益诉讼的逻辑进路与制度展开北大核心CSCDCSSCI

预防性环境公益诉讼强调对环境风险的预防功能,有助于完善环境风险规制体系、顺应司法救济逻辑顺位并回应社会公众预防环境风险之需求。当前,中国预防性环境公益诉讼面临着偏离司法裁判逻辑、忽视预防性责任主体、受限于损害救济范畴等局限性问题,致使诉讼预防性功能彰显不足。现代社会下的行政机关承担着环境风险规制任务,但风险的科学不确定性必然会使行政权遭遇风险规制难题,美国货运协会案表明对环境风险行政责任的寻求不仅具备必要性,也具备可行性。中国预防性环境公益诉讼应当转向以公法责任为基础的公法诉讼类型,强化法定义务主体的风险预防责任,涵盖环境资源利用行为与环境风险行政规制行为。从逻辑进路看,预防性环境公益诉讼应当坚持尊重环境风险行政判断的基本立场,确立预防性环境行政公益诉讼的监督地位和预防性环境民事公益诉讼的递补地位,并在诉讼过程中纳入包含环境健康要素在内的风险考量,明确利益衡量方法的适用,确立多元主体诉权融合。就具体制度而言:一是在坚持公法诉讼性质定位基础上,作出具备公法属性的立法思路设计,包括立法模式、风险范围及程序规则;二是通过拓宽案件线索来源、诉前程序的类型化、明确证明责任分配规则及完善风险认定体系这四个方面构建预防性环境行政公益诉讼,以发挥其环境风险治理监督功能;三是通过细化风险认定标准、引入不同方式的诉前程序、完善证明责任分配规则及增加司法听证程序来重构预防性环境民事公益诉讼,实现诉讼预防性措施的优化适用。     

环境公益诉讼的性质和种类——从对“公益”的解剖入手

公益诉讼中的公益依主体构成不同分为多人公益和集体公益两种.前者是多个人分属的利益.之所以称为公益,是因为它是多个人的利益.后者是一种整体利益,是多数人组成的集体的不可分割的整体利益.多人利益意义的环境公益诉讼实际上是侵权诉讼,这种诉讼的理论基础是私人权利.可以把它叫做环境公益诉讼.集体利益环境公益诉讼是为人类环境利益的诉讼,其理论基础是国家利益或人类共同体利益.可以把它叫做环境诉讼.环境公益诉讼和环境诉讼各有自己的理论基础.环境公益诉讼本质上是私益诉讼,其理论依据是公民权利;环境诉讼是真正的公益诉讼,这种诉讼的理论基础是人类利益理论、国家利益理论.     

浅析环境公益司法救济路径之选择

自新《民事诉讼法》和新《环境保护法》明确的在法条中规定了环境公益诉讼条款,标志着中国正式确立了环境公益诉讼制度,为环境公益的司法救济路径打开了缺口。中国的环境公益诉讼制度是在民法的逻辑下建构的,准确的说中国已经确立了环境民事公益诉讼制度,而非环境公益诉讼制度。在司法实践中,环境公益诉讼制度的适用依旧障碍重重,深陷困境。可见环境公益诉讼制度不论是理论层面上的研究抑或是法律制度的构建上都出现了严重的不适应性。这使我们重新思考环境公益诉讼制度的本质与定位,回归对环境公益诉讼制度原命题的探讨。本文选取了美国与日本环境法较发达的国家作为研究对象,分析了他们所选择的环境公益的司法救济路径,提出对构建符合中国国情的环境公益诉讼制度的思考,意图为中国环境公益诉讼制度的未来发展路径提供具有参考价值的建议。     

海洋环境公益诉讼的制度定位及体系完善

《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款规定了海洋环境监管部门代表国家排他性提起损害赔偿的诉讼制度,为海洋环境公益提供了特殊的诉讼保护方式。因该项制度设计的粗疏以及关联政策、立法回应不足,造成对该条款规定的理论解释困惑和制度适用障碍,导致提起海洋环境公益诉讼的主体类型受限、海洋环境公益保护诉讼程序衔接不畅、海洋环境监管部门"两种角色"手段配合不当的突出问题,直接限制了环境公益诉讼制度在海洋环境保护领域的功能发挥。破解这一问题的关键在于阐明海洋环境公益保护背后的诉讼法律关系和应用法理,完善海洋环境公益保护诉讼制度体系,实现海洋环境保护的诉权利益调整和诉讼秩序优化。重点是打破现有研究的思维定式,避免将《海洋环境保护法》第89条第2款规定的诉讼类型推演为海洋环境公益诉讼并作为讨论前提,明确该条款规定为带有维护海洋环境公益特点的"准环境公益诉讼",将其与"私益诉讼""国益诉讼""环境公益诉讼"进行合理界分,为海洋环境公益诉讼的发展提供制度空间,理顺各类型诉讼和保护机制之间的关系。在此之下,完善海洋环境监管部门"两种角色"作用发挥的制度设计,保障环境行政手段与诉讼保护手段之间的衔接配合,理顺海洋环境公益保护各类型诉讼提起的顺位与程序,促进各类诉讼手段各归其位,形成与行政保护机制的合力,最终实现对海洋生态环境的整体性保护。     

环境公益诉讼的理论基础探究

环境不可能成为权利的对象,环境权论和公共信托理论都无法为环境公益诉讼提供理论支撑.多人利益意义上的环境公益诉讼以公民财产权、人身权等为根据,无须再虚构其他的理论根据.私人检察总长理论、私人实施法律理论是国家论、权力论,这种理论和我国法律中的公民检举权都以"积极公民"的存在为前提."积极公民"存在于个体与利益共同体关系中.国家、民族、自然环境决定的特定区域中的人的集合等都构成一个共同体.共同体成员对共同体的责任是公民担当"私人总检察长"、公益起诉人的理由.集体利益环境诉讼的理论基础是作为环境共同体成员的公民对共同的环境利益的责任.多人利益环境诉讼实际上是私益诉讼,只有集体公益的环境诉讼才是需要我们努力建设的环境公益诉讼.     

论环境侵权民事诉讼中的举证责任分配

环境民事侵权诉讼中的举证责任制度所说的举证责任倒置是一个举证责任的再分配，其基本考虑乃在于要衡平受害人和致害人间基于环境侵权之制度特征所致的信息不对称和地位的不对等。对现有环境民事侵权中举证责任倒置的举证责任分配原则所涉及的归责原则、侵权构成要件、因果关系推定以及当事人举证与法院依职权推定相结合原则的理解与适用是立法和司法需要加以重视的方面。     

环境司法专门化视阈下环境法庭之检视与完善

随着环境问题日益凸显,我国积极推进环境司法专门化进程,从最高人民法院到基层人民法院初步形成了具有中国特色的环境法庭体系。这一体系由环境保护审判庭、环境保护合议庭、环境保护巡回法庭以及为数不多的基层环境保护派出法庭构成。目前的环境法庭主要采用"三加一"模式、"三合一"模式、"二合一"模式以及单一模式等四种审理方式,在缓解环境案件审判压力、公正审理环境案件、推进环境公益诉讼、提高环境司法水平等方面发挥了一定的作用。但同时亦应注意到,现有的环境法庭存在诸多问题:基层人民法院缺少法定权限,中级以上人民法院缺少设立环境法庭的程序性依据,致使法律依据不足;缺乏合理的机构建制,级别管辖和地域管辖制度不甚科学;受案范围有限和受害者起诉意愿不足,致使案源不足;特别程序缺失,监测评估机构缺乏中立性,审判人员专业性不强,致使支持保障机制不健全。为此,应从如下几个方面完善我国的环境法庭:首先,为环境法庭建设提供明确的法律依据,规范环境法庭的设立、职责定位及基本权限等事项,将环境法庭建设全面纳入法制轨道;其次,健全环境法庭体系,着重健全环境法庭审级设置,同时完善地域管辖;再次,改进审判模式,健全"多审合一"程序;再次,拓宽案件来源,合理确定环境公益诉讼的起诉主体,扩大受案范围,完善鼓励起诉机制;最后,完善支持保障机制,针对一审程序设立专业陪审员,针对二审程序设立专家委员会。     

Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Natural resources and raw materials such as metals and minerals are often taken for granted in today’s society. Without them, the offerings of an enormous variety of modern conveniences, including computers and mobile phones, would not be possible. The production of these everyday items depends on a secure, sustainable, and reliable supply of critical raw materials. In addition, product development also requires new hybrid materials when targeting lightweight structures, etc. However, the mandatory recyclability of new products or materials is not obligatory or even prevailing practice in present manufacturing business. Therefore, the main research question in this article is: “how to solve the challenge of recycling in industrial system?” In this article, a comprehensive approach to recycling based on the findings of research projects is presented. Simplified, this involves moving the challenge from the end of the product’s life cycle to the beginning, to the design or even to material development phases. Life cycle and system thinking and material know-how in the design phase are found to be essential elements of a new approach to recycling. This approach stems from the material development and market economy perspectives. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the industrial system to create uncertainty to recycling is also demonstrated.     

Overview of the Belgian programme for the surveillance of the territory and the implications of the international recommendations or directives on the monitoring programme

The Royal Decree of 20th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes.     

退耕还林工程费用有效性的影响因素分析

费用有效性评价是工程评价的重要方面。从政策制定和执行角度对退耕还林的费用有效性及其影响因素进行分析。具有重要的意义。利用实地调研数据和相关统计数据．从退耕地选择和造林入手对退耕还林工程实施的费用有效性殛其影响因素进行考察．并尝试对这些因素的作用机制进行了分析。研究指出由于缺乏长期的和有效的退耕还林规划以及相关政策措施的缺失．使得退耕还林费用有效性的损失在微观层面和宏观层面广泛存在。而各利益主体的利益不相害性是影响工程有效实施的基本矛盾。有必要在遇耕还林中确立明确的规划、清晰的退耕地选择标准。建立和完善管理信息系统和及时有效的反馈和控制机制。构建协调多方利益的长期稳定的生态补偿机制。从而改进退耕还林工程的费用有效性。     

Patterns of the formation of bird population in the lake-river system of the Asian Subarctic mountains based on the example of the Putorana Plateau

This paper analyzes the patterns of the formation of the aquatic and semiaquatic bird species population under the conditions of the altitudinal zonality of the Putorana Plateau. The population density and abundance of a number of background species was ascertained to decrease from the subalpine belt towards the forest and alpine belt. The bird population density in all the considered aquatic and semiaquatic habitats was revealed to change in a rather narrow range of values: the maximal population density indicator in aquatic and semiaquatic habitats is only 1.9 times higher than the minimal indicator. In the mountainous Subarctic region with a radial macrosymmetry, the spatial dynamics of abundance has a concentrically centrifugal nature in many aquatic and semiaquatic bird species.     

Estimations of the Transparency of the Forest Canopy: Analysis of the Ecological Content

The transparency of the forest canopy of lichen-green moss pine forests was estimated for different numbers of sectors of the celestial hemisphere. The ecological contents of these estimations are discussed. The dominance frequencies of species of the herbaceous-dwarf shrub and moss-lichen layers were analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, it was concluded that the transparency estimated for the zenith sector alone better reflects the influence of leaf debris and the rainfall interception by the crowns. If the transparency was estimated taking into account all sectors of the celestial hemisphere, the effect of community disturbance increased and the redistribution of rainfall was masked.     

Assessment of the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution on the basis of the statistical distribution of the occurrence of micromycete species

A methodology of substantiating the ecological risk of technogenic soil pollution has been described according to the results of bioindication using microfungal communities. At the first state, the values of the factors under which the frequency of each species is maximal were estimated using ordination methods. The statistical distribution of the species sensitivity was simulated according to these data. The methodology was illustrated using the results of analysis of the toxicity of soil samples from uranium mine dumps (the village of Kadzhi-Sai, Kyrgyzstan). The preliminary estimates of the critical values of six soil pollution indices that provide the defined allowable probability of the ecological risk have been given.     

On the Multifunctional Role of the Biota in the Self-Purification of Aquatic Ecosystems

Principles of the theory of the ecological mechanism of water self-purification based on multiple functions of the biota in freshwater and marine ecosystems are formulated. In developing this theory, the results of the author's experiments with filtering hydrobionts have been used. These results indicate that the water self-purification mechanism is vulnerable to the impact of some pollutants and, in particular, surfactants. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the theory have practical significance for biodiversity conservation and for the sustainable use of the biological resources of aquatic ecosystems.     

凤凰城旅游景区转让后的效应评价

在我国经济市场化改革的大背景下，转让景区经营权、实行企业化运作成为一些风景名胜区经营管理改革过程中的一种制度创新模式。地处西部大开发战略图中的湘西凤凰县由于在旅游开发中受到了资金缺口和管理瓶颈的双重制约，于2001年底将其辖域内的八大景区（点）的50年经营权转让给了湖南黄龙洞投资股份有限公司。景区经营权转让是一个十分复杂而敏感的话题。本文避开关于景区经营权转让的各种是非争论，基于对旅游地社区各利益主体以及旅游者的实地调查和访谈记录分析，对凤凰景区企业化运作三年来的绩效与影响作了较为客观的评估，并就如何完善景区企业化运作模式、规避经营管理风险和负面影响等提出了相关理论思考和政策建议。     

Uncertainty analysis of the external gamma-dose rate due to the variability of the vertical distribution of 137Cs in the soil

The external gamma-dose rate at 1 m height above a flat area due to the presence of fallout radiocesium in the soil is frequently calculated from the observed depth profile of the 137Cs activity as well as the soil mass per unit area. At a given site, these depth profiles may, however, vary considerably, thus introducing an uncertainty to the external gamma-dose calculated in this way. To assess this source of uncertainty for a typical grassland site, the activity of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs and the wet bulk density in the three upper soil layers at 100 plots in a 100 m x 100 m pasture were determined. Analysis of these data shows that the frequency distribution of the dose rates calculated from the corresponding depth profiles of all plots is similar to a log-normal distribution (mean 25 nGy h-1, median 22 nGy h-1, standard deviation 11 nGy h-1; range 1.6-56 nGy h-1). The various sources which contribute to the uncertainty of the dose rate are quantified. The semi-variogram indicates that any spatial dependence of the dose rates occurs on this pasture only over distances that are smaller than the shortest sampling interval (here about 10 m). It is estimated which errors have to be expected for the median dose rate when the depth profiles of 137Cs and of the wet bulk density are determined only for a small number of plots. It is preferable to calculate the mean dose rate as a mean from the n individual dose rates rather than from an averaged 137Cs depth profile of the n plots.