精喹禾灵在高岭土和蒙脱石中的吸附行为

采用批量平衡实验,研究了精喹禾灵在蒙脱石和高岭土中的吸附行为及作用机理.结果表明,精喹禾灵在这两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附过程分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段,吸附平衡时间都约为12 h;Langmuir模型能较好地描述其在两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附行为;蒙脱石和高岭土对精喹禾灵的最大吸附容量的关系为蒙脱石>高岭土;傅立叶变换红外光谱以及X-射线衍射分析显示,在吸附过程中精喹禾灵分子进入了蒙脱石层间,而未进入到高岭土层间;蒙脱石主要是通过其层间结构对精喹禾灵进行吸附,而高岭土则主要是通过硅氧外表面发生吸附,其吸附作用力主要是氢键.     

卤素阴离子对镉离子电化学检测的影响

以玻碳电极为工作电极、pH 6.0的磷酸缓冲溶液为底液,研究了卤素离子氯离子、溴离子和碘离子对镉离子在此条件下电化学测定的影响.结果表明,3种卤素离子均能有效提高镉离子的响应电流.此外,当多种卤素离子同时存在时,镉离子的响应电流相对于单一卤素离子能进一步提高.进一步研究表明,卤素离子能吸附于电极表面,通过提高镉在电极表面电化学反应速度以及表面吸附量来提高镉离子的响应电流.     

胶团强化超滤中SDS胶团与镉离子的吸附特性

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,对含有Cd2 的水溶液进行胶团强化超滤分离.考察胶团强化超滤中表面活性剂与镉离子比值对镉离子吸附总量、截留率的影响,以及胶团与镉离子的吸附等温规律和吸附动力学规律,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明:Cd2 截留率可以达到97%以上,SDS与镉离子的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,并遵循Lagergren二级动力学规律,其吸附作用主要是化学吸附.     

表面印迹材料对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学

采用表面印迹技术,以硅胶为载体、Cd(Ⅱ)为模板离子、γ-脲基丙基三甲氧基硅烷为偶联剂和功能单体、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,合成了脲基功能化的镉离子表面印迹材料.用制备好的印迹材料为吸附剂进行静态吸附实验,考察了溶液的不同p H值、反应时间、温度和Cd(Ⅱ)的初始浓度等因素对镉离子吸附效果的影响.并用准一级动力学和准二级动力学对实验数据进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,表面印迹材料对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附是一个快速的过程,在20 min内即可达到吸附平衡,且准二级动力学方程(R20.99)能更好地描述其吸附动力学行为.吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,这表明了吸附过程是以单层吸附为主.在最佳的吸附条件下,Cr(Ⅱ)的吸附量可达到83 mg·g-1.此外吸附热力学研究表明该吸附过程是一个自发的、吸热过程.     

针铁矿/蒙脱石与黑炭复合物对泰乐菌素的吸附

黑炭作为大气PM2.5的核心组分,可以通过大气的干湿沉降进入到土壤,从而对土壤中有机污染物的迁移转化产生一定的影响.而土壤中普遍存在的矿物会与黑炭发生一定的界面作用.因此,明确这种作用对污染物迁移转化的影响,会为科学合理评价污染物的生态环境风险提供理论依据.本文以针铁矿和蒙脱石为矿物代表,以泰乐菌素(TYL)为有机污染物的代表,系统研究了针铁矿/蒙脱石与黑炭复合物对TYL的吸附特性.吸附动力学、吸附等温线、以及pH和离子强度的实验表明,黑炭与针铁矿/蒙脱石复合后其对TYL的吸附能力明显高于单独的针铁矿和蒙脱石;黑炭与针铁矿复合物(Fe OOH-BC)和黑炭与蒙脱石复合物(MT-BC)对TYL的吸附动力学可以用拉格朗日二级动力学模型较好地拟合;吸附等温线用线性模型和Freundlich模型拟合的效果相对较好;pH和离子强度的实验表明,溶液pH和离子强度可以明显地影响Fe OOH-BC和MT-BC对TYL的吸附;Fe OOH-BC对TYL的吸附主要是氢键作用、范德华力和表面络合作用,而MT-BC对TYL吸附机理则主要是静电作用和离子交换.     

海带对镉、铅的吸附作用及其机理

利用大型海藻海带(Laminaria japonica)作为可降解性生物吸附材料,对有害重金属镉离子和铅离子的吸附作用和机理进行了研究.结果显示,通过电位差滴定法,得到海带的酸性基数量为1.25mmol.g-1,其解离常数为0.18 mmol.l-1.对平衡吸附量与pH的关系进行了模型模拟.海带对于金属离子的吸附为Bidentate型,吸附平衡常数分别为5.72×103L.mol-1,6.28×104L.mol-1.同时,采用拟二次速度模型对镉离子和铅离子的吸附速度进行了模拟,得到的吸附速度常数分别为0.010 min-1,0.014min-1.结论,海带对二价镉、铝离子的吸附量大于很多其它藻类吸附剂,对它的研究可为重金属化湖泊水质的改善和生态修复提供参考依据.     

离子强度对吸附影响机理的研究进展

本文介绍了水溶液中离子或分子的水合、吸附剂表面的双电层模型以及内层与外层表面络合物,在此基础上讨论了离子强度对吸附的影响.一般来说,溶液的离子强度增大时,吸附质与吸附剂之间的静电作用减弱,疏水作用增强,络合作用变化不大.电解质离子能通过与吸附质离子产生离子交换竞争、对吸附质产生盐析或盐溶效应、改变溶液中大分子吸附质分子的大小、与吸附质离子形成离子对等方式影响吸附。     

有机-无机复合改性蒙脱石同时吸附水中苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)

以钠基蒙脱石(Na-MMT)为原料,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)预先改性,然后进行羟基铝柱撑改性,以制备不同CTMAB含量的有机-无机复合蒙脱石(CTMAB-Al-MMT),用于同时对水中苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)的吸附.采用XRD、FTIR表征复合改性蒙脱石.研究结果表明,CTMAB和羟基铝阳离子有效进入蒙脱石层间,且层间距随CTMAB加载量增大而增加.吸附时间、溶液pH和投剂量等因素对吸附率的影响显著,在混合溶液的苯酚、铬(Ⅵ)初始浓度均为30 mg·L-1,投剂量0.6 g/50 mL,pH=6,以及吸附时间2 h时,苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)吸附去除率分别达85.0%和94.7%,表明制备的复合改性蒙脱石具有能有效同时吸附水中苯酚和铬(Ⅵ)的良好性能.复合改性蒙脱石对苯酚、铬(Ⅵ)的等温吸附可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来拟合,对苯酚的吸附符合Freundlich方程,相关系数为0.9946,对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Langmuir方程,相关系数为0.9989.     

几种模拟土壤固相组分对平面和阻转构型PCBs的吸附作用

采用批平衡试验方法,模拟了土壤的3种主要吸附活性组分〔K+饱和蒙脱石(K+-Mont)、胡敏酸-蒙脱石复合体(HA-Mont)和生物质炭(BC)〕对2种构型的一氯代联苯(PCBs)〔非共平面阻转类2-氯联苯(2-CB)和共平面类4-氯联苯(4-CB)〕的吸附特性。结果表明:线性方程均能很好地拟合3种模拟土壤固相组分对多氯联苯的吸附,2种PCBs的吸附分配系数(Kw)从大到小依次均为BC、HA-Mont和K+-Mont。通过不同温度下吸附等温线的热力学分析,发现K+-Mont对PCBs的吸附驱动力主要为表面吸附作用和疏水作用,蒙脱石矿物的层间是重要吸附域;HA-Mont对PCBs的吸附驱动力主要为分配作用;而BC对PCBs的吸附域主要为芳香性微孔表面,表面和PCB分子间的π-π作用是吸附的主要驱动力。尽管2种PCBs的疏水性相近,共平面类4-CB在3种吸附剂上的吸附量均显著大于阻转类2-CB,原因主要为非共平面的2-CB的空间位阻效应阻碍了2-CB进入纳米尺寸的蒙脱石矿物层间或BC的微孔吸附域,有机污染物分子的空间结构对污染物在土壤中的吸附迁移过程起重要作用。     

臭氧氧化处理高盐量水中有机物过程中镁离子的损失

采用臭氧氧化分别与混凝、活性炭吸附联用处理,对镁离子随有机物的去除而损失进行分析.结果表明,单独臭氧氧化不能有效去除高盐量水中的有机物.通过GC-MS分析和荧光检测,指出臭氧氧化改变了水中有机物的结构特征,增加了水中羧酸类有机物含量,从而导致镁离子与其发生络合配位.当这些有机物通过混凝或者活性炭吸附被去除时,与其发生配位的镁离子也会随之从水中损失.     

PERCOLATION OF LEAD(II) AND CADMIUM(II) THROUGH TWO BENTONITES USED AS LANDFILL LINER

In order to prevent contamination of subsoil and groundwater by leachates containing heavy metals, montmorillonite linings are used on landfill bottoms. It is therefore important to understand ion uptake by this clay. In this study we have performed percolation of lead(II) and cadmium(II) through columns filled firstly with a technical bentonite and then with a reference bentonite. Elution curves provide an evaluation of metals retention. After the percolation step, columns are cut and metal ions are extracted to evaluate influence of side effects and soil depth on metal uptake. Moreover retentions of lead(II) and cadmium(II) are compared.     

Percolation of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) through two bentonites used as landfill liner

In order to prevent contamination of subsoil and groundwater by leachates containing heavy metals, montmorillonite linings are used on landfill bottoms. It is therefore important to understand ion uptake by this clay. In this study we have performed percolation of lead(II) and cadmium(II) through columns filled firstly with a technical bentonite and then with a reference bentonite. Elution curves provide an evaluation of metals retention. After the percolation step, columns are cut and metal ions are extracted to evaluate influence of side effects and soil depth on metal uptake. Moreover retentions of lead(II) and cadmium(II) are compared.     

Effect of total cadmium and organic complexing on the uptake of cadmium by the brine shrimp,Artemia franciscana

The effect of total cadmium and organic complexing on the rate of cadmium uptake by the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana has been studied in chemically defined saltwater solutions. The uptake of cadmium from solution by the laboratory-reared brine shrimp displays saturable uptake kinetics. Uptake of cadmium is linear in time up to a total cadmium concentration of 200 moll^-1 and saturates above 800 moll^-1. Complexation of cadmium with organic ligands decreases the uptake of the metal by the brine shrimp. This is in agreement with the view that the availability of cadmium to aquatic organisms is related to the activity of the free cadmium ion in the solution. There is no evidence that the direct uptake of cadmium complexes is important in determining uptake of cadmium. Cadmium uptake is not, however, a mere function of the free cadmium ion activity in the solution, i.e., cadmium uptake rates may differ by an order of magnitude for the same free cadmium ion activity depending on the complexation conditions. In addition to controlling the free cadmium ion activity, the role of organic ligands in metal ion buffering and metal ion masking appear important factors in determining the availability of the metal to the organism.     

植物络合素及其合酶在重金属抗性中的功能研究进展

Under heavy metal stress, higher plants initiate a set of defense responses, among which biosynthesis of phytochelatins (PCs) is important. PCs are rich in cystein and biosynthesized by phytochelatin synthase. The chemical structure of PCs and their ability to form complexes with a large range of metal ions is clear. Up to now, these peptides are known to play an important role in both endogenous metal ion homeostasis and heavy metal ion detoxification. The mechanism of cadmium tolerance is illustrated in detail. A model of this mechanism suggested that the detoxification process of cadmium include such steps as PCs induction, transport of cadmium into the tonoplast, formation of the HMW-Cd-PCs complexes and sequestration in vacuole. At the same time, PCs also have other functions, such as detoxification of arsenic, protecting enzyme from metal ion inhibition and supplying metal ion as a cofactor to the enzyme potentially. However, a lot of questions about its biological function remain to be answered. In 1999, three independent labs isolated the genes encoding the PCs synthase. This breakthrough of plant heavy metal tolerance research gave us a chance to further study the heavy metal tolerance mechanism. All the results from the reserch of PCs have a ffreat application potential in phytoremidation. Fig 1, Ref 25     

pH值对有机蒙脱土吸附苯酚的影响

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)改性的蒙脱土来处理含酚废水,了解pH值对有机蒙脱土吸附苯酚的影响．结果表明：不论是酸性还是碱性含酚水溶液,加入有机蒙脱土后其pH值都趋向中性,因此,有机蒙脱土对酸碱具有良好的缓冲能力．在相同pH条件下,吸附在有机蒙脱土上苯酚的数量随着其改性量的提高而增加．在碱性条件下,被有机蒙脱土吸附的苯酚可以发生解吸,pH值愈高,有机蒙脱土吸附的苯酚数量愈少,因此,吸附在有机蒙脱上上的苯酚在碱性条件下是不稳定的．通过碱再生有机蒙脱土又能吸附水溶液中的苯酚,但是其吸附苯酚的能力有所下降．     

钾改性蒙脱石磁性微球对铯的吸附性能

本研究以钙基蒙脱石(Ca-MMT)为原料,通过K⁺作用制得改性蒙脱石粉(K-MMT),经海藻酸钠交联作用,将改性蒙脱石与永磁体(BaFe₁₂O₁₉)结合,制成钾改性蒙脱石磁性微球(KMBC).对比了Ca-MMT、K-MMT、KMBC对Cs+的吸附差异,并通过SEM-EDS、FTIR、XRD、XPS分析了K-MMT的微观结构及理化性质.试验结果表明,K⁺对蒙脱石的改性以离子交换为主,改性后晶体层间距变小,吸附量K-MMT>KMBC>Ca-MMT,分别为57.08、45.13、45.05 mg·g^-1;K-MMT对Cs⁺的吸附属于吸热反应,反应在2 h内可达到平衡,35℃时KMBC的最大吸附量为136.08 mg·g^-1;随着pH的增加,KMBC对Cs+的吸附量呈先增大后减小的趋势;吸附机理主要包括离子交换和内层扩散.     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.     

菲高效降解菌的降解特性及其受蒙脱石的影响研究

通过选择性富集培养与纯化,从广州油制气厂附近的污染土壤中分离获得一株能以菲为唯一碳源和能源,快速生长的优势菌株（编号为YZ-1）。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,YZ-1菌株为琼氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacter junii）。当无机盐培养液中菲初始质量浓度为100mg·L-1时,45h内该菌株对菲的降解率可达到99.5%。YZ-1菌株的最佳生长条件为pH7.4,温度30℃,摇床转速160r·min-1。加入蒙脱石矿物之后,在降解的初期（前16h）表现为促进菲的生物降解作用,但随着时间的延长,菲的降解速率逐渐低于不加蒙脱石体系,并随蒙脱石含量或菲质量浓度的增加,此抑制延缓现象愈加明显。矿物对高浓度的菲具有吸附分散作用,而对低浓度的菲具有吸附保护作用。     

砷、矾与镉交互作用及其对土壤吸附镉的影响

研究了砷、矾与镉交互作用及其对土壤吸附镉的影响 .结果表明 :江西红壤、海南砖红壤、湖南红壤和北京褐土等四种土壤吸附镉的等温线符合Freundlich方程 ,吸附常数K的大小顺序为 :北京褐土 >湖南红壤 >江西红壤 >海南砖红壤 .pH值是决定土壤吸附镉的关键因素之一 ,砷和矾的存在可促进土壤对镉的吸附