上海市青浦区景观格局的粒度效应分析

以上海市青浦区为研究区域，基于ETM遥感影像数据和GIS技术，采用优势规则栅格聚合方法，对分类的ETM数据进行了粒度变换。以景观格局分析程序Fragstats3．3为分析工具，从景观类型水平和景观水平上研究了景观格局的空间粒度效应。研究结果表明：（1）不同的景观类型、不同的景观特征指数对粒度响应存在差异：居住景观和道路景观是对粒度响应最敏感的两种景观类型；形状指数、聚集度指数、斑块数量指数对粒度响应的敏感程度较高，多样性指数、均匀度指数、景观面积比例指数、分维数对粒度响应的敏感程度较低；此外，还发现优势景观随着粒度增加面积增大，形状规则的景观对粒度响应敏感程度低。（2）景观指数的粒度响应曲线存在尺度转折点，且多出现在40、60、80、120m，其中第一尺度区域多为20～40m或20～60m。第一尺度域是选择适宜粒度的较好取值范围，所以本研究中所用景观类型图进行景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围为30-40m。（3）研究发现由不同指数表征相同的生态现象可能会出现相反的粒度效应，在一定程度上体现了景观指数量化景观格局的局限性。     

南京城市景观中聚落增长热点的空间格局与影响因素

城市化进程中景观组成的变化表现出明显的空间分异特征,其变化速率相对较快的区位形成热点。为探索形成景观动态热点的影响因素,以江苏省南京市为研究区,采用2003、2006和2011年3期Landsat TM遥感影像,应用ArcGIS软件的空间数据叠加分析和邻域分析功能在1~3km 3个观测尺度上提取了聚落增长热点,并利用Logistic模型分析了影响热点形成的景观因子。结果表明,不同城市化时期内聚落增长热点的格局特征具有明显差异,空间分布由较为分散趋于相对集中。热点发生概率受到土地利用状况、景观区位和社会经济条件共同作用,且依赖于观测尺度。内部耕地占地率高、聚落占地率低,外围耕地占地率低、聚落占地率高的区域易成为聚落增长的热点区。聚落增长热点多形成于接近建成区和主要道路、耕地和聚落占地率较高、人均GDP较高、人口密度相对较低的区域。对于深入理解城市化进程,制定土地管理政策具有参考价值。     

自然资源禀赋与城市化水平关系的多尺度考察

通过对单体区域在时间序列上的分析和对多个区域面板数据集综合水平的横向比较，本文在多个尺度上验证了自然资源禀赋在区域城市化过程的“资源诅咒”假说，并且通过在省际层面上建立经济计量模型进行理论检验，也得出“资源诅咒”效应在一定程度上的确存在的结论。文章还分析了城市化过程中自然资源产生限制作用的作用机理。认为这种效应是多种要素综合作用的结果，并提出了相应的政策建议。这项研究在理论上丰富了城市化动力机制和“资源诅咒”假说的研究，在实践上也具有一定的现实意义。     

市域尺度下中国农业低碳发展水平空间异质性及影响因素——来自种植业的检验

识别农业低碳发展空间异质性,对提高农业生产效率和保护农业生态环境具有重要意义.以狭义农业——种植业为研究对象,借助低碳农业发展理论,构建农业低碳发展水平评价指标体系,并应用熵值法和地理加权回归模型,探讨了 357个市域尺度下的中国农业低碳发展水平的空间异质性及影响因素.研究发现:(1)中国农业低碳发展水平存在空间异质性和相关性.空间异质性表现为,市域尺度下中国农业低碳发展综合水平由西南-东北一线向东南、西北两侧递减,而碳生产水平指标对综合水平的影响最大;空间相关性表现为,西南地区、大兴安岭区农业低碳发展水平呈"高-高"聚集,辽宁、新疆和华中地区基本呈"低-低"聚集,其他地区则呈高低聚集的状态;此外,地形引起的社会经济等间接效应,大于其直接效应.(2)在空间上,劳动生产率和农业规模化对农业低碳发展水平的影响力呈"U"型与倒"U"型特征,劳动生产率对农业低碳化水平的影响由西到东呈"正向-负向-正向"的"U"型变化趋势;农业规模化呈南北低、中部高的倒"U"特征.城镇化水平对农业低碳发展水平的影响则由西向东逐步递减.     

差异化乡村振兴路径下村域土地利用变化特征及其驱动归因——以重庆市江津区两个村为例

探究差异化乡村振兴路径下村域土地利用时空变化特征及其驱动机制,对于优化土地利用格局和制定乡村振兴路径有重要意义。以长江流域浅丘河谷区2个地形地貌相似、历史发展情况接近、乡村振兴路径迥异的行政村——芳阴村和横山村为例,基于无人机航测和多期Google Earth卫星影像,从土地利用转移、核心用地扩张模式、像元级地块属性和边界二值变化等视角综合探讨了两村在2017～2021年的土地利用变化特征,并引入地理探测器模型,从自然、社会经济、政策因素等多个方面定量归因。结果表明：(1)研究期内两村均经历了较为剧烈的土地利用变化过程,以蔓延式的园地扩张为主,最后芳阴村和横山村分别形成了农旅融合型和农林复合型的发展格局,并且芳阴村的土地利用变化过程较横山村更具多样性和均衡性。(2)像元层面上,芳阴村的地块属性和边界变化均较为剧烈,且二者在超50%的村域范围内存在显著的空间集聚效应,而横山村仅地块属性变化较为明显,地块边界变化度整体低于芳阴村。(3)村域土地利用变化受到自然、社会经济和政策多重因素的交互影响,不同乡村振兴路径下村域土地利用变化的驱动类型和驱动解释力度存在差异,对于有明确政策区划驱动的芳阴...     

湖南永吉高速公路建设的景观格局影响评价

利用遥感（RS）、全球定位系统（GPS）与地理信息系统技术（GIS）,对湖南省永吉高速公路沿线建设前后的景观进行分类和制图,结合景观结构分析软件Fragstats33和景观生态学方法,从斑块和景观两个层次上研究高速公路建设前后景观格局的变化。结果表明：（1）斑块层次指数中,沿线除公路用地外各景观类型的面积均有所减少,257%的土地转换为公路用地,其中旱地面积减少最多,但是公路建设前后没有改变该区域的优势斑块类型;（2）景观层次指数中,斑块数目和斑块密度的增加与最大斑块指数的减少,都表明景观异质性增加;（3）不同缓冲区分析结果表明：高速公路建设对景观格局的干扰突出表现在距公路较近的500 m缓冲区内。本研究方法在未来路网规划与环境影响评价中具有一定应用前景     

东洞庭湖湿地景观变化研究

在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,对东洞庭湖1989和2001年两个时段的TM（ETM）卫星影像进行了遥感解译。应用景观生态学的理论和方法,对不同景观类型的斑块和面积大小、形状特征进行分析,计算了湿地景观多样性、优势度、均匀度、破碎度及斑块分形维数。定量分析和〖HJ〗研究了1989~2001年东洞庭湖湿地景观的动态变化,结果表明,由于泥沙淤积,东洞庭湖湿地的面积正在日益缩小,湿地景观多样性和均匀度下降,景观优势度和破碎化程度增加,说明东洞庭湖部分湿地景观逐渐从以小斑块、多种景观类型共同控制的景观格局向大斑块、类型较单一的景观格局演变。     

陕北风沙区景观生态建设中区域文化的影响与响应

陕北风沙区生态环境退化已成为区域可持续发展的主要威胁。在检林地区生态功能演化的过程中，强烈的人文过程在潜在的自然因素基础上对生态环境退化发挥了显著作用，区域文化在生态退化过程中产生了重要的内在影响。通过对区域文化在榆林地区景观生态历史演变与景观生态建设中的影响分析，认为区域人文环境建设是遏制榆林地区生态环境退化的关键途径之一，景观生态文化建设是区域文化响应的重要方式，其重点内容包括：①树立正确的景观生态建设观。景观生态建设不仅仅局限于某个生态系统，而且还注重于景观格局及其各要素间的功能联系，合理的景观管理措施可以使生太系统恢复到以前或与之相近的状态；②普及生态科学，消除知识贫困，强化“居安思危”的社会心理；③完善景观生态建设的政策与制度；④建立景观生态建设产业体系，促进形成新的生产方式与经济行为模式。     

嘉陵江流域植被景观的空间格局特征

在遥感影像基础上利用景观指数从斑块特征、景观异质性、多样性与均匀性以及空间相互关系4个方面比较和分析了嘉陵江流域植被景观的空间格局特征。结果表明：“一年一熟作物田及耐寒经济作物田、落叶果树园” 在流域中的分布面积最大,是整个流域的基质,其它景观要素镶嵌其中。“亚热带常绿、落叶阔叶混交林”分布面积最小,分化程度最弱,异质性最低。 “裸地/城镇”的斑块间距最大,相似性程度低,聚合性弱,异质性最高。 “温带落叶阔叶林”的斑块间隔小,分布紧密,相似性程度高,聚合性强,但自然连接性较低。整个植被景观体现出要素众多、间隔紧密、自然连接性好、景观破碎化程度较高的分布特征,同时也反映出类型丰富、比例协调、均匀性和多样性程度较高的总体特点。     

基于景观格局的喀斯特山区流域生态风险评估——以贵州省乌江流域为例

以小流域为采样单元开展流域景观生态风险评估,对建立流域景观生态风险预警机制、改善流域生态环境、构建生态安全格局具有重要意义。以2000～2015年土地利用数据为基础,基于景观格局法构建景观生态风险评估模型对贵州省乌江流域景观生态风险及时空特征进行评估与分析。结果表明:(1)15年来,乌江流域景观格局变化显著,其中林地面积增加了2.85%,湿地增加了0.13%,耕地减少了4.52%,其它用地增加了0.02%;(2)乌江流域2000、2005、2010、2015年的景观生态风险度块金值与基台值的比值分别为11.81%、12.05%、13.29%、14.04%,变程分别为10.9、22.8、10.7、12.8 km;(3)15年来,不同景观生态风险等级在面积上表现出不同变化趋势,其中高、极高风险区面积分别增加了8.46%、5.57%,弱、低风险区面积分别减少了6.28%、7.28%。由此可见,由于频繁的人类活动强烈干扰使得流域内景观生态风险整体呈现上升趋势。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.