褐煤低温干燥表面收缩特性实验研究*

为明确褐煤低温（50 ℃以下）干燥引发表面干缩现象的发展规律,采用低温（20~30 ℃）低湿（40%~60%）空气干燥的方式,开展褐煤低温干燥干缩实验,分析干燥与表面收缩规律。结果表明:低温干燥过程中,对水分蒸发速率影响显著的因素是相对湿度而非温度,70%~90%的总水分散失量在干燥初期48 h内蒸发完成,平均含水率低至12.8%;低温干燥导致褐煤发生非均匀性表面干燥收缩,表面干缩经历热胀-快速干缩-收缩稳定3个阶段,水分快速蒸发散失的前48 h干缩率低,之后进入水分蒸发速率显著降低而干缩率持续升高,最终至收缩稳定,低速蒸发阶段发生显著干缩;表面干燥收缩率与散失水分质量具有显著的正相关性,与水分含量和蒸发速率具有显著负相关性。     

超声波预处理城市水厂剩余污泥的研究

利用超声波处理剩余污泥,通过离心作用模拟污水厂污泥脱水过程,以离心后含水率表征剩余污泥的脱水性能,最终确定最佳超声条件为:超声时间10 min,超声声能密度0.8 W/m L;另外分别研究了单独超声作用、单独絮凝剂作用以及超声-絮凝联合作用对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,单独超声处理或絮凝调理均可降低剩余污泥离心后含水率,超声波与絮凝剂共同作用能更好地提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,并对剩余污泥脱水性能改善的机理进行了理论分析。     

Monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms contamination during heat drying process of sewage sludge

The sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant is a potential source of infectious organism. The number and type of pathogens in sludge depends on various factors namely, the wastewater source, the type of treatment plant, and other environmental factors such as the biological medium offered by the sewage sludge. The principal sludge-borne diseases are presented followed by discussion on biological aspect of growth and occurrence. The overall objective of this work is to estimate kinetic reduction of pathogen population in sludge during different thermal-drying process including: the agitated conductive drying, drum drying, solar drying, and fry-drying. The temperature curves were reported from literature except frying data which were determined in experiment. In order to apply the temperature influence on pathogens population, kinetic parameters for the thermal inactivation (D, z-values) were chosen from literature. Values of concentrations of each pathogen were also extracted from scientific review of pathogens in bio-solids. This study conducted to resolve the survival kinetic of Hepatitis A viruses. The result showed that a concentration of 7 × 10⁴ cfu/100 ml initially present in the sewage sludge is significantly reduced during the heat drying processes except the solar plant. The sewage sludge is completely disinfected when heated for 20 min, 10 min, and 10 s, respectively, during the agitated conductive process, vacuum fry-drying, and drum drying process.     

城市污泥微波干化及污染物析出特性研究

采用直接热干化和微波两种方法对3种城市污泥进行了研究,分别考察了温度、污泥厚度、微波功率对干化过程的影响,并研究了干化气体的二次污染问题。研究表明,直接热干化耗时长,温度和污泥厚度是影响干化过程的主要因素;微波干化耗时短,效率高;厚度为4 mm的污泥在微波功率为1 200 W时,仅需3min含水率降至10%以下。微波干化气体的冷凝液COD,NH_4~+-N指标明显低于直接热干化。     

Experimental characterisation of activated sludge behaviour during mechanical expression

Even after mechanical dewatering, activated sludge contains a large amount of water. Due to its biological nature, composition and also the type of treatment it comes from, this material is usually highly compressible and known to be difficult to dewater. In the present work various tests are proposed to try to highlight some aspects which could explain the poor dewaterability of activated sludge. Experiments of expression were carried out in a Filtration-Compression Cell for semi-solid samples of sludge. Operating conditions (intensity of the applied pressure, initial thickness of sludge sample) and the composition of the sludge (ionic strength by adding monovalent salt) were modified for the different series of experiments. It was observed that the removal of water from the sludge depended significantly on the pressure gradient throughout the sludge cake. However, the development of a dense layer of cake at the interface cake/filter medium seems to generate a pressure gradient non-uniformly distributed throughout the thickness of the cake. This phenomenon should control in part the efficiency of dewatering. This study also discusses the link between sludge dewaterability and cake relaxation on the basic of an osmotic effect within the flocculated matrix, which tends to resist against compression or deformation. This effect was reduced when both the applied pressure and the time increased. Finally, the activated sludge dewatering during expression stage depends on both the formation of a dense layer of cake at the interface cake/filter medium and an osmotic effect.     

抚顺三宝屯污水处理厂污泥脱水运行管理

介绍了抚顺三宝屯污水处理厂DAT-IAT工艺的污泥脱水工艺流程、工艺参数,及污泥脱水系统的运行状况,分析了运行中出现的问题,总结了污泥脱水的运行管理.     

污泥脱水机械的选择讨论

CaSO4沉淀污泥的脱水因化学性质的特殊性，在脱水机械的选用上应考虑一些影响其脱水的因素，对部分影响因素作一些探讨。     

高性能木材干燥测控系统的研制

在木制品生产行业中，木材干燥是木制品加工生产工序中的一个重要环节，而在木材干燥生产中突出的问题是木材变形、开裂、木材含水率不均匀和霉变、虫蛀等。针对上述问题，设计出以高性能AVR微控制器为核心，应用恒流源、高分子湿敏电容和动态补偿等技术的全自动木材干燥测控系统。实验结果表明，木材干燥测控系统能保证产品质量，提高生产效率，硬件可靠性高，有工程实用价值。     

黄水为碳源的颗粒污泥除磷机理研究

颗粒污泥作为近年来备受关注的一种生物处理技术,具有结构密实、沉降性好、生物相丰富且活性高等优点。为了了解好氧颗粒污泥除磷机理,以黄水为碳源的同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,研究颗粒污泥的物理特性、除磷特性,重点研究颗粒污泥中磷的形态及含量,同时研究不同方法对颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果及其对磷去除的影响,揭示该颗粒污泥的除磷机理,为城市污水利用同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥实现高效低耗除磷提供理论与技术支持。     

Dust explosions: How should the influence of humidity be taken into account?

In this work, the influence of humidity on dust explosions of metallic (aluminium) and organic materials (icing sugar, polyethylene and magnesium stearate) has been studied. The impact of pre-humidification of powders on their ignition sensitivity, their volume resistivity and charge decay time has been assessed. The influence of humidity on explosion severity has also been studied by two methods: on the one hand, the dust sample was stored in a controlled workstation at constant relative humidity; on the other hand, the dry dust was dispersed in a humidity controlled atmosphere in the vessel.As expected, the effect of humidity strongly depends on the chemical nature of the particles. Experiments on powders volume resistivity and charge decay time have shown typical trends but have especially pointed out the inadequacy of some standards. Inhibition phenomena have been verified for polyethylene and magnesium stearate, whereas both inhibition and promotion have been observed for icing sugar and could be explained by an evolution of sucrose structure. Dry aluminium dust explosions in humid atmosphere show that water vapour inerts the explosion. However, when aluminium is stored at controlled humidity, the maximum rise of pressure rate increases with the water content, which is probably due to hydrogen generation.     

不同污泥预处理方法对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响

研究了3种污泥预处理方法(表面活性剂处理、碱处理、Fenton处理)对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响。结果表明,对于3种预处理方法,使污泥过滤脱水性能最佳的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的投加质量比为50 mg/g,NaOH质量比为150 mg/g,Fenton试剂Fe~(2+)与H_2O_2的投加比n(Fe~(2+))∶n(H_2O_2)为1.5。3种预处理方法对污泥均有一定破解作用,其中由于Fenton反应的强氧化性,污泥破解率最大,污泥粒径减小了近50%,释放的溶解性COD(SCOD)最高(786.88 mg/L)。Fenton处理后的污泥紧密结合型胞外聚合物(Tightly Bound-Extracellular Polymeric Substances,TB-EPS)及TB-EPS中蛋白质和多聚糖的量减少得最多。此外,还分析了3种预处理方法脱水效率与速率的差异。     

含油污泥石油醚浸提技术研究

采用石油醚浸提技术对含油率为50.1%的污泥进行处理,以回收原油.当温度为45 ℃,搅拌时间为5 min,水加入量为20 mL(pH值为9),石油醚加入量为9 mL时,油去除率为93.70%.采用气相-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪对石油醚浸提回收的废油进行定性分析并与原油进行了对比,证明该工艺可以有效保证回收废油的油品质量.     

Mass balance of anionic surfactants through up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket based sewage treatment plants

The outcome of a 21-month monitoring study on anionic surfactants (AS) at five (27–70 ML/d) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) based sewage treatment plants (STPs) is described. The average removals of AS were around 8–30%. Appreciable concentrations of AS were being discharged to the watercourse (average 4.30 mg/L; range 3.60–4.91 mg/L). On an average dried sludge contained 1452 mg AS/kg dry weight. Mass balance at three STPs indicated that, AS load of the order of 5–17% and ≈12% is removed by adsorption in UASB reactors and polishing ponds (PP) respectively. Biodegradation of AS under anaerobic conditions in UASB reactors and PP does not seem to take place. In the sludge stream, appreciable biodegradation (≈46%) of adsorbed AS under aerobic conditions on the sludge drying beds takes place. If influent AS mass flux is normalized to 100 units, than average of ≈74 and ≈7 units are discharged with treated effluent and dried sludge respectively, while 12 and 6 units are adsorbed/settled in PP and aerobically biodegrade on sludge drying beds respectively. At two STPs (34 and 56 ML/d), the filterable fluxes in UASBR increased so that the mass balance could not be computed.     

污泥对水稻分蘖及产量形成影响的研究

为探讨工业废水处理后的污泥能否在农业上应用,以哈药集团制药总厂经生物处理产生的污泥为材料,研究水稻分蘖动态及产量形成.结果表明,该厂排放的污泥,有机质和速效氮、磷含量高,施入土壤后能迅速被水稻吸收利用.适量施用污泥,水稻返青加快、分蘖增多,体内叶绿素含量增高,同时水稻的产量也得到提高.污泥施用过量,会导致水稻返青率降低,后期分蘖无法控制,导致生育延迟,空秕粒率大幅度增高,产量显著下降.     

株洲市霞湾污水处理厂设计

株洲市霞湾污水处理厂是为保护湘江而建的工程，设计规模为10万m^3/d，根据污水水质及排放要求，处理工艺采用了不设初沉池的氧化沟活性污泥法；污泥处理采用了不经消化直接脱水工艺。介绍各处理单元的主要设计参数和所选用设备的技术对参数。     

不同污泥肥料对水稻和大豆的肥效实验研究

为探讨城市生活污泥农用效果,以莆田市城市生活污水处理厂的鲜污泥为材料,制成干污泥、有机肥及生物肥等3种不同有机肥料品种,将这3种肥料在水稻、大豆上进行肥效盆栽试验,测定作物产量,并分析不同施肥处理其土壤N、P、K养分供应能力及作物对N、P、K养分的吸收情况.试验结果表明,污泥作为肥料施用能提高土壤速效N、P、K养分供应水平和水稻、大豆对N、P、K的吸收量,并且有明显的增产效果;3种污泥肥料品种的供肥能力从高到低的顺序为生物肥、有机肥、干污泥;并就污泥农用资源化提出看法.     

Effects of humidity on minimum ignition energy of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures

The minimum ignition energy (MIE) is an important property for designing safety standards and understanding the ignition process of combustible mixtures. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures is measured using capacitive spark discharge. The effect of humidity on MIE is studied. It is shown that the MIE is not constant when the relative humidity increases from 40% to 88% at room temperature. The relative humidity has no significant influence on the MIE of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures at the lower volume fraction of gaseous epoxypropane in air. But, it has significant influence on that at the higher volume fraction. The MIEs of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures vary with the fraction of gaseous epoxypropane in air and the humidity. The lowest value of MIE (0.12 mJ) of gaseous epoxypropane/air mixtures is reached at around 10% in the examined ranges of the concentrations for the humidity 40%. The lowest values of MIE (0.1 mJ) of the mixtures are reached also at around 10% in the examined ranges of the concentrations for the humidity 66% and 88% respectively.     

污泥中氮磷在灰潮土上的淋滤特性研究

污泥土地利用时,其中富含的氮、磷可能会对地下水造成污染.本研究通过测定模拟土柱淋洗液,分析了两种污泥中氮、磷在灰潮土中的迁移性.测定项目包括:pH、EC、硝态氮、全磷.结果表明,土壤淋洗液的pH变化不大,电导率、硝态氮、全磷则明显增大,并随淋洗次数的增多逐渐恢复到空白水平,而且淋洗液的电导率与硝态氮和全磷间存在较好的正相关关系.施用量程桥污泥控制在30%,竹园污泥在10%以内就不会对地下水造成氮、磷污染.     

新型混凝剂在转炉煤气洗涤废水中的应用

采用新型混凝剂氯化铝钙,配加一定量PAM,处理转炉煤气洗涤废水.研究了药剂加入量、pH值及搅拌条件对絮凝反应过程的影响,得出了最佳实验参数.结果表明,由于氯化铝钙在混凝过程中可提供一定量的Ca2 ,有利于破坏胶体的稳定性,降低ζ电位,压缩双电层,能提高悬浮颗粒的凝聚能力及改善处理后污泥的脱水效果.     

Disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge by simultaneous combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment

The individual and simultaneous effects of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment on the disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated based on chemical properties of WAS. In the combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment methods (ultrasonic-acid pretreatment), lowering pH accelerated and enhanced the disintegration of waste biological sludge. Therefore, the same disintegration efficiency (obtained by ultrasonic pretreatment alone) was achieved by the combined pretreatment in shorter sonication times. Optimum pretreatment conditions were ultrasonic power density of 1.0 W/mL and pretreatment time of 10 min for ultrasonic pretreatment alone, and ultrasonic power density of 1.0 W/mL, pretreatment time of 10 min and initial sludge pH of 2.0 for the combined pretreatment. Sludge disintegration degrees were about 30% and 40% under these optimized conditions, respectively. Optimum sludge concentration was found to be 1.0% total solid (TS) content for the combined pretreatment. As a result, ultrasonic-acid pretreatment has been determined as a new and effective combined sludge pretreatment method to improve the sludge disintegration.