Cleaner production and industrial ecosystems, a Dutch experience

This article opens briefly with the recent discussions about the effectiveness of pollution prevention. As pollution prevention and cleaner production are important elements of industrial ecology, the different definitions and approaches of industrial ecology as a term also need clarity. The major part of this article reflects the first results of the cleaner production and industrial ecology concepts, applied in an industrial ecosystem project (INES) in the Rotterdam harbour area. In this industrial area with many refineries and (petro)chemical facilities, the possibilities for companies to reuse waste streams, by-products and energy from each other was researched. The project was initiated by an industrial association. Sixty-nine members of the industrial association joined the INES project and provided confidential information about their resources, products and waste streams to the research team. Based on this information, 15 projects were designed. The selected three projects for further feasibility studies showed the potency to reduce the use of energy, water and bio sludge significantly.     

Pollution prevention and industrial transformation Evoking structural changes within companies

Pollution prevention has developed as an attractive method for improving the environmental performance of companies. Often the concept is promoted in a project format, for instance in a regional perspective or for a specific sector of industry. This article analyzes the contribution of pollution prevention projects to the transformation of industry. Different formats that have been carried out in the Netherlands during the last 8 years are evaluated in terms of direct results (implemented measures and their effects) and long-term effects. The main issue in this article is what contribution pollution prevention has in evoking structural changes towards more sustainable behavior in companies. The general conclusion is that pollution prevention is at least potentially a powerful and interesting concept. The current formats used to promote pollution prevention show some serious deficits, especially in failing to elicit a learning process within participating companies. The trend towards the use of quickscans as a prevention method is worrying in this respect. Some recommendations are given to improve future projects.     

湖泊富营养化的形成机理与防治对策

分析了湖泊富营养化的形成机理，并从湖泊治理人才队伍的组建、控制目标的设定、外源性营养物质的控制、内源性营养物质的控制、湖泊生物-生态修复、管理等10个方面探讨了富营养化湖泊的防治对策，指出防治湖泊富营养化是一项复杂的系统工程，必须从控制污染源出发，重点开展生物-生态修复、完善管理对策，有计划分层次地逐步实施。     

基于生产工艺的水泥工业项目竣工环保验收监测重点分析研究

基于水泥工业的生产工艺特点,说明新型干法生产时代,水泥生产的主要产污环节及特征污染物,并分析其对生态环境的影响和危害,表明该行业属高能耗、高污染的产能过剩行业.根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求和工作实践经验,结合生产工艺、特征污染物和污染物总量控制等要求,从废水监测、废气监测、噪声监测等方面阐明水泥行业项目竣工环保验收的侧重点和注意事项,并指出污染防治设施、总量控制等几方面应重点关注的问题.     

环境会计在环保项目财务分析中的应用

环境会计是研究经济发展与环境资源之间的关系,计量、记录环境污染、环境防治、开发、利用的成本费用,并对企业经营过程中对社会环境的维护和开发形成的效益进行合理计量与报告,综合评估环境绩效及环境活动对企业财务成果影响的一门新兴会计学科,它是进行环境保护经济评估的理论基础.以一钢铁公司的污水处理项目为实例,介绍了环境会计在环保项目财务分析中应用的基本方法,尤其是包括常规成本、负债性成本和环境成本在内的生命周期成本的计算方法,可确定环保项目的成本与收益,为同类型项目的财务评价提供参考.运用环境会计的理论和实践,进行环保项目财务分析,目的明确,方法简便可行,操作性强,对于环保项目财务评价及投资决策,具有较高的实用价值.     

锅炉改造项目环境影响评价实证分析

本文以锅炉“煤改气”项目为例,在项目施工期、运营期产生的环境影响进行评价,并提出相应的环境保护措施。为环保部门和企业管理提供理论依据,并为锅炉改造类项目污染预防治理提供实践经验,最大限度降低项目建设对周围环境的不利影响,推动“煤改气”项目的可持续发展。     

运用系统决策方法优选大气污染治理方案

本文运用层次分析和多目标决策技术来量化大气污染治理方案的综合效益,从而为最佳治理方案的选取提供了科学依据.     

The promotion of clean development mechanism to cement industry capturing waste heat for power generation in China

The clean development mechanism (CDM), one of three flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, has received noticeable attention in cement industry in china. In this paper we will discuss in past the utilization ratios of waste heat generated in cement industry are at low level in China and at present it is at high level and how the CDM contributes to upgrade cement industry structure. Making fully use of the opportunity brought by clean development mechanism can help cement enterprises in china to recover the waste heat generated in the process of cement production. Implementing the development of clean development mechanism projects in cement industry field, mainly focusing on waste heat for power generation projects, can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also bring certain economic and social benefit. It is in favor of promoting the upgrade of cement industrial structure, and will contribute to positive and far-reaching effect toward sustainable development of cement industry in China.     

Strengthening the science–policy interface: experiences from a European Thematic Network on Air Pollution and Health (AIRNET)

Thematic Network projects are increasingly viewed as promising mechanisms for improving the link between science and policy, particularly in light of further improving air quality that will require substantial financial investments. As the literature identifying principles or guidelines for planning and implementing such network projects is limited, this paper describes the experience of the European Commission (Directorate General Research) funded Thematic Network on Air Pollution and Health (AIRNET). In its 3-year duration (2002–2004), AIRNET used a variety of activities (international conferences, national network days, website, air pollution project inventory, database of air pollution research, newsletters, multi-disciplinary work groups) to increase the range of stakeholders involved so that research findings could be better integrated, communicated and interpreted to support policy. Despite the limitations of this type of project and the challenge of improving the communication between scientists and policy makers, the activities of the network have contributed to the development of a multi-disciplinary air pollution and health network in Europe with wide stakeholder involvement. The AIRNET experience indicates that Thematic Networks do not develop spontaneously and that a variety of impulses are needed to link the different players. Communication is key and should be considered as a joint responsibility of all parties involved—including scientists, policymakers, health care professionals and representatives from industry and non-governmental organisations.     

石化行业渣油加氢装置环境监理要点研究——以某企业180万吨／年渣油加氢装置为例

生产清洁油品被列为中国“十二五”炼油工业发展的重点,其中“渣油加氢”是生产清洁油品的重要技术路线,也是环境监理关注的重点。以某石化公司油品质量升级改造项目为例,从“六监一管一协调”八个方面着手,结合项目的环评文件、批复文件、环保篇章、施工方案等,明确初步设计、施工期、试生产三个阶段的环境监理重点,对新建180万吨／年渣油加氢装置的环境监理开展深入研究,为国内深入开展类似项目的环境监理工作、出台环境监理技术规范提供有益的参考。     

国内外水泥工业大气污染物排放标准比较研究

新修订GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》于2014年3月1日实施.该标准将成为水泥工业防治污染、减排总量、调整结构、优化布局的重要抓手.本文对我国、美国、欧盟、日本相关排放标准(或指令)进行了研究,对比了污染物项目、控制指标、限值严格程度、实施手段等方面的异同,提出了标准建议,为我国排放标准制修订工作提供参考,有助于提高环境管理和污染控制水平.     

Limitations of cleaner production programmes as organisational change agents I. Achieving commitment and on-going improvement

This is the first in a two-part paper that discusses the results of an evaluation of a 2-year ‘cleaner production’ (CP) demonstration project undertaken in New Zealand (NZ). The project's scale and methods were consistent with international best practice and the methods used were consistent with those advocated in traditional CP or ‘pollution prevention’ (PP) guides and manuals. On the surface, the project could be considered to have been successful. Like other apparently successful demonstration projects carried out elsewhere, the demonstration businesses identified a range of options that improved their environmental, economic and social performance (including savings of over NZ$4 million per annum, and significant reductions in materials, water and energy use, and improvements in productivity).However, a more in-depth evaluation of the project raised significant questions about the ability of traditional CP/PP programme components to bring about durable change. The evaluation identified a set of key internal organisational factors that strongly contributed towards the uptake of CP and affected the potential for on-going improvement. They were commitment, leadership, support, communication, staff involvement and programme design. This part of the paper (Part I) provides an overview of the project, as well as the methodology used in the evaluation. It also includes a discussion of the results particularly as they relate to commitment and on-going improvement. Part II discusses the remaining key internal organisational factors. It also presents a framework that could potentially be used to enhance the performance of CP or similar types of programmes, particularly with regard to the key factors identified.     

Pilot project on sustainability management accounting with the Styrian automobile cluster

The paper is based on a project with the Styrian automobile cluster in Austria and selected member companies. In six companies, the environmental management costs, as well as further costs for health and safety, risk management and other social issues were assessed. Less tangible items and external effects are addressed. Starting with the efforts to assess the financial effects of the sustainability performance indicators provided by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for sustainability reporting, the UN DSD (United Nations Division for Sustainable Development) method for environmental management accounting (EMA) was enlarged by several other cost categories. This paper describes these and the experiences from the pilot projects.The two major cost drivers are the purchase costs of non-product output and the costs related to lost working days because of sick leave and accidents and the overtime pay to make up for these lost working days. The work of the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) department helps to reduce these costs. The cost assessment scheme allows one to better understand the relationships between costs for treatment of undesired effects due to unimplemented protection measures and lost material purchase value in comparison to the prevention costs, which mainly consist of the internal management departments and related external consultants.The assessment of sustainability management costs is of interest for organisations, which already publish a sustainability report and want to more accurately assess the financial effects of such aspects addressed via EMA. It is also useful for small and medium sized companies, which use the assessment as a starting point to shape their (EHS) system. The main benefits are more accurate data and better arguments for investment appraisal or performance indicators as well as improved consistency of information and management systems that should help them to improve their environmental, social and economic performance.     

辽宁省造纸行业现状与企业转型发展

在对辽宁省造纸行业工业现状、特点及污染现状进行调查分析的基础上,结合辽宁省开展的造纸行业专项治理取得的进展和成果,提出辽宁省应加快造纸产业结构调整,推动造纸企业转型,加强清洁生产工艺的开发与应用等污染防治对策。     

印制电路板清洁生产最佳可行技术以及污染减排研究

印制电路板行业属于高能耗及高污染行业,是我国实施清洁生产污染防治的重要领域。通过对印制电路板行业清洁生产污染防治技术现状进行分析,构建了清洁生产污染防治最佳可行技术(BAT)体系框架。对38家完成清洁生产污染防治技术改造的印制电路板企业进行调研,确定了印制电路板业清洁生产污染防治备选技术,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,综合评价印制电路板行业清洁生产污染防治技术。通过评价提出印制电路板行业污染物减排建议。     

规模化养殖环境影响评价实证研究

随着畜禽养殖业的发展,养殖废弃物的产生量逐年增加,对环境的影响日益严重,为控制和治理养殖污染物的排放进行环境影响评价成为社会普遍关注的热点。通过对养殖项目环境影响评价工作的编制依据、评价标准的介绍,并以阜康市某规模化肉牛养殖项目为例,对其运营期环境影响进行评价,并提出相应的环境保护措施,为环保部门和企业的管理提供理论依据,并为规模化养殖项目污染的预防治理提供实践经验,最大限度降低项目建设对周围环境的不利影响,推动养殖业的可持续发展。     

Advanced process systems design technology for pollution prevention and waste treatment

The paper presents a generic process synthesis and optimisation tool suitable to take up applications in the design of waste treatment systems and in pollution prevention. The main component of the technology is a generalized process synthesis representation for simultaneous consideration of reaction and separation in multiphase systems that is amenable for stochastic optimisation. The flexibility of the representation allows applications to overall process synthesis problems as well as to decomposed reactor, reactive separation and mass exchange network design problems. Applications of the synthesis framework to waste water treatments processes using activated sludge and to natural gas sweetening in hybrid membrane-adsorption processes are presented. The paper highlights the use of the systematic technology in environmental systems design and shows how novel designs of improved performance as well as optimal design knowledge can be revealed using the systematic design framework. Context abstract: Environmental process systems for waste treatment and pollution prevention become increasingly complicated to design. There is a strong need for technology that provides systematic decision support to the process synthesis team in order to enable the timely selection of processes that operate close to the performance limits of the system under consideration. Conventional, optimisation-based process design technology is severely limited by the number of design decisions they can support simultaneously as well as by the increasingly complex process models required for the meaningful mathematical representation of environmental process systems. We have devised an optimisation-based process design methodology for integrated reaction and separation systems that overcomes major limitations of existing tools. This paper illustrates the use of this technology to provide systematic decision-support to the environmental process systems designer.     

在建筑施工中对生态环境污染防治成本分析研究

文中对建筑施工质量与生态环境污染防治成本进行了介绍,主要包括介绍了生态环境污染防治成本和建筑施工质量与生态环境污染防治成本,然后对建筑施工中生态环境污染防治成本进行探讨,探讨了建筑施工中生态环境污染防治成本的现状和建筑施工中生态环境污染防治成本的影响,最后给出了建筑施工中生态环境污染防治成本的预防,通过对建筑施工中生态环境污染防治成本分析,可以得到在建筑施工中,为了防治生态环境污染,就要加大投资进行处理。     

辽宁省白石水库水源防治与保护对策研究

目前，白石水库水质污染严重，具有富营养化趋势，极大地影响了水库工程效益的发挥。针对这种现象。提出了白石水库的水污染防治方案、保护对策和建议。     

电子元件行业环保验收监测技术难点研究

根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求及当前电子元件行业的发展情况,结合工作实践,探讨新形势下电子元件行业项目竣工环境保护验收监测工作中的技术难点,针对电子元件行业工艺分析及特征污染因子的确定、危险废物核查、验收监测标准执行等技术难点提出了具体解决建议,为电子元件行业项目竣工环境保护验收监测提供参考。