网围养殖对涡湖底栖动物群落组成及物种多样性的影响

2002年4月、7月、11月和2003年1月对滆湖底栖动物群落组成、分布及多样性现状进行了研究．结果表明，滆湖现有底栖动物31种，其中软体动物14种，淡水寡毛类6种，水生昆虫7种和水蛭4种．主要优势种为梨形环棱螺和羽摇蚊．相似性分析表明，滆湖网围养鱼区和网围养蟹区底栖动物群落组成相似程度较高，而都与非养殖区差异较大，说明网围养殖对底栖动物组成存在影响；而且网围养鱼对底栖动物的影响更甚于网围养蟹的影响．多样性分析表明，滆湖底栖动物多样性呈现自北向南递增以及夏秋低、冬春高的时空变化格局．图3表2参17     

刘其根、李平等获本刊优秀论文奖

根据我部决定（见本刊1999年第2期第159页）和有关专家推选评定，刘其根、孔优佳、陈立侨、卜一凡、严卫兵的论文《网围养殖对洞湖底栖动物群落组成及物种多样性的影响》[2005，11（5）：566～570]和李平、郑永良、陈舒丽、王利、王玮、邹煜平、     

澜沧江梯级水电开发对漫湾库区大型底栖动物群落及重金属沉积的影响

梯级水电开发对于河流生态系统具有复杂和深远的影响,大型底栖动物及沉积物可以很好地反映水生态系统的变化及演替趋势。结合澜沧江干流梯级水电开发,分别于2011年和2016年在漫湾库区开展大型底栖动物及沉积物定点采样调查,分析梯级水坝运行对库区大型底栖动物群落结构及生物多样性的影响,采用潜在生态风险指数(RI)对库区沉积物重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn)的生态风险进行评估,基于CCA和Pearson相关分析研究了大型底栖动物群落与重金属沉积的相互作用关系。结果表明,澜沧江梯级水坝运行后,漫湾库区静水区大型底栖动物群落密度和生物量增加明显,特别是软体动物中的河蚬河蚬(Corbicula fluminea),其密度和生物量在库区静水区占据绝对优势;库区静水区Margalef丰富度指数(d)增加显著,而Shannon-Weaver指数(H′)表现为旱季降低,雨季增加的趋势;库区沉积物重金属主要生态风险来源于Cd,其次为As,重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)在静水区增加明显,特别是高水位的旱季,而过渡区增加不大;CCA分析表明沉积物中重金属Cr、As、Pb的含量对大型底栖动物群落及物种组成影响较大;Pearson相关分析表明昆虫纲密度与沉积物中Cr的含量呈显著正相关(P0.01),软体动物门密度与Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Pb的含量和重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)呈显著正相关(P0.01)。随着澜沧江梯级水坝的运行,漫湾库区大型底栖动物群落及沉积物仍处于动态变化过程中,需进行长期的定点监测及深入研究。     

水生态修复对莲花湖底栖动物群落的影响

武汉莲花湖是典型的富营养化城市浅水湖泊．通过对其进行16mo的监测后发现，治理后的小莲花湖比大莲花湖水质有明显改善．监测期间小莲花湖底栖动物密度和生物量均值明显高于大莲花湖，Shannon多样性指数与Margalef多样性指数也高于大莲花湖．将大、小莲花湖的10种环境因子和底栖动物密度进行典型相关分析后，发现总磷、温度、总氮、叶绿素a、氨离子是对底栖动物群落具有显著性影响的环境因子．图8表3参20.     

苏州河底栖动物群落恢复过程动态研究

2000年10月至2003年4月,对苏州河8个采样点的底栖动物群落恢复状况的调查结果表明,苏州河底栖动物群落优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、中华颤蚓和霍甫水丝蚓,种类数比1999年有所增加,但仍以耐污种为主。对不同水体间生态环境的对比分析表明,底栖动物群落结构与水体污染程度之间具有较强的相关性,由此建立了底栖动物恢复指数,该指数可以客观地指示底栖动物群落恢复的动态过程。结合历史资料研究显示,苏州河底栖动物恢复指数呈持续上升趋势,恢复迹象比较明显。     

滇池流域入湖河流水文形貌特征对丰水期大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

河流水文形貌特征,作为决定物理生境的重要因子,与大型底栖动物群落关系密切。了解水文形貌特征对大型底栖动物的影响,对于完善环境因子对大型底栖动物群落影响研究具有重要意义。论文以滇池流域大型底栖动物群落为研究对象,旨在识别与流域大型底栖动物群落结构变化密切相关的河道水文形貌因子和河岸带水文形貌因子,并解析两类因子对底栖群落的相对影响。基于2012─2013年滇池流域55个河段大型底栖动物群落和水文形貌变量数据,利用典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)和偏典范对应分析(Partial canonical correspondence analysis,p CCA)识别影响大型底栖动物群落结构的关键因子并探讨河道水文形貌和河岸带水文形貌因子的相对重要性。结果显示,影响大型底栖动物群落结构的关键河道水文形貌因子为底质组成、河道人工化情况、河道坡降和水温,总解释量为21.6%;影响大型底栖动物群落结构的关键河岸带水文形貌因子为林地比例和其它用地比例,总解释量为9.2%。研究结果表明,河道水文形貌因子比河岸带水文形貌因子对于大型底栖动物群落结构特征的影响更为重要,这对于提高湖泊流域生物监测水平、优化水生态系统健康评价和保护底栖动物多样性具有重要意义。     

南水北调中线水源区溪流大型底栖动物群落结构的时空动态

于2007年7月～2008年5月对南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库若干入库溪流的大型无脊椎动物的时空动态进行了研究.结果表明,四节蜉、扁蜉、细蜉、侧枝纹石蛾、直突摇蚊哑科一种和真凯氏摇蚊为该地区大型底栖动物优势类群,相对丰度分别为20.4%、11.5%、9.1%、5.9%、11.6%和5.0%;季节间底栖动物密度差异显著,生物量差异不显著,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef 多样性指数差异不显著.典型对应分析表明,季度间对底柄动物的影响因子不同是该地区底栖动物群落结构季节间差异不显著的主要原因.图4表3参23     

汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物群落特征及其多样性评价

为探究汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物群落特征,研究了汾河上中游流域17个采样点位的大型底栖动物物种组成、空间分布、与水质环境因子的关系及其多样性.研究结果表明,汾河上中游流域共鉴定出大型底栖动物4门6纲25科,共37(属)种,且不同采样点位大型底栖动物的种类、生物密度和生物量具有明显的空间异质性;水质环境因子对汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物的影响大小排序为DOTPCONNH_3-NTNpHBOD_5,不同种类大型底栖动物的主要水质影响因子不同;汾河上中游流域17个采样点中,大型底栖动物多样性最好为"一般"等级,占总采样点位的29%,"较差"等级采样点位占41%,"差"等级采样点位占30%,汾河上中游流域大型底栖动物的多样性综合评价为"较差"等级.     

苏州河底栖动物群落恢复过程动态研究

2000年10月至2003年4月，对苏州河8个采样点的底栖动物群落恢复状况的调查结果表明，苏州河底栖动物群落优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺、梨形环棱螺、中华颤蚓和霍甫水丝蚓，种类数比1999年有所增加，但仍以耐污种为主。对不同水体间生态环境的对比分析表明，底栖动物群落结构与水体污染程度之间具有较强的相关性，由此建立了底栖动物恢复指数，该指数可以客观地指示底栖动物群落恢复的动态过程。结合历史资料研究显示，苏州河底栖动物恢复指数呈持续上升趋势，恢复迹象比较明显。     

长江下游南京段至河口近岸带底栖动物分布格局及影响因素

长江南京段至河口近岸带底栖动物组成特征是了解长江下游干流生物分布格局和影响机制的重要参考. 2017年4月对长江干流南京段至河口6个江段43个样点的水体理化因子、栖息地和底栖动物开展了调查,共采集和鉴定底栖动物3门7纲17目35科63种.优势类群是节肢动物和软体动物,优势物种是水丝蚓Limnodrilus sp.,发现原分布于河口区域的圆锯齿吻沙蚕Dentinephtys glabra已成为南京段至河口的最常见多毛纲物种.镇江段物种丰富度和香农多样性均为最高,分别为31和1.71,其次为江阴段,长江北支的物种丰富度和香农多样性最低,分别为12和0.90.典范对应分析(CCA)表明水污染、适宜生境的退化或消失以及航运是长江下游干流南京至河口段底栖动物群落组成变化的主要影响因子.因此,长江下游干流底栖动物分布格局明显受人类活动的影响,水污染控制和生境修复等措施有利于底栖动物多样性的保护恢复.(图4表2参40附表2)     

月湖底泥疏浚后底栖动物群落的恢复及其与环境的关系

研究对月湖底泥疏浚后底栖动物群落动态进行逐月的周年调查,并分析了底栖动物密度、生物多样性与环境因子的关系,结果表明：疏浚导致大型底栖动物基本消失,现存量从疏浚前的（4387±885）ind·m-2降低至（80±21）ind·m-2。疏浚后,寡毛类成为受干扰系统恢复过程中的先锋种类,在春季（4月）和秋冬之际（11月）出现2个密度高峰,分别为（1010±230）ind·m-2和（1538±408）ind·m-2,而摇蚊幼虫在疏浚一年后的秋冬季密度达到高峰（2021±612）ind·m-2,二者均基本恢复到疏浚前的密度水平。种类组成与疏浚前相似,优势种类数较疏浚前多,7月份以前,以霍甫水丝蚓占绝对优势,7月份以后以长足摇蚊占绝对优势。生物多样性在秋冬季恢复到疏浚前水平。寡毛类、摇蚊幼虫的密度、生物多样性与湖水溶氧、透明度呈显著正相关,与水体营养水平（TN、TP、有机碎屑）呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。分析认为疏浚后底栖动物群落的季节变化与动物的生命周期（繁殖和生长）密切相关,而营养水平不是限制动物种群密度分布的主要因子。从底栖动物群落的恢复情况来看,疏浚后的底质环境更有利于底栖动物群落的生存和底栖生态系统的重建。     

Seasonal variation and diversity of rotifers in Ehoma lake, Nigeria

The zooplankton and physicochemistry of Ehoma lake were studied from March 2005 to August 2006 in order to evaluate seasonal trend in species composition and abundance in relation to water quality. Forty two (42) species of rotifers dominated by Keratella tropica tropica were encountered. Species richness declined by nearly 50% from dry season values during the rainy season. Species richness was higher in the littoral zone during the dry season, the reverse was the case during the rainy season. Species abundance followed similar trend as species richness. Abundance was closely associated with dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and width of the lake and these in turn varied significantly between seasons. Shannon-Weaver diversity varied from 2.2 to 3.8 bit ind(-1) and significantly between seasons (p<0.05). Anuraeopsis navicula navicula and Euchlanis dilatata dilatata Ehrenbreg were the only species gained during the flood periods.     

上海大莲湖水域浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价

分别于2009年春、夏、秋、冬4季对上海大莲湖水域浮游植物和水质进行了4次采样调查,应用Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数及优势度等指标分析了不同季节大莲湖水域浮游植物的群落结构特征;并结合理化指标,对大莲湖水域的水体营养状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,大莲湖水域检出浮游植物共计7门40属64种,其中,以绿藻门种类数最多,其次是蓝藻门和硅藻门;浮游植物密度变化范围为0.35×106~10.87×106L-1;浮游植物优势种季节性变化明显,优势种种类较多,为9~14种,优势度不高,变化范围为0.02~0.60。依据浮游植物密度、优势种等群落结构特征评价得出,大莲湖水域水质介于中营养化至富营养化状态之间;由Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Margalef物种丰富度指数得出的评价结果差异较大,其中利用Pielou均匀度指数获得的评价结果与依据理化指标、浮游植物密度及优势种获得的评价结果基本一致,说明该指数适用于大莲湖水域水体营养状态的评价。     

小良热带人工窿缘桉林群落结构分析

本文分析了广东小良24龄的人工窿缘桉林的群落结构。结果表明:该群落种类简单,以矮高位芽植物和大型叶植物为主,但建群种窿缘桉不属此列,反映了其生境差的特点;乔木层植物的密度虽小,但叶面积指数大。灌木、草本层植物密度较大,却无窿缘桉幼苗;组成结构分析表明群落的乔木层结构向着简单化或稳定方向发展,而灌木层和草本层向着复杂的方向发展;该群落总的生物量为217.7t/hm~2,其中树干的积累量最大,生产上可以林分改造组建混交林。     

Spatial structure of communities on dead pen shells (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Atrina rigida</Emphasis>) in sea grass beds

Delimiting communities in marine habitats is difficult because co-occurring species often have different life histories and the life stages experience the environment at different spatial scales. The habitat of a particular community is embedded within a larger habitat or ecosystem with many species shared between the focal community and the larger system. Pen shells (Atrina rigida) are large bivalves that, once the mollusk dies, provide shelter for motile species and hard substrate for settling larval invertebrates and egg-laying fishes. In St. Joseph’s Bay, Florida (29°45′N, 85°15′W), pen shells are the most abundant source of hard substrate, especially inside sea grass (Thalassia testudinum) beds, where they reach densities of 0.1–4.0 m⁻². This study, which was conducted from May to August 2005, measured the overlap in species densities between dead pen shells and the surrounding sea grass communities at eight sites to determine the discreteness of the pen shell communities. Of the 70-epibenthic taxa recorded, 66% were found on the pen shells but not in the surrounding sea grass habitat. Community structure, which varied among shells within sites and among the eight sites, could be related to sea grass characteristics such as blade density and length either directly (e.g., inhabitants of pen shells directly benefit from the surrounding sea grass) or indirectly (e.g., pen shells and sea grass both benefit from similar factors such as current and nutrients). Pen shells were randomly distributed at several spatial scales within the 15 × 15 m sites as were many motile species. Two exceptions were the shrimp, Palaemon floridanus and the amphipod, Dulichella appendiculata, whose distributions were clumped. Most of the sessile species had clumped distributions, tending to be very abundant when they were present. These pen shell communities provide an opportunity for experimental studies of factors affecting species diversity on small, discrete, naturally occurring habitats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Assessment of forest vegetation and conservation priorities of communities in part of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,West Himalaya. Part I

In most protected areas of the Indian Himalayan region site/habitat characteristics, community diversity and distribution pattern, vegetation composition (richness of native and endemic species), structural patterns, economic importance of forest communities and community priorities have rarely been studied. Therefore, the present study has focused on these in the buffer zone of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Seventy-six woody species (trees: 24; shrubs: 52) and 13 forest communities have been recorded between 2300–3800 m asl. Tree density ranged from 533–1220 ind ha-¹, tree basal area from 14.68-80.28 m²ha-¹ and shrub density from 1490–6695 ind ha-¹. Mean density of trees was significantly lower in temperate forests in comparison to subalpine forests. Richness of trees ranged from 3–18 and shrubs from 5–29. Species diversity (H') of trees ranged from 0.45-2.08 and shrubs from 0.90-3.14. In the temperate zone, species richness and altitude had significant positive correlations whereas in the subalpine zone the two variables were negatively correlated. The native species were high in the area (> 65% species) and in communities (> 70% species), and was highest for the Picea smithiana-Pinus wallichiana mixed community, whereas the maximum numbers of natives and endemic species were recorded in the Pinus wallichiana community. The density and richness of non-natives were found to be significantly lower in comparison to the natives. Economic importance and conservation value of the communities were assessed and communities prioritized. Monitoring of the identified habitats, species, populations and communities, and development of appropriate strategies for their conservation and management are suggested.     

大夏河临夏段枯水期纤毛虫群落特征与水质相互关系研究

2008年11月至2009年3月,在大夏河临夏段设置4个断面分2批采集16个水样,用活体镜检和固定染色相结合的方法,对该河段枯水期纤毛虫物种多样性、群落结构特征及其与水质的相互关系进行研究。共鉴定出纤毛虫3纲13目45科57属114种(包括9种未定种)。动基片纲(Kinetofragminophorea)48种(隶属18科22属),寡膜纲(Oligohymenophorea)36种(隶属16科18属),多膜纲(Polyhymenophorea)30种(隶属11科17属),分别占总物种数的42.0%、32.0%和26.0%。肾形豆形虫和梨形四膜虫为优势种群,尾草履虫、瓜形膜袋虫、片状漫游虫、大口瞬目虫、弯豆形虫、小口钟虫、纺锤康纤虫为次优势种群,可以作为河流生活型有机污染的指示物种。据纤毛虫群落特征以及水体主要理化指标对大夏河临夏段水环境质量进行综合评价,结果显示,该河段以生活型有机污染为主。1#~4#样点的污染等级和顺序为:1#(Os,轻微污染)4#(α-ms,中度污染)2#(α-ms,中度污染)3#(α-ms~Ps,中度—重度污染)。     

Extrinsic and intrinsic controls of zooplankton diversity in lakes

Pelagic crustacean zooplankton were collected from 336 Norwegian lakes covering a wide range of latitude, altitude, lake area, mean depth, production (as chlorophyll a), and fish community structure. Mean zooplankton species richness during the ice-free season was generally low at high latitudes and altitudes. Further, lower species richness was recorded in western lakes, possibly reflecting constraints on migration and dispersal. However, despite obvious spatial limitations, geographic boundaries were only weak predictors of mean zooplankton richness. Similarly, lake surface area did not contribute positively to mean richness such as seen in other ecosystem surveys. Rather, intrinsic factors such as primary production and fish community (planktivore) structure were identified by regression analysis as the major predictors of zooplankton diversity, while a positive correlation was observed between species richness and total zooplankton biomass. However, in spite of a large number of variables included in this study, the predictive power of multiple regression models was modest (<50% variance explained), pointing to a major role for within-lake properties, as yet unidentified intrinsic forces, stochasticity, or dispersal as constraints on zooplankton diversity in these lakes.