粘虫受中红侧沟茧蜂寄生后的生理变化

粘虫（Ｐｓｅｕｄａｌｅｔｉａ ｓｅｐａｒａｔａ）被中红侧沟茧蜂（Ｍｉｃｒｏｐｌｉｔｉｓ ｍｅｄｉａｔｏｒ）寄生以后生理生化上发生了一系列变化。通过被寄生粘虫的生长（体重）、发育（龄期）、血淋巴总蛋白含量和酚氧化酶活性等生理生化指标动态的研究，试图探讨中红侧沟茧蜂对寄主粘虫的生理调节方式和途径，进一步探讨寄生蜂同寄主相互协调、相互影响的关系。图６参２０     

二甲基硫醚的真空紫外光电子谱

本文测定了二甲基硫醚（ＤＭＳ）的真空紫外光电子能谱（ＵＰＳ），实验测得的ＤＭＳ的各Ｉｖ（ｃＶ）值与Ｋｉｍｕｒａ的结果一致。８．７９，１１．２９ｅＶ峰指认为硫原子孤对电子ｎｇ，ｎｓ的电子电离，１２．６２ｅＶ峰相应于σｃｓ价电子电离，１４．０３－１５．４２ｅＶ的四个峰相应于πＣＨ３－，πＣＨ３＋电子电离，紫外光辐照影响ＤＭＳ的ＵＰＳ，显示在πＣＨ３有变化。微波放电时ＤＭＳ的ＵＰＳ有明显的影响，有许多新     

两株联合降解甲基一六○五菌的分离及其特性研究

从农药厂污泥中分离得到一个降解甲基一六○五的混合菌群,该菌群由两种菌 Ｍ６ 和 Ｐ３ 组成,初步鉴定均为假单胞菌属（ ｐｓｅｕｄｍｏｎａｓ ．ｓｐ） ． Ｍ６ 菌具有一硫代磷酸酯键水解酶,能够催化甲基一六○五水解为对硝基酚, Ｐ３ 具有对硝基酚降解能力． Ｍ６ 和 Ｐ３ 各自均不能彻底矿化甲基一六○五． Ｍ６ 与 Ｐ３ 混和可以彻底降解甲基一六○五．质粒消除实验表明, Ｓ Ｄ Ｓ、吖啶橙（ Ｏ Ａ） 、丝裂霉素及几种消除剂混和处理均不能使 Ｍ６ 和 Ｐ３ 丧失一六○五水解和对硝基酚降解能力,质粒检测发现在 Ｍ６ 中检测到质粒条带,而 Ｐ３ 中未检测到质粒条带     

大玉竹低聚糖硫酸酯抗HSV-2病毒活性的研究

从传统中药大玉竹中提取低聚糖Ｐｏｏｓ，用吡啶－氯磺酸法制备了它的硫酸酯衍生物Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ，产物经红外鉴定，证实Ｐｏｏｓ硫酸酯化后羟基连上硫酸基，硫含量为８．４７％，取代度（Ｄｓ）为０．６体外实验研究了Ｐｏｏｓ、Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ对非洲绿猴肾细胞（Ｖｅｒｏ）的细胞毒怀和抗单纯疱疹病毒２型（ＨＳＶ－２）活性。结果表明，Ｐｏｏｓ和Ｓ－Ｐｏｏｓ都无细胞毒性。Ｐｏｏｓ本身无抗病毒活性，对ＨＳＶ－２引起的细胞病变和     

化学质量平衡受体模型新技术的应用──TEDA大气颗粒物来源解析实例

本文结合实例介绍了大气颗粒物来源解析最常用的模型－化学质量平衡（ＣＭＢ）的原理、有效方差最小二乘解法及诊断检验技术，并用ＭＰＩＮ矩阵检验了拟合元素对拟合源的灵敏度，奇异值分解法（ＳＶＤ）鉴别了共线源，得出天津市经济技术开发区（ＴＥＤＡ）的ＴＳＰ主要来源为风沙、扬尘，其次为燃煤飞灰和木灰。     

模拟降雨条件下生物可利用磷在地表径流中的流失和预测

本文通过模拟降雨径流实验,运用两种生物可利用磷（ＢＡＰ）的化学浸提方法,在１．２ｍｍ．ｍｉｎ＾－１的大暴雨条件下,研究在施肥在未施肥两种情况下,ＢＡＰ的径流流失方式和过程,并建立模型ＢＡＰ的预测。结果表明,运用两种ＢＡＰ的化学浸提的结果差异性不显著（ｐ＝０．０５）,并具１：１的线性相关关系;ＢＡＰ的流失通过溶解态磷（ＤＰ）和颗粒态生物可利用磷（ＢＰＰ）两种形态方式,随着降雨径流时间的延长,累积的Ｂ     

电话机的寿命周期设计

电话机的寿命周期设计ＣａｒｌｏＶｅｚｚｏｌｉ，ＣＩＲ．ＩＳ－ＵＲ．ＰＳ，跨系研究中心，“为环境可持续性而革新”研究组，ＰｒｏｄｕｃｔａｎｄＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓＤＩＴｅｃＤｅｐｔ．，ＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＭｉｌａｎ，ＶｉａＢｏｎａｒ...     

进水PCP和CODCr质量浓度对厌氧反应器运行效能的影响

应用以氯酚驯化污泥接上流式厌氧消化反应器（ＵＡＤ）连续处理含五氯酚（ＰＣＰ）废水的试验结果表明，在一定的水力负荷下，试验反应器可稳定地处理ρ（ＣＯＤＣｒ）１２５０－１０００ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１和ρ（ＰＣＲ）≤１８０ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１的有毒有机废水，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率大于９０％，ＰＣＰ去除率大于９９．５％，出水ρ（ＰＣＰ）小于０．５ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１，维持试验反应器正常运行所必需的最低进水ρ（ＰＣＰ）有关，且进水ρ     

DEHP在土壤和白菜中的残留及毒性分析

用聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）塑膜覆盖白菜地，收获期土壤和白菜植株中ＤＥＨＰ的残留量分别为２．７３ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１和３．０５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。借鉴国外的评价指标，对人体食用白菜后的潜在危害进行了分析认为，人每天摄入干白菜中ＤＥＨＰ的量〈０．０５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，远低于人每天可接受ＤＥＨＰ的安全摄入量１ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。     

全球环境变化国际人力因素计划推出的工业转变研究举措

本文侧重于全球环境变化国际人力因素计划（ＩＨＤＰ）工业转变项目（ＩＨＤＰＩＴ）———一个以当前工业体系向可持续工业体系转变的机制为重点的国际研究举措———迄今为止所取得的结果和进展．这个ＩＨＤＰＩＴ项目研究从三个角度分析了工业转变：宏观体系，包括工业体系、金融体系和自然体系；生产体系；和消费体系     

Intraspecific competition: the role of lags between attack and death in host-parasitoid interactions

Many natural enemies do not immediately kill their host, and the lag this creates between attack and host death results in mixed populations of uninfected and infected hosts. Both competition and parasitism are known to be major structuring forces in ecological communities; however, surprisingly little is known about how the competitive nature of infected hosts could affect the survival and dynamics of remaining uninfected host populations. Using a laboratory system comprising the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and a solitary koinobiont parasitoid, Venturia canescens, we address this question by conducting replicated competition experiments between the unparasitized and parasitized classes of host larvae. For varying proportions of parasitized host larvae and competitor densities, we consider the effects of competition within (intraclass) and between (interclass) unparasitized and parasitized larvae on the survival, development time, and size of adult moths and parasitoid wasps. The greatest effects were on survival: increased competitor densities reduced survival of both parasitized and unparasitized larvae. However, unparasitized larvae survival, but not parasitized larvae survival, was reduced by increasing interclass competition. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of the competitive superiority of parasitized over unparasitized hosts for limiting resources. We discuss possible mechanisms for this phenomenon, why it may have evolved, and its possible influence on the stability of host-parasite dynamics.     

Offspring sex ratio response to host size in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

The host size model, an adaptive model for maternal manipulation of offspring sex ratio, was examined for the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius. In a Florida strain, as the model predicts, daughters emerged from larger hosts than sons, but only when mothers received both small and large hosts simultaneously. The pattern appeared to result from the mother's ovipositional choice and not from differential mortality of the sexes during development. If sex ratio manipulation is adaptive in the Florida strain, it appears to be through a benefit to daughters of developing on large hosts rather than through a benefit to sons of developing on small hosts. Both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. For females, developing on a larger host (1) increased offspring production, except for the largest hosts, (2) increased longevity, (3) lengthened development, and (4) had no effect on wing loading. For males, development on a larger host had no effect on any measure of male fitness – mating success, longevity, development duration, or wing loading. In contrast, a strain from India showed no difference in the size of hosts from which daughters versus sons emerged, although both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. These results together with previous studies of Spalangia reveal no consistent connection between host-size-dependent sex ratio and host-size-dependent parasitoid size among strains of S. endius or among species of Spalangia. Received: 28 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 20 May 1999 / Accepted: 30 May 1999     

Diversity, ecosystem function, and stability of parasitoid-host interactions across a tropical habitat gradient

Global biodiversity decline has prompted great interest in the effects of habitat modification and diversity on the functioning and stability of ecosystem processes. However, the applicability of previous modeled or mesocosm community studies to real diverse communities in different habitats remains ambiguous. We exposed standardized nesting resources for naturally occurring communities of cavity-nesting bees and wasps and their parasitoids in coastal Ecuador, to test the effects of host and parasitoid diversity on an ecosystem function (parasitism rates) and temporal variability in this function. In accordance with predictions of complementary host use, parasitism rates increased with increasing diversity, not simply abundance, of parasitoids. In contrast, parasitism decreased with increasing host diversity, possibly due to positive prey interactions or increased probability of selecting unpalatable species. Temporal variability in parasitism was lower in plots with high mean parasitoid diversity and higher in plots with temporally variable host and parasitoid diversity. These effects of diversity on parasitism and temporal stability in parasitism rates were sufficiently strong to be visible across five different habitat types, representing a gradient of increasing anthropogenic modification. Habitat type did not directly affect parasitism rates, but host and parasitoid diversity and abundance were higher in highly modified habitats, and parasitoid diversity was positively correlated with rates of parasitism. The slope of the richness-parasitism relationship did not vary significantly across habitats, although that for Simpson's diversity was significant only in rice and pasture. We also show that pooling data over long time periods, as in previous studies, can blur the effect of diversity on parasitism rates, and the appropriate spatiotemporal scale of study must be considered.     

Clutch size adjustment, information use and the evolution of gregarious development in parasitoid wasps

As larvae, solitary species of parasitoid wasps eliminate rivals, including sibs, through contest competition. In gregarious species, larvae tolerate each other and several individuals can develop from a single host. We report experiments on two congeneric braconid species aimed at understanding how gregarious development evolved in one genus, and the consequences of larval interactions for parental behavior. In the transition from solitary to gregarious development, one possible intermediate stage is if solitary species frequently lay more than one egg per host. If the risk of conspecific superparasitism (another female of the same species oviposits into a single host) is high, optimal clutch size theory predicts the laying of multiple-egg clutches, because a female will increase the probability of the surviving larva being her own. Under the same conditions, theory predicts that gregarious species should reduce their clutch size. In our experiments, the solitary Aphaereta genevensis increased their clutch size under the risk of intraspecific competition for hosts whilst the gregarious A. pallipes reduced their clutch size, as predicted. In A. genevensis, the response to the risk of competition was dependent upon body size, being greatest amongst small females. In A. pallipes, the response did not depend on female body size, but clutch size increased with body size in all treatments, unlike in A. genevensis. Under the risk of competition from the other species, the response differed relative to the intraspecific treatments and differed between species. Thus, our data suggest that: (1) competition for hosts may have contributed to the evolution of gregarious development in this genus; (2) female wasps can combine information from both external and internal cues in complex ways during clutch size adjustment; and (3) the social environment may alter the adaptive response to both external and internal cues in adult females.Communicated by M. Elgar     

Influence of host migration between woodland and pasture on the population dynamics of the tick Ixodes ricinus: A modelling approach

Ticks act as vectors of pathogens that can be harmful to animals and/or humans. Epidemiological models can be useful tools to investigate the potential effects of control strategies on diseases such as tick-borne diseases. The modelling of tick population dynamics is a prerequisite to simulating tick-borne diseases and the corresponding spread of the pathogen. We have developed a dynamic model to simulate changes in tick density at different stages (egg, larva, nymph and adult) under the influence of temperature. We have focused on the tick Ixodes ricinus, which is widespread in Europe. The main processes governing the biological cycles of ticks were taken into account: egg laying, hatching, development, host (small, mainly rodents, or large, like deer and cattle, mammals) questing, feeding and mortality. This model was first applied to a homogeneous habitat, where simulations showed the ability of the model to reproduce the general patterns of tick population dynamics. We considered thereafter a multi-habitat model, where three different habitats (woodland, ecotone and meadow) were connected through host migration. Based on this second application, it appears that migration from woodland, via the ecotone, is necessary to sustain the presence of ticks in the meadow. Woodland can therefore be considered as a source of ticks for the meadow, which in turn can be regarded as a sink. The influence of woodland on surrounding tick densities increases in line with the area of this habitat before reaching a plateau. A sensitivity analysis to parameter values was carried out and demonstrated that demographic parameters (sex ratio, development, mortality during feeding and questing, host finding) played a crucial role in the determination of questing nymph densities. This type of modelling approach provides insight into the influence of spatial heterogeneity on tick population dynamics.     

Evaluation of discrete host–parasitoid models for diamondback moth and Diadegma semiclausum field time population density series

The performance of discrete mathematical models to describe the population dynamics of diamondback moth (DBM) (Plutella xylostella L.) and its parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum was investigated. The parameter values for several well-known models (Nicholson–Bailey, Hassell and Varley, Beddington, Free and Lawton, May, Holling type 2, 3 and Getz and Mills functional responses) were estimated. The models were tested on 20 consecutive sets of time series data collected at 14 days interval for pest and parasitoid populations obtained from a highland cabbage growing area in eastern Kenya. Model parameters were estimated from minimized squared difference between the numerical solution of the model equations and the empirical data using Powell's method. Maximum calculated DBM growth rates varied between 0.02 and 0.07. The carrying capacity determined at 16.5 DBM/plant by the Beddington et al. model was within the range of field data. However, all the estimated parameter values relating to the parasitoid, including the instantaneous searching rate (0.07–0.28), per capita searching efficiency (0.20–0.27), search time (5.20–5.33), handling time (0.77–0.90), and parasitism aggregation index (0.33), were well outside the range encountered empirically. All models evaluated for DBM under Durbin–Watson criteria, except the May model, were not autocorrelated with respect to residuals. In contrast, the criteria applied to the parasitoid residuals showed strong autocorrelations. Thus, these models failed to estimate parasitoid dynamics. We conclude that the interactions of the DBM with its parasitoid cannot be explained by any of the models tested. Two factors may be associated with this failure. First, the parasitoid in this integrated biological control system may not be playing a major role in regulating DBM population. Second, and perhaps more likely, poor correlations reflect gross inadequacies in the theoretical assumptions that underlie the existing models.     

Mother’s choice of the oviposition site: balancing risk of egg parasitism and need of food supply for the progeny with an infochemical shelter?

Summary. Oviposition site selection of herbivorous insects depends primarily on host plant presence which is essential for offspring survival. However, parasitoids can exploit host plant cues for host location. In this study, we hypothesised that herbivores can solve this dilemma by ovipositing within high plant diversity. A diverse plant species composition might represent an ‘infochemical shelter’, as a potentially complex volatile blend can negatively affect the host location ability of parasitoids. We examined this exemplarily for the egg-laying response of the generalist leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti, in relation to (1) host plant availability and (2) plant species diversity in the field. Further, we investigated the effect of odours from mixed plant species compositions on (3) leaf beetle oviposition site selection and on (4) the orientation of its specialised egg parasitoid, Oomyzus galerucivorus. In the field, egg clutch occurrence was positively related to the presence and quantity of two major host plants, Achillea millefolium (yarrow) and Centaurea jacea, and to the number of herbaceous plant species. In two-choice bioassays, female beetles oviposited more frequently on sites surrounded by an odour blend from a diverse plant species composition (including yarrow) than on sites with a pure grass odour blend. In the presence of yarrow odour and an odour blend from a diverse plant mixture (including yarrow) no difference in the oviposition response was recorded. Experienced parasitoid females were attracted to yarrow odours, but showed no response when yarrow odours were offered simultaneously with odours of a non-host plant. In conclusion, it could be shown in laboratory bioassays that the parasitoid responds only to pure host plant odours but not to complex odour blends. In contrast, the herbivore prefers to oviposit within diverse vegetation in the field and in the laboratory. However, the laboratory results also point to a priority of host plant availability over the selection of a potential ‘infochemical shelter’ for oviposition due to high plant diversity.     

Recognition of individual-specific marked parasitized hosts by the solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi

Summary In parasitoid wasps, self-superparasitism (oviposition into a host already parasitized by the female herself) often contributes less to the reproductive success of the parasitoid than oviposition into a host previously parasitized by a conspecific (conspecific superparasitism). It could therefore often be profitable for parasitoids to avoid self-superparasitism. This requires a mechanism for either (1) the avoidance of previously searched areas and/or (2) the rejection of hosts containing eggs laid by the searching female. We investigated whether the solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi is able to avoid self-superparasitism. We show that visits to previously searched patches were shorter than visits to unsearched patches and conclude that E. lopezi females leave a trail odour on patches they have searched. No differences were found between the time on patches previously searched by the wasp itself and on patches visited by conspecifics. However, E. lopezi superparasitizes fewer hosts previously parasitized by itself than hosts parasitized by a conspecific. Thus, they recognize an individual-specific mark in or on the host. We discuss how patch marking and host marking enable E. lopezi to avoid self-superparasitism.     

Low maternal host-encounter rate enhances offspring proliferation in a polyembryonic parasitoid

Mothers can epigenetically influence their progeny’s characteristics in response to environmental conditions they experience, thereby increasing offspring adaptation to anticipated future conditions. When resource shortage is anticipated, females are expected to produce larger offspring, as large body size often confers competitive and dispersal advantages. We tested this hypothesis using the polyembryonic parasitoid, Copidosoma koehleri. In this wasp, each egg proliferates into a clone of genetically identical individuals within its moth host, and body size correlates negatively with clone size. We expected females anticipating resource limitation to produce fewer and larger offspring per clone than females that anticipate abundant resources. Encounter rates of parasitoid females with hosts were manipulated to simulate varying levels of resource availability. High-encounter-rate females were introduced to ten hosts successively, while low-encounter-rate females encountered each of ten hosts at 8-h intervals. To control for female age at oviposition, we also introduced females at different ages to a single host. Contrary to our predictions, low-encounter-rate females produced larger offspring clones than high-encounter-rate females, and offspring body size did not differ between treatments. Low-encounter-rate females were shorter-lived than females that encountered hosts successively. Single-oviposition females resembled the high-encounter-rate females in longevity but produced as many offspring per clone as in the low-encounter-rate treatment. Female age, and number of previous host encounters, did not affect offspring clone size. These results suggest that offspring proliferation bears a cost to mothers, thus mothers that repeatedly induce high proliferation in their offspring pay an increased price.