英语环境词语解释

自然界中到处有细菌、霉菌等微生物在繁殖。细菌分有害、无害、有益,种类很多。细菌应用于酿造、发酵过程中,废水处理中也应用了微生物。用人工培养的实用性微生物称为Culture。单一菌种的人工培养菌可称为纯培养Pure Culture,几种菌种混合的人工菌叫Mixed Culture Mixed Culture是废水活性污泥处理中使用的混合培养菌,其中有细菌、霉菌、原生动物等微生物,在它们的共同作用下,水被     

沈阳市大气微生物区系分布的研究

本文研究了沈阳市不同环境位置大气微生物分布情况，实验结果表明、市区大气中细菌数量明显高于郊区，市区中繁华的商业区、交通路口也明显多于学校、工厂和居民小区．霉菌郊区多于市区．放线菌在市区与郊区的分布差别不大．郊区大气清洁，市区大气污染严重．尤其是繁华的商业区、交通路口大气污染最为严重．     

京津地区气挟优势细菌及其某些特征的研究

<正> 大气是缺乏微生物所需要的营养物质和水分且受紫外光辐射较强的特殊环境,它不利于微生物的生长和繁殖,它也没有自己固有的微生物区系。大气微生物的成分受当地土壤和水体微生物及气象因子等自然原因和人类社会活动的因素影响甚大,因此随机性很强。气挟细菌是构成大气生态系统的重要组成部分,与人类健康和生产活动密切相关。为了解京津地区六采样点大气气挟细菌的特征及其对环境质量的影响,我们于一九八二年五月至一九八四年元月分别于春、     

南宁市城区大气微生物污染状况调查与评价

为了解南宁市城区大气微生物的污染状况,本文利用自然沉降法对南宁市城区不同功能区74个监测点进行大气微生物含量调查,并分析评价了南宁市城区大气微生物的污染状况。调查结果表明:南宁市城区大气微生物含量变化范围为1101~29094 cfu/m3,平均值含量高低顺序为交通干线区>工业区>商业区>居民区>文教机关区>休闲广场区>公园旅游区;大气微生物中细菌占79.2%,霉菌占20.8%;在参与评价的74个监测点中,大气微生物总数属于清洁~较清洁级的有60.8%,轻微污染~污染级的有32.8%,中污染占5.4%。     

滚筒式高温堆肥中微生物种类数量的研究

定量地研究了城市生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥中微生物的种类和数量分离鉴定出了细菌5属20株、霉菌8属13株、放线菌1属3株、酵母菌2属2株．探明了高温好氧堆肥能杀灭绝大多数细菌,细菌和霉菌是堆肥的优势类群,芽孢杆菌和曲霉菌是优势种．     

微生物絮凝剂

絮凝剂已广泛用于各种工业废水处理。按照生产方式,通常,絮凝剂可分为3类:有机高分子絮凝剂,如聚丙烯酰胺;无机絮凝剂,如铝盐、铁盐;微生物絮凝剂。前2类常用于废水预处理及污泥脱水,而微生物絮凝剂则是目前正在开发的新类型絮凝剂,应用前景广阔。微生物絮凝剂是利用生物技术,通过细菌、真菌等微生物培养方法生产的,不存在二次污染,使用安全、方便。因此,微生物絮凝剂的开发,日益引人注目。随着生物技术的发展,有可能廉价地大量生产。一、生产微生物絮凝剂的微生物某些真菌和细菌能用于微生物絮凝剂的生产。J.Nakamura等人早在1976年就对能产生絮凝效果的微生物进行了研究。从霉菌、细菌、放线菌、酵母菌等214种菌株中,筛选出19种具有絮凝能力的微生物。其中,霉     

土地整治对土壤微生物多样性的影响分析

为了研究土地整治对土壤微生物的影响,通过田野调查和样品实验,对土地整治区内外土壤中的微生物多样性与种群结构进行了对比分析.结果表明:从微生物多样性来看,土地整治区内土壤细菌和真菌多样性显著提高;从微生物种群结构来看,土地整治区内细菌丰度较高的属有变形菌、绿弯菌、酸杆菌和放线菌,真菌丰度较高的属有被孢霉菌、青霉菌和曲霉菌;有机肥的使用显著提高了微生物多样性及鞘脂单胞菌和地杆菌等土壤有益菌的丰度;通过相关性分析可得,土壤理化性质和重金属污染水平是影响土壤微生物多样性与结构的重要因素.该研究证实了土地整治对提高土壤微生物多样性和改善土壤质量的重要作用,也为土地整治工作的开展提供了科学依据.     

防霉菌砂浆和混凝土

农业建筑物和构筑物、食品工业和其他有机物加工业的蓬勃发展,以及有机废弃物的大量出现,不但破坏了生态平衡,而且使大气、水域和土壤中微生物的数量剧增,使环境中微生物的活动能力大大加强. 现在,出现了一类与人们的生产和生活有关的微生物,它们是细菌和极微细的真菌,它们寄生在混凝土的毛细孔组织中,向空气分泌出孢子和分生孢子,毒化大气,并     

北京某垃圾填埋场空气微生物污染状况

以北京某垃圾填埋场不同功能区的空气微生物为研究对象,研究空气微生物在垃圾场的分布及污染状况.结果表明,受人员活动、车辆运输和植被覆盖的影响,垃圾填埋场不同区域的空气微生物浓度差异显著,尤以垃圾运输和填埋区域最高,并造成空气微生物污染.粒度分析表明,填埋区域能够进入肺部的空气微生物粒子所占比例偏高.由于受到渗滤液的影响,氧化沟测点耐高渗透压霉菌比例偏高,其他各点均是空气细菌占优.细菌中以革兰氏阳性菌(G+)最多,占90 7%～94.4%,而霉菌中的优势菌应为青霉菌.     

使用廉价材料合成的微生物塑料

东京工业大学资源化学研究所的土肥義治副教授等人的研究小组,使用廉价的1.4丁二醇,成功地合成了其硬度和形状可自由改变的微生物塑料。所谓微生物塑料,是供给氢细菌特殊的营养源,使在细菌体内生成的一种聚脂聚合物。其优点是:在土壤和水中会因微生物的作用而自然分解,     

北京市居家空气微生物污染特征

在北京市选取31户有1岁至10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物污染特征.结果表明,北京市居家环境空气微生物总浓度变化范围为269～13066 CFU·m-3,均值为2658 CFU· m-3,空气细菌浓度变化范围为47 ～ 12341 CFU·m-3,均值为1821 CFU·m-3,空气真菌浓度变化范围为62～3498 CFU·m-3,均值为837 CFU·m-3.空气细菌和真菌浓度百分比分别为61.0％和39.0％,细菌浓度明显高于真菌浓度.居家环境优势细菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克菌属(Kocuria),4属细菌百分比约占63.1％ ～70.9％,优势真菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),分别约占总数的36.0％、17.8％、9.3％、5.3％和3.6％.文中最后针对北京市居家环境空气微生物污染的现状及其来源,从宠物饲养、空调清理、室内外优良环境的保持及垃圾处理、室内花卉种植等方面提出了治理建议.     

上海市大气细菌污染研究

采用平皿沉降法对上海市６个采用点的大气细菌，进行了为期一年的监测，并进行了菌株鉴定和影响因素的研究分析，结果表明，上海市全年大气细菌数量变化曲线呈双峰型；空气中优势菌群为：微球菌属，葡萄球菌属，奈瑟氏菌属，干燥棒状杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属等。     

Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant

The potential health risks of airborne bacteria emission from a wastewater treatment process have been concerned. However, few studies have investigated the differences in community structure between indoor and outdoor bacteria. In this work, the characterization of airborne bacteria was studied in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Two indoor (i.e., fine screen room and sludge dewatering house) and two outdoor (i.e., aeration tank and control site) sampling sites were selected. An Andersen six-stage impactor was used for collecting culturable airborne bacteria in the air, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing was conducted to track the emission source of the culturable airborne bacteria. The results indicate that, compared with the outdoor aeration tank site, the concentrations of culturable airborne bacteria in the indoor fine screen room with poor ventilation were more than ten times higher and the particle size was about twice as large. The community structures of indoor and outdoor culturable airborne bacteria were obviously different. Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were detected in indoor culturable airborne bacteria, with wastewater and sludge dewatering machine identified as the primary sources. Conversely, Enterobacteriaceae and opportunistic pathogens were not detected in outdoor culturable airborne bacteria. Outdoor high wind speed might have resulted in rapid dilution and mixing of culturable airborne bacteria generated from the aeration tank with the ambient air. The results of the present research suggest that covering pollution sources, increasing ventilation rates, and using protective measures for personnel should be implemented to decrease the exposure risk to indoor culturable airborne bacteria.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度及粒径分布

大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶可通过空气传播,可能会危害学生身体健康.本研究调查了梅雨期大学宿舍室内生物气溶胶浓度和粒径分布特点,对其同空气颗粒物浓度、环境温度和湿度的Spearman相关性进行了研究,分析了学生活动对宿舍室内气溶胶的影响.结果表明,学生宿舍室内的细菌和真菌气溶胶平均浓度分别为(2 133±1 617)CFU·m~(-3)和(3 111±2 202)CFU·m~(-3),真菌气溶胶的浓度明显高于细菌.学生宿舍室内的PM1、PM_(2.5)、PM10与细菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关,与真菌气溶胶浓度呈显著负相关;PM_(2.5)与可吸入细菌气溶胶呈正相关,PM_(10)与可吸入真菌气溶胶呈正相关;环境温度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈正相关,环境相对湿度与细菌和真菌气溶胶浓度呈负相关.在下午,宿舍室内真菌气溶胶浓度显著增加,上午和下午生物气溶胶的粒径分布有差异.本研究结果将为评价高校学生宿舍室内空气质量提供基础数据.     

人工湿地污水处理系统春季空气微生物群落结构分析?

通过构建16S/18S rDNA基因文库,分析自由表面流人工湿地污水处理系统春季空气细菌和空气真菌群落结构特征.结果表明,空气细菌分布在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),主要为β-变形菌纲(71.04%)、γ-变形菌纲(12.03%)、α-变形菌纲(3.83%)、蓝藻纲(4.38%)、芽孢杆菌纲(3.28%)和鞘脂杆菌纲(2.19%),优势菌属是马赛菌属(Massilia 66.66%)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas 4.37%)、蓝丝细菌属(Cyanothece 3.83%)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia 3.28%).空气真菌主要类群为座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes 61.18%),其次是接合菌纲(Zygomycetes 16.47%)、盘菌纲(Discomycetes 14.12%),优势菌属是核腔菌属(Pyrenophora 48.31%)、被孢霉属(Mortierella 15.7%)、缘刺盘菌属(Cheilymenia 12.4%)、Boothiomyces (4.5%).人工湿地空气微生物中未检测出大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)和产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens),但存在粘质沙雷氏菌(S. marcescens)、恶臭假单胞菌(P. putida)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)等致病菌或条件致病菌.     

Comprehensive characterization of indoor airborne bacterial profile

This is the first detailed characterization of the airborne bacterial profiles in indoor environments. Two restaurants were selected for this study. Fifteen genera of bacteria were isolated from each restaurant and identified by three different bacterial identification systems including MIDI, Biolog and Riboprinter®. The dominant bacteria of both restaurants were Gram-positive bacteria in which Micrococcus and Bacillus species were the most abundant. Most bacteria identified were representative species of skin and respiratory tract of human, and soil. Although the bacterial levels in these two restaurants were below the limit of the Hong Kong Indoor Air Quality Objective (HKIAQO) Level 1 standard (i.e., < 500 cfu/m³), the majority of these bacteria were opportunistic pathogens. These results suggested that the identity of airborne bacteria should also be included in the IAQ to ensure there is a safety guideline for the public.     

Quantitative analysis of airborne breathable particles: A comparison between different analytical techniques

Air samples, collected over 6 months, have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the aim to characterize quantitatively the airborne particulate in an urban area. Total suspended particulate (TSP) and Pb concentrations (in μg m⁻³) were estimated by inserting into a simple model the particulate data obtained by SEM.Daily concentration trends were compared with trends measured by gravimetric (TSP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (Pb) techniques. The correlation coefficients resulted to be 0.8 for TSP and 0.85 for Pb. These results indicate that SEM can be used to have a good evaluation on pollution by airborne breathable particles.     

养鸡场空气中抗性基因和条件致病菌污染特征

集约化养殖场被认为是空气环境中抗性基因和致病菌的重要来源.本研究采集了养鸡场粪便和舍内外空气样本,对其抗生素抗性基因和条件致病菌的种类进行分析,包括五类抗生素(β-内酰胺类的23个基因、四环素23个基因、喹诺酮5个基因、磺胺类5个基因和红霉素2个基因)抗性基因、5种条件致病菌(肠球菌属、大肠杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、弯曲杆菌属和产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌属各1个基因)以及一类整合子(int I1)特异基因;并利用荧光定量PCR对检出率较高的典型基因浓度进行检测.结果显示,空气中5类抗生素抗性基因分别检出8、7、2、3和2个,同时检测到两种致病菌.目标基因在舍内空气中的检出率小于等于粪便样本.蛋鸡和肉鸡舍内空气中总细菌基因(16S r DNA)浓度为106copies·m-3,其他典型基因浓度约104copies·m-3,且在舍外的浓度要远低于舍内.抗生素抗性基因和条件致病菌基因在空气中所占比例高于粪便,舍内高于舍外.初步研究结果表明,粪便可能是舍内抗生素抗性基因、条件致病基因以及一类整合子的重要来源.本研究结果将为集约化养殖场抗生素抗性基因和致病菌的来源分析,以及养殖场对周边空气环境污染的风险评估提供基础数据.     

养鸡场空气微生物污染及工人呼吸暴露风险

动物养殖场是空气环境微生物污染的重要来源,然而目前关于养殖场空气中微生物污染特征的时间规律少有报道.针对以上情况,以蛋鸡场为例,采用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分别对养殖场空气和粪便环境中细菌分布特点及呼吸暴露展开为期80余周的研究.结果表明,空气和粪便样本中16S rRNA含量范围分别在6.08×10⁵ ~4.90×10⁶ copies·m^-3和4.27×10⁸ ~1.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1之间.空气中细菌浓度的平均值在冬季显著高于夏季,而生物多样性则呈现相反趋势.蛋鸡场空气与粪便中的优势细菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）.在所调查时间内,空气中前3个优势菌属的种类较为稳定,依次为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）,而粪便中优势菌属则随养殖时间的增加波动较大.空气和动物粪便中细菌和致病菌群落结构的相关性均不显著,但不同介质中两种目标微生物的含量均显著相关.粪便中细菌的气溶胶化指数随养殖时间的增加而呈上升趋势,而致病菌趋势相反.其中,瘤胃菌科torques属（[Ruminococcus]_torques_group）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）和栖粪杆菌属（Faecalibacterium）为最易发生气溶胶化的前3个致病菌属.养鸡场工人的细菌呼吸暴露具有季节性差异,其中细菌和致病菌摄入量的平均值分别为2.54×10⁷ copies·d^-1和2.87×10⁵ copies·d^-1.研究结果将为系统评估养殖场空气微生物的污染特征和潜在健康风险,对以及制定相应的职业暴露行业标准和防控措施提供科学依据.