城镇污水处理厂低浓度进水原因分析及提升措施

城镇污水处理厂进水浓度偏低是污水治理提质增效的难题之一。以无锡市某污水处理厂为例,基于水质分析和调研资料,采用水量平衡三角法分析了进水浓度偏低的原因分析,提出了整治措施。分析结果表明:该厂进水中地下水或河水渗入量和雨水混入量比例分别为28.9%和9.8%;晴天时进水浓度偏低的原因为污水管网渗漏和低浓度工业废水纳管,雨天时进水浓度偏低的主要原因是小区管网雨水混入,COD和BOD₅降幅分别可达到65.4%和52.9%。针对上述问题,提出了完善排水管理体制、工业企业排水实行三管分设整改、细化管网渗漏的检测排查和有效修复、加强管网验收和质量监管、尽量降低管网水位4项整治措施。     

南昌某城市污水处理厂进水浓度低成因分析研究

针对南昌某城市污水处理厂进水浓度低的现象,为明确造成污水处理厂进水浓度低的原因,通过对南昌市2018—2020年降雨特征对污水处理厂进水污染物浓度影响的统计分析,估算了降水对雨污合流制管网污水浓度的影响.考察了合流制管网4个污水提升泵站、污水处理厂的日处理水量,结合水量平衡三角法,核算地下水、河水、雨水的渗入.以及利用倒排查法对源居民小区内/外-污水提升泵站-污水处理厂的水质沿程采样分析,得出相关结论.研究结果表明：①2018—2019年上半年污水处理厂进水COD在降雨后2~5 h进水浓度明显降低;但2019年下半年—2020年这种相关性明显削弱.②污水处理厂日进水COD受泵站的日流量的影响,呈显著负相关.③水量三角平衡定量分析表明地下水、河水混入28%~38%,雨水混入11%~18%.④水质沿程的分析显示小区到某些泵站的浓度明显降低,雨天COD、氨氮浓度分别减少了69.78%、75.21%,晴天COD、氨氮浓度分别降低了66.78%、76.94%,表明相应的小区外-泵站段的市政管网是污水处理厂进水浓度降低的关键管段,亟需进一步重点排查和改造.⑤老旧小区排水浓度受天气的影响远比新小区大,雨天分别比晴天减少79.23%、67.87%和54.40%,可能发生了大量雨水混入.     

生活污水中化学需氧量浓度

我国城市污水处理厂的设计中,一般是以化学需氧量（COD）为主要设计指标,从20年前到目前,设计的城市污水处理厂进水COD浓度一般是300～350mg/L.但在监测中,发现使用的这一设计浓度值不符合目前保定市城市生活污水水质的实际情况.本文通过调查和实际监测,保定市城市生活污水COD浓度在700mg/l左右,供有关部门在设计北方城市污水处理厂时的参考.如果城市有较好的排水系统,最好是以实测值为设计指标.     

城镇污水处理厂进水水质特征分析

文章以南方某典型小城镇污水处理厂的进水为具体的研究对象,对该污水处理厂进水水质特征进行了分析,研究结果表明,COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TN、TP的平均质量浓度为76.88mg/L、16.03mg/L、21.00mg/L以及2.03mg/L。COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TN、TP的累计频率达到90%的质量浓度为97.9、24.03、28.07、3.15mg/L,和同区域内的城市污水处理厂相比,该污水处理厂的进水水质浓度较低。在此基础之上对该污水处理厂水质浓度偏低的原因进行了系统的分析,期望能够为城镇污水处理的设计提供一些借鉴与参考。     

关于城镇污水处理厂进水浓度低及污水处理率修正的相关问题探讨

住房和城乡建设部《中国城市建设统计年鉴2017》中的污水处理率指标是指污水处理总量与污水排放总量的比率,仅反映污水处理设施进水的处理水量,不能真实反映污染物减排效能。经分析,全国约45%污水处理厂的进水浓度低于200mg/L,本文研究以污水处理厂进水浓度修正《中国城市建设统计年鉴2017》中的污水处理率,修正后初步判断:全国污水处理率在57.9%～71.8%,各城市污水处理率较统计数据普遍低15～37个百分点。建议近期以污水处理厂进水浓度为抓手,聚焦进水浓度低、污水处理率低的重点城市,并给予中央资金倾斜支持,为针对性地打赢碧水保卫战提供支撑。     

城市污水处理厂工程设计与运行

本文简述了某城市污水处理厂采用A2/O工艺处理城市废水,工程表明进水的悬浮物、化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量、氨氮浓度分别为140、353、120、30.3mg/l,处理后水质达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>GB18918-2002二级标准.     

基于SD的污水处理厂减排潜力与费用效益——以昆明市为例

针对当前城市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低,进而影响其污水处理潜力发挥和经济效益等问题,以昆明市为例,构建了基于系统动力学的城市排水系统模拟仿真模型.依据昆明市“十三五”规划目标,以2015年为基准年,设计4种减排情景,模拟预测了不同时期下不同情景的污水处理厂减排潜力及费用效益.结果表明：城市排水管网改造与强化管理对提高污水处理厂运行效率,充分挖掘其污水处理潜力至关重要,该情景近期与远期污水处理厂COD削减量较基准情景分别提高了314772,389126t;NH₃-N削减量较基准情景分别提高24223,27234t;费效比较基准情景分别降低0.2和0.17,污水处理潜力得到充分挖掘,经济效益明显改善.     

基于SD的污水处理厂减排潜力与费用效益——以昆明市为例

针对当前城市污水处理厂进水浓度偏低,进而影响其污水处理潜力发挥和经济效益等问题,以昆明市为例,构建了基于系统动力学的城市排水系统模拟仿真模型.依据昆明市“十三五”规划目标,以2015年为基准年,设计4种减排情景,模拟预测了不同时期下不同情景的污水处理厂减排潜力及费用效益.结果表明：城市排水管网改造与强化管理对提高污水处理厂运行效率,充分挖掘其污水处理潜力至关重要,该情景近期与远期污水处理厂COD削减量较基准情景分别提高了314772,389126t;NH₃-N削减量较基准情景分别提高24223,27234t;费效比较基准情景分别降低0.2和0.17,污水处理潜力得到充分挖掘,经济效益明显改善.     

城镇污水处理厂进水中地下水、河水及雨水混入比例研究

进水污染物浓度低及比例失调是目前许多城镇污水处理厂面临的问题,然而鲜有关于渗漏来源及定量分析的相关文献报道。为定量分析河水、地下水、雨水、管道中污染物降解等因素对污水浓度降低的影响,通过水量平衡三角法,并结合典型位点的24 h采样测试分析及S-P降解模型,对目标城镇污水处理厂进水组成进行分析。历史水量数据结合降雨情况分析表明,该污水处理厂进水中实际原生污水量仅为60.0%左右,其余40.0%左右为地下水及河水渗入量或雨水混入量。在连续晴天无降雨的情况下,小区自建管网和市政排水管网是主要的渗漏源,其对于进水有机物浓度降低的贡献分别为20.2%和26.4%。此外,在25 mm降雨量情况下,小区自建管网是主要的渗漏源,对于进水浓度降低的贡献达到39.5%。因此在污水处理提质增效工作中,小区自建管网的完善程度应引起关注。     

某城市污水厂运行中出现的问题及解决办法探讨

某城市污水处理厂采用改良氧化沟工艺处理生活污水,在运行中存在脱氮除磷效果不佳的问题。通过对该厂的工艺流程及进、出水水质情况等分析,结果表明:TN、TP去除率低的主要原因是进水有机物浓度与设计值相比偏低,氧化沟内很难形成设计时所设想的好氧/缺氧交替运行的环境以满足氮、磷的去除。因此,尽快完善污水收集系统,使城市污水处理厂进水水质达到设计要求是提高氮、磷去除效率的关键。在工艺中可适当减少曝气量来提高TN去除率,降低出水中的硝态氮和溶解氧,同时进一步提高TP去除率。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.